Mass&Balance - AYJET

MASS AND BALANCE
Gençer Güleryüz
Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 1

Mass & Balance - Learning Objectives
21.10.2014  All questions can be browsed by CTRL+F according to question numbers.
* If it is a 3-digit question number, search it with the letter ‘q’ like: q298.
Gençer Güleryüz
gencerguleryuz@gmail.com
+90 0537 724 46 33
– AYJET –
Learning Objectives (334 Questions)
1 PURPOSE OF MASS AND BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS (37) ............................................................. 4
1-1 Mass limitations (10) ......................................................................................................................... 4
1-2 Centre of gravity (CG) limitations (27) .............................................................................................. 8
2 LOADING (154) .............................................................................................................................13
2-1 Terminology (66) ............................................................................................................................. 13
2-2 Mass limits (21) ............................................................................................................................... 20
2-3 Mass calculations (64) ..................................................................................................................... 21
2-4 XXXXXXX (2) ................................................................................................................................... 41
2-5 XXXXXXX (1) ................................................................................................................................... 41
3 FUNDAMENTALS OF CG CALCULATIONS (28) .................................................................................42
3-1 Definition of centre of gravity (7).................................................................................................... 42
3-2 Conditions of equilibrium (17) ........................................................................................................ 43
3-3 Basic calculations of CG (4) ............................................................................................................. 47

4 MASS AND BALANCE DETAILS OF AIRCRAFT (32) ...........................................................................48
4-1 Contents of mass and balance documentation (18) ....................................................................... 48
4-2 Determination of aircraft empty mass and CG position by weighing (13) ..................................... 61
4-3 Extraction of basic empty mass and CG data from aircraft documentation (1) ............................. 63
5 DETERMINATION OF CG POSITION (52) .........................................................................................64
5-1 Methods (20) ................................................................................................................................... 64
5-2 Load and Trim Sheet (20) ................................................................................................................ 78
5-3 Intentional re-positioning of CG (12) ............................................................................................ 101
6 CARGO HANDLING (14) ............................................................................................................... 113
6-1 Types of cargo (general aspects) (0) ............................................................................................. 113
6-2 Floor area load and running load limitations in cargo compartments (13) .................................. 114
6-3 Securing of load (1) ....................................................................................................................... 121
CAT Questions – not existing in ATPL Online ...................................................................................... 122
MASS & BALANCE – SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 123

1-1 Mass limitations (10)
OVERLOADING
Weight  Lift Drag
Stall speed
required Lift  Landing speed  Landing distance
(L = ½ rho V2 cL S) Take-off speed (Vmu) Take-off distance
Drag  fuel consumption Range

Endurance
Stick forces Climb performance
4564,6117,6118,13472

Q4565: If an aeroplane is at a higher mass than anticipated, for a given airspeed the
angle of attack will
If the aeroplane is heavier; for a given airspeed, you should pull the control stick and
increase the angle of attack further.
 Drag Endurance
Q11046: In order to provide an adequate "buffet boundary" at the commencement of the

cruise a speed of 1.3Vs is used. At a mass of 120000 kg this is a CAS of 180 knots. If the
mass of the aeroplane is increased to 135000 kg the value of 1.3Vs will be
a) increased to 191 knots, drag will increase and air distance per kg of fuel will decrease.
b) increased to 191 knots, drag will decrease and air distance per kg of fuel will increase.
c) unaffected as Vs always occurs at the same angle of attack.
d) increased to 202 knots but, since the same angle of attack is used, drag and range will
remain the same.

Load Sheet’e yanlış girme durumu
Fazla yazılma durumu:
 Aircraft will be lighter than anticipated and the calculated safety speeds will be too high.
(uçak beklenenden daha hafif olur. load sheet e fazla yazılmış ağır uçak için hesaplanan safety
speeds fazla olur)
Q4484: 16500lt=16500dm3=16.5m3 16.5m3 x 780kg/m3= 12780 kg ama 16500kg yazılmış.
Eksik yazılma durumu:
 Calculated speeds will give reduced safety margins. (hafif uçak için hesaplanmış, düşük
emniyet)
Uçak beklenenden daha ağır olduğu için ise;
 Speed at unstick(Vmu) will be higher than expected and occur later.

 Stick forces at Vr will increase.
 The safe stopping distance will increase. (ağır uçak daha zor duracak)
4485,4486,6123

Load factor
5.7
3.8
Limit load factor x 1.5 = ultimate load factor  3.8g x 1.5 = 5.7g
Limit load factor 3.8’i aşarsan  permanent deformation(kalıcı deformasyon, burulma,göçük)

Ultimate load factor 5.7’yi aşarsan  structural failure (parça tamamen kopar)
4.2g’ye maruz kalmış  permanent deformation.
5477

1-2 Centre of gravity (CG) limitations (27)
 CG neutral point’te iken  Neutral Static Stability olur.

 Uçağın stabil olması için nose-down moment’in baskın çıkması gerekir, bunun için de
CG’yi öne taşımak gerekir.
CG neutral point’in önündeyse  Positive Static Stability

CG neutral point’te ise  Neutral Static Stability
CG neutral point’in gerisindeyse  Negative Static Stability

 Uçağın positive Static Stability’e sahip olması istendiği için fwd ve aft limit manifacturer
(üretici) tarafından neutral point in önünde belirlenir.
 CG fwd ve aft limit arasındaki safe range arasında hareket edebilir.
 Fwd ve aft limit safe range’ dahil! (The safe range falls between the front and rear CG
limits and includes both limits.)
 CG’nin limitler içinde kalmasının amacı  Elevator and tailplane (horizontal stabiliser)
effectiveness in all flight conditions..
2051,4570,6119,6120,6174
Q4508: neutral stability için cg nin neural point in üstünde olması gerekir. Aft limitin arkasında
olacak. En yakın şık.

CG moving forward (nose-heavy)
 Uçağın burnu ağır basıyor  Stability artar.
 Levyeyi çekip daha fazla Lift üretmen gerekir.  required Lift artar.  Drag artar.
Stability Controllability
Stall speed
(L = ½ rho V2 cL S) Take-off speed (Vmu,Vr) Take-off distance

Endurance
Stick forces  difficulty in flaring, resulting in nosewheel landing first!
804,805,4507,4511,4512,6121,13065
Q2713: the fuel mileage (nautical miles per kg)  1 kg yakıt başına gittiğin nautical mile
Forward CG’de yakıt sarfiyatı artar, o yüzden 1 kg yakıt başına gittiğin nautical mile azalır.
 The fuel mileage (nautical miles per kg) is lower with a forward centre of gravity position.

CG moving aft (tail-heavy)
 Uçağın burnu ağır o kadar ağır basmıyor  Stability azalır.
 Levyeyi o kadar çekip Lift üretmene gerek yok.  required Lift azalır.  Drag azalır.
Stability Controllability
Stall speed
(L = ½ rho V2 cL S) Take-off speed (Vmu,Vr) Take-off distance

Endurance
Stick forces
 Degrade or loss of nose wheel steering! (CG arkada olduğu için ön teker steering etkisi azalır)
13460,2077,4376,4377,4503,6122,6125,7297
Q4513: tehlikeli! 2 doğru cevap var. an increased risk of stalling due to a decrease in tailplane
moment

CG movement
Yolcu ya da kargonun taşınması, yakıt harcanması, iniş takımlarının açılıp kapanması ağırlık
merkezinin konumunu değiştirir.
Yük hangi yöne giderse CG de o yöne gider.
Depends on the type of landing gear:
If nose wheel moves aft during gear retraction, it will cause the cg to move aft.(iniş takımları geriye
doğru kapanıyorsa, CG de geriye kayar.)
If nose wheel moves forward during gear retraction, it will cause the cg to move forward (iniş
takımları öne doğru kapanıyorsa, CG de öne kayar.)
1066,5459,6124,4496

2-1 Terminology (66)
Mass Weight
quantity of matter in a body (kg) the force of a mass due to gravity (Newton)
70 kg
W = mass x gravity
= 70kg x 10m/s2
= 700 N
 independent of gravity  depends on gravity
Q6130

Basic Empty Mass (BEM) Variable Load (VL)
Dry Operating Mass (DOM)  operator Traffic Load (TL)
Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) Take-Off Fuel (TOF)
Take-Off Mass (TOM) Start/Taxi Fuel
Ramp/Taxi Mass (RM)
VL (op. items) Take-Off Fuel Start/Taxi Fuel
+
Unusable fuel / unusable fluids 4491,299,1067,1088
+
Lubricating oil in the engine 13535,2078,4506,4509
+
Crew and crew baggage 5470,5480,14408,6128
Fire extinguishers
+
+ 6131,6132,6133,2681
Catering / Passenger service
Pyrotechnics
equipment
+
+
Oxygen equipment
Food and Beverages
+
+
Electronic equipment Passengers + Baggage + Cargo
Potable Water
(Payload)
+
+
Lavatory Chemicals
Non-revenue load

ZFM
TOM = DOM + TOF + TL (BEM + VL)
OM useful load
296,1068,2679,2680,2682,2688,2689,1962,1944,2080,2081,3385,4573,4574,4504,4505,4510,4524,6126,6129,6134,6135,3667,4563,13036,13026,13032,13031,13033
2686: BEM = 57320 kg

operational items: 2800 kg
DOM = 60120 kg
max. TL: 11980 kg
MZFM = 72100 kg
4531: TOM – TOF = ZFM (total fuel un içindeki unusable fuel’ı çıkarıp, TOF u buluyoruz, 63000-1000=62000)  141000 – 62000 = 79000
4530: ZFM = DOM + TL Dom içinde zaten crew var, ekstradan eklemeye gerek yok. Aslında unusable fuel da var ama en doğru cevap o!

In-flight Mass (Gross Mass)
block – start/taxi = TOF

TOF – trip = landing fuel
landing fuel + trip = TOF

TOF + start/taxi = block fuel landing
fuel
Ramp mass – start/taxi fuel = TOM
TOF
TOM – trip fuel = LM LM
GATE
215 TOM LM + trip fuel = TOM
Ramp mass TOM + start/taxi fuel = Ramp mass
Landing fuel: contingency + alternate + final reserve + extra fuel
Q2670: maximum’lara dikkat etmek lazım. DOM + TL = ZFM eder ama her zaman MZFM etmez. Ama (TOM – trip) her zaman LM’ye eşittir.

Take-Off Fuel
Landing fuel
Ramp fuel = Taxi + Trip + Contingency + Alternate + Final reserve + Additional + Extra fuel
5% of trip 5 mins holding Turbojet Piston

trip
(whichever is greater) 30 mins 45 mins
for holding 1500ft (450m) above
alternate aerodrome

ZFM + Landing Fuel = Landing Mass
ZFM + TakeOff Fuel = Take-Off Mass
Q13026: TOM = ZFM + TakeOff Fuel = 4920 + (1330 – 25) = 6225 kg
Q14228: TOM = ZFM + TakeOff Fuel
 “Total fuel on board is 1600 kg including 450 kg reserve fuel and 29 kg of unusable fuel.” diyor ama take-
off fuel’un içinde unusable fuel yok, o yüzden çıkaralım  TOF = 1600 – 29 = 1571
 TOM = ZFM + TakeOff Fuel
 8470 = ZFM + 1571  ZFM = 6899 kg
Q13019: maximum structural mass’lerle işimiz yok. Gerçeğine bakalım. ZFM verilmiş.
LM = ZFM + Landing Fuel = 6210 + (contingency+alternate+final reserve)
6210 + (90+300+400) = 7000kg
5990 + (110+275+250) = 6625kg
6500 + (110+600+130) = 7340kg

1 IMP = 1.2 USG
1m = 3.28 ft 1m2 = (3.28ft)2
1 ft = 12 in 1ft2 = (12in)2
Density = Mass / Volume  Mass = Density x Volume
 Conversion of fuel volume to mass may be done by using standard fuel density values as specified in the Operations
Manual, if the actual fuel density is not known. Q4568
4575: 1499 + 1499 = 2998 USG x 3.785 = 11347 lt
14409: 3800 USG x 3.785 = 14383 lt X 0.79 kg/lt = 11363 kg
6136: 2588 USG x 3.785 = 9795.6 lt
6137: 5600 IMP / 1.2 = 4666 USG
6138: 125 USG x 3.785 = 473 lt
6139: USG x 3.785 = lt
6140: density = mass / volume  0.812 = 567 / volume  volume = 698.3 lt / 3.785 = 184.5 USG
6141: 125988kg x 2.205 = 277803.5 lbs
6142: 1USG AVGAS = 6 lbs
6143: 867 USG x 3.785 = 3281.6 lt  3281.6lt x 0.78kg/lt = 2559,6 kg  2559.6 x 2.205 = 5644 lbs
13527: 170lt x 0.78kg/lt = 132.6kg
13436: 2200lt x 0.79kg/lt = 1738kg

2-2 Mass limits (21)
STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS
PERFORMANCE LIMITATIONS
(Certificated Masses)
fixed values listed in the Aircraft’s Flight Manual. altitude of the aerodrome
air temperature
length of the runway
topography of the area
Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass (MSTOM) Performance Limited Take-Off Mass (PLTOM)
 is the maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at is the take-off mass subject to departure aerodrome
commencement of take-off and listed in the Flight Manual. limitations.
 It is a structural limit which may not be exceeded for any take -
off.
 If exceeded, the aircraft may be unable to get airborne.
Maximum Structural Landing Mass (MSLM) Performance Limited Landing Mass (PLLM)
 is the maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft on landing  is the mass subject to the landing aerodrome
under normal circumstances. limitations.
 If exceeded, a high threshold speed and possible undercarriage or
other structural failure. If an aircraft lands above its performance limited
landing mass,
Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)  it may suffer physical damage as a result of
insufficient runway length.
 is the maximum permissible mass of an aircraft with no usable
fuel.  Structural fatigue increases.
 bending moment at the wing root  Tyre temperature limits may be exceeded.
 It is defined on the assumption that fuel is consumed from the  A go-around might not be achievable because of
centre wing tank first because the fuel remaining at the outer the topography of the area.
wing tanks can balance the bending moments more easily.
 Maximum zero fuel mass is calculated for a maximum load factor
of +2.5 g. 1070,13521,13434,2079,4534,4535,4536,4520,
14715,6144,6145,6146,6148,6149,4378,4515,6127
Maximum Structural Ramp/Taxi Mass (MSRM)
 is the maximum permissible total mass of the aircraft at Q2695: MSLM’nin üstünde inecek  undercarriage
commencement of taxi prior to engine start and is a fixed value
listed in the Flight Manual. Q6149: performans limitin üstünde iniyor, pist yeterli
gelmeyebilir, damage olabilir.  1 yok
 It is governed by structural considerations and not affected by
Tekerler ısınabilir, pist yetmeyebilir, go-around
performance considerations like aerodrome altitude or
yapamayabilir, dururken uçak zorlanacak yapısal
temperature.
yorulma(fatigue) artar.
Regulated Take-Off Mass (RTOM) is the lower of Performance Limited Take-Off Mass and Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass.
Regulated Landing Mass (RLM) is the lower of Performance Limited Landing Mass and Maximum Structural Landing Mass.
2-3 Mass calculations (64)
Allowed TOM ve Allowed Traffic Load sorularında;
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM
- taxi + trip + TOF _
Allowed TOM = A B C D_
 A,B,C,D’den en küçüğü seçilir ve,
 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL ile Allowed TL bulunur.

3666,6147,13080
Q13430: maximum allowed traffic load u aşarsan, yükü azaltman gerekir.
 The traffic load can be limited by the desired range.
Evet gitmek istediğin range artarsa daha fazla yakıt alman gerekir, traffic load’dan kısmak zorunda
kalırsın. TOM = DOM + TOF + TL  TOF artarsa TL azalır. Q4228
 Considering only structural limitations, on long distance flights (at the aeroplane's maximum
range), the traffic load is normally limited by the Maximum Take-off Mass.
 Considering only structural limitations, on very short legs with minimum take-off fuel, the traffic
load is normally limited by the Maximum Zero Fuel Mass.
Q1943,Q13048

Q290:
MTOM MLM MZFM

52400 46700 43100
(+trip) (+TOF)
4000 8000 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 52400 50700 51100 50700 29800 8000 TL
TL = 12900
-
Q1069:
MTOM MLM MZFM

146000 93900 86300
(+trip) (+TOF)
27000 34000
Allowed TOM 146000 120900 120300
Allowed TOM = 120300

-

Q2678:
MTOM MLM MZFM

155000 125000 108500
(+trip) (+TOF)
17000 22000 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 155000 142000 130500 130500 82000 22000 TL
TL = 26500
-
Q2687:
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM

89930 89200 71520 62050
(-taxi) (+trip) (+TOF)
600 17830 26860 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 89330 89200 89350 88910 88910 40970 26860 TL
TL = 21080
-
Q2690,2692:
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM

69900 67450 55470 52740
250 6200 8600 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 69650 67450 61670 61340 61340 34900 8600 TL
TL = 17840
-
Q2691:
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM

69900 69300 58900 52740
250 11500 14300 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 69650 69300 70400 67040 67040 34930 14300 TL
TL = 17810
-

Q1945:
MTOM MLM MZFM

146900 93800 86400
(+trip) (+TOF)
27500 34500
Allowed TOM 146900 121300 120900

-
Q3669:
MTOM MLM MZFM

72000 65000 61000
(+trip) (+TOF)
8000 10300 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 72000 73000 71300 71300 38000 10300 TL
TL = 23000
Allowed TOM = 71300
-
Q4401:
MTOM MLM MZFM

78200 68000 70200
(+trip) (+TOF)
7000 9800 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 78200 75000 80000 75000 48000 9800 TL
TL = 17200
Allowed TOM = 75000
-
Q4571:
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM

63060 62800 54900 51300
400 8600 11300 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 62660 62800 63500 62600 62600 34930 11300 TL
TL = 16370
-

4527: ZFM = DOM + TL
DOM = BEM + op. items = 44800 + 2300 = 47100 kg
65500 = 47100 + TL  TL = 18400 kg
Q4528:
MTOM MLM MZFM

92750 72250 67530
(+trip) (+TOF)
12500 16500 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 92750 84750 84030 84030 60520 16500 TL
TL = 7010
-
Q4529:
MTOM MLM MZFM

127000 98500 89800
(+trip) (+TOF)
29300 35700 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 127000 127800 125500 125500 85000 35700 TL
TL = 4800
-
Q4568:
MTOM MLM MZFM

3500 3500 3500
(+trip) (+TOF)
? 500 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 3500 3500< 4000 3500 2000 500 TL
TL = 1000
-

Q5469: Farklı flap dereceleri için kısıtlayıcı değerler:
FLAPS Runway Climb Structural Limit
0 4100 4700 4300
10 4400 4500 4300
15 4600 4200 4300
0 seçilirse  4100 kg
10 seçilirse  4300 kg ile kalkış yapılabiliyor. Flaps 10’u seçmek en verimlisi!
15 seçilirse  4200 kg
Q5482:
MTOM MLM MZFM

5200 5200 5200
(+trip) (+TOF)
Allowed TOM 5200 5200< 5800 5200 3000 600 TL
TL = 1600
-
Q5468: The Dry Operating Mass of an aircraft is 2 000 kg. The Maximum Take-off Mass,
Landing and Zero Fuel Mass are identical at 3500 kg. The block fuel mass is 550kg, and the taxi fuel
mass is 50 kg. The available mass of traffic load is:
a) 950 kg
b) 1 450 kg
c) 1 000 kg
d) 1 500 kg
MTOM MLM MZFM

3500 3500 3500
(+trip) (+TOF)
Allowed TOM 3500 3500< 4000 3500 2000 500 TL
TL = 1000

Q5276:
MTOM MLM MZFM

185000 174000 164000
(+trip) (+TOF)
11500 20000 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 185000 185500 184000 184000 110000 20000 TL
TL = 54000
-

Q6150:
MTOM MLM
58000 54000
(+trip)
3000
Allowed TOM 58000 57000
Allowed TOM = 57000

-
Q807:
MTOM MLM MZFM

48000 44000 36000
(+trip) (+TOF)
9000 11800
Allowed TOM 48000 53000 47800
Allowed TOM = 47800

-
Q1071:
MTOM MLM MZFM

72000 56000 48000
(+trip) (+TOF)
18000 21600
Allowed TOM 72000 74000 69600
Allowed TOM = 69600

-
Q5288:
MTOM MLM MZFM

170000 148500 112500
(+trip) (+TOF)
29000 39200 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 170000 177500 151700 151700 80400 39200 TL
TL = 32100

Q4572:
 Tablo oluşturmadan önce TOF’u hesaplamak gerekir.
 Total fuel  20100 lt x 0.79 kg/lt = 15879 kg içinde taxi fuel da var.
 TOF = block – taxi = 15879 – 250 = 15629 kg
 Tablo oluştururken structural ve performans limit’lerden küçük olanı seçip devam et.
MRM MTOM MLM MZFM

69900 67330 58900 52740
250 5990 15629 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 69650 67330 64890 68369 64890 34930 15629 TL
TL = 14331
-
Q6154: Traffic Load u aşmamak için ne kadar azaltmalıyım?
TOM = DOM + TOF + TL  TOM = 3415 + 400 + (600+1050) = 5465 lbs
Allowed TOM = 5200 kg  5465 – 5200 = 265 lbs azaltmak gerekir.
Q6155: Traffic Load u aşmamak için ne kadar azaltmalıyım?
TOM = DOM + TOF + TL  TOM = 3500 + 500 + (400+1250) = 5650 lbs
Allowed TOM = 5200 kg  5650 – 5200 = 450 lbs azaltmak gerekir.
Q14055,Q4561:
 Tablo oluşturmadan önce TOF’u hesaplamak gerekir.
 Total fuel  20100 lt x 0.78 kg/lt = 15678 kg içinde taxi fuel da var.
 TOF = block – taxi = 15879 – 250 = 15428 kg
MTOM MLM
67200 54200
(+trip)
9250 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 67200 63450 63450 34930 15428 TL
TL = 13092

Q3672,Q14225: Daha ne kadar cargo koyabilirim?
 Allowed Traffic Load’u hesaplayalım. Mevcut yükü çıkarırsak cargo’ya ne kadar yer
kaldığını bulabiliriz.
TOM = DOM + TOF + TL  37200 = 21600 + 8500 + TL  allowed TL = 7100 kg
not a holiday charter:
Male: 33 x 84 kg = 2772
Female: 32 x 84 kg = 2688 6515 kg
Child: 5 x 35 kg = 175
Baggage: 880
Cargo: 7100 – 6515 = 585 kg

Q4526: At reference or see Loading Manual MRJT 1 Figure 4.13.
A revenue flight is planned for the transport aeroplane. Take-off mass is not airfield limited. The
following data applies:
Dry Operating Mass 34930 kg, Performance limited landing mass 55000 kg,
Fuel on board at ramp -Taxi fuel 350 kg, Trip fuel 9730 kg, Contingency and final reserve fuel 1200
kg, Alternate fuel 1600 kg, Passengers on board 130, Standard mass for each passenger 84 kg,
Baggage per passenger 14 kg. Traffic load - Maximum possible. Use the loading manual provided
and the above data. Determine the maximum cargo load that may be carried without exceeding
the limiting aeroplane landing mass.
a) 4530 kg.
b) 3185 kg.
c) 6350 kg.
d) 5400 kg
MLM
55000
(+trip)
Allowed TOM 64730 64730 34930 12530 TL
TL =
17270
Passengers: 130 x 84 kg = 10920

Baggage: 130 x 14 kg = 1820 880
12740 kg
Cargo: 17270 – 12740 = 4530 kg

Q6153: Daha ne kadar freight koyabilirim?
 Allowed Traffic Load’u hesaplayalım. Mevcut yükü çıkarırsak freight’e ne kadar yer
kaldığını bulabiliriz.
MTOM MLM MZFM

67900 56200 51300
(+trip) (+TOF)
10200 15350 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 67900 66400 66650 66400 34960 15350 TL
TL = 16090
CAP696 Standart yolcu ağırlığı tablosundan Adult’ın 84 kg olduğu gözükür.
Adult: 115 x 84 kg = 9660

11443 kg
Child: 6 x 35 kg = 210
Baggage: 121 x 13 kg = 1573
Freight: 16090 – 11443 = 4647 kg
Flight crew, cabin crew şaşırtmak için verilmiş, onlar traffic load’un içinde değil, DOM’un içinde!

Q2693: At reference or see Loading Manual MRJT 1 Figure 4.14.
The medium range twin jet transport is scheduled to operate from a departure airfield where
conditions limit the take-off mass to 65050 kg. The destination airfield has a performance limited
landing mass of 54500 kg. The Dry Operating Mass is 34900 kg. Loading data is as follows -
Taxi fuel 350 kg
Trip fuel 9250 kg
Contingency and final reserve fuel 1100 kg
Alternate fuel 1000 kg
Traffic load 18600 kg
Check the load and ensure that the flight may be operated without exceeding any of the aeroplane
limits. Choose, from those given below, the most appropriate answer.
a) The flight may be safely operated with the stated traffic and fuel load.
b) The flight is 'landing mass' limited and the traffic load must be reduced to 17500 kg.
c) The flight is 'zero fuel mass' limited and the traffic load must be reduced to 14170 kg.
d) The flight may be safely operated with an additional 200 kg of traffic load.
MTOM MLM
65050 54500
(+trip)
Allowed TOM 65050 63750 63750 34900 11350 TL
TL = 17500
 The flight is 'landing mass' limited and the traffic load must be reduced to 17500 kg.

Q6156:
MTOM MLM MZFM

61875 53871 52790
(+trip) (+TOF)
8900 13358 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 61875 62771 66148 61875 35058 13358 TL
TL = 13459
-
Q4559: Bu sefer maximum alabileceğin Traffic Load’u sormuyor, yakıtı soruyor.
 Klasik tablo oluşturulur ve allowed TOM bulunur. TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
 Maximum fuel sorularında MZFM sütunu oluşturulmaz, çünkü zaten ordaki TOF’u değil
daha fazlasını koymak istiyoruz.
 İçinden DOM + TL çıkarılarak alınabilecek TOF hesaplanır.
 Ama TOF’u değil, total fuel yani yüklenecek tüm yakıtı block fuel’u soruyor.
 TOF’u bulduktan sonra taxi fuel 400’ü eklemeyi unutma!
MTOM MLM
66300 55200
(+trip)
Allowed TOM 66300 63800 63800 34900+ TOF + 16600
TOF = 12300
Total fuel = TOF + taxi = 12300 + 400 = 12700 kg

Q4562: At reference or see Loading Manual MRJT 1 Paragraph 3.1.
The medium range jet transport aeroplane is to operate a flight carrying the maximum possible
fuel load. Using the following data as appropriate, determine the mass of fuel on board at start of
take off. Departure airfield performance limited take-off mass: 60 400 kg. Landing airfield -not
performance limited. Dry Operating Mass: 34930 kg
Fuel required for flight - Taxi fuel: 715 kg
Trip fuel: 8600 kg
Contingency and final reserve fuel: 1700 kg
Alternate fuel 1500 kg
Additional reserve 400 kg
Traffic load for flight 11000 kg
a) 13 655 kg
b) 15 815 kg
c) 14 470 kg
d) 16 080 kg
Bu sefer maximum alabileceğin Traffic Load’u sormuyor, yakıtı soruyor.
 Klasik tablo oluşturulur ve allowed TOM bulunur. TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
 Maximum fuel sorularında MZFM sütunu oluşturulmaz, çünkü zaten ordaki TOF’u değil
daha fazlasını koymak istiyoruz.
 İçinden DOM + TL çıkarılarak alınabilecek TOF hesaplanır.
MRM MTOM MLM

63060 60400 54900
(-taxi) (+trip)
715 8600 TOM = DOM + TOF + TL
Allowed TOM 62345 60400 63500 60400 34930 TOF 11000
TOF = 14470
-
Q6152: An aeroplane develops a serious technical problem shortly after take-off and has to return
to its departure airfield. In order to land safely the aircraft must dump fuel:
The pilot calculates the amount of fuel to jettison to reduce the mass to a safe level at, or below
the Regulated Landing Mass.

Q2694:
 Şıklara bakarsak soru bizden Landing Mass structural limitin üstünde kalacak mı
kalmayacak mı, sıkıntı çıkacak mı onu istiyor.
MSLM = 86300 kg
 Uçak 93500 kg ile havalanmış, planladığı bir landing mass varmış ama planladığı yere
gitmiyor, diversion yapıyor.
 Total fuel 16500kg ile havalanıp landing’de 10300kg kaldığına göre havada 16500-10300=
6200kg harcamış yani uçağın ağırlığı 93500-6200 = 87300kg’a düşmüş.
 87300kg > MSLM 86300  structural stress could result!
Q6151:
 Şıklara bakarsak soru bizden Landing Mass limitlerin üstünde kalacak mı kalmayacak mı,
sıkıntı çıkacak mı onu istiyor.
 Verilen bazı değerler hikaye. Uçak neyle havalanmış ona bakalım.
 Trip Fuel to original destination 6000 kg
 Expected landing mass at original destination 4600kg
 Demek ki uçak 4600 + 6000 = 10600 kg ile havalanmış, ama gerçekte ne harcamış?
 Actual flight duration 2 hours Fuel consumption 1500 kg per hour
 2 x 1500 = 3000 kg harcamış.
 Yani 10600 – 3000 = 7600 kg ile iniş yapacak.
MSLM = 9600 kg
PLLM = 9000 kg
 Küçük olan PLLM’nin altında kalıyor olması önemli.
 can land safely because it is below its PLLM.

STANDARD MASSES
FLIGHT CREW / CABIN CREW:
 When calculating the masses for flight crew and cabin crew members, the operator shall either
use the actual masses or standard masses published in the EUOPS.
Flight Crew : 85 kg Cabin Crew: 75 kg (inclusive of hand baggage)
Q4560
Q6166: şaşırtmacalı, 19 koltuk falan diyor ama klasik cabin crew’u soruyor.
-
 The operator must establish the mass of the Traffic Load by actual weighing or determine the
mass of the traffic load in accordance with standard masses as specified in JAR-OPS sub part J.
q6182

PASSENGERS:
Adult’s lap  0 kg
35 kg Own seat  35 kg
Adult: 12+ Child: 2 – 12 Infant: less than 2

4533,6160,6158
-
When calculating the masses for passengers, the operator shall use:
 The actual weighed mass of each person

 Standard mass values in EUOPS
 a verbal statement if passenger seats is less than 10.
4525

 On flights where no hand baggage is carried in the cabin, 6 kg may be deducted from the adult
masses. Q6165
4556,4557,6160
-
 On any flight identified as carrying a significant number of passengers whose masses, including
hand baggage, are expected to exceed the standard passenger mass, an operator must
determine the actual mass of such passengers by weighing or by adding an adequate mass
increment.
Q14062,6163,5466
-
 The weighing machine used for passenger weighing shall have a capacity of at least 150kg and
shall be displayed at minimum graduations of 500g
Q6164
-

BAGGAGE: personal belongings Q6159
4558,4569,6157
 If standard mass values for checked baggage are used and a significant number of passengers
check in baggage that is expected to exceed the standard baggage mass, an operator must
determine the actual mass of such baggage by weighing or by adding an adequate mass
increment.
Q6162
-

2-4 XXXXXXX (2)
2-5 XXXXXXX (1)
Burdaki 3 sorunun çözümü başka bir learning objective’de mevcut. Question

number’a göre aratılabilir.

3-1 Definition of centre of gravity (7)
 The centre of gravity(CG) is the point through which the total mass of the aircraft is said to act.
 CG is also defined as the point of balance.
 Weight acts vertically downwards parallel to the gravity vector. ( uçağın vertical axis’ine dik
olmak zorunda değil! )
803,4477,4478,5478,6167

3-2 Conditions of equilibrium (17)
Datum
 Datum is a fixed reference plane from which the centres of gravity of all masses are measured.
 In other words, it is a fixed vertical plane which all balance arms are measured from.
 Its position is chosen by the manufacturer along the longitudinal axis, but does not have to be
necessarily between the nose and the tail of the aircraft.
 Its position is given in the Flight Manual.
1081,13024,13456,4474,5619,6170,6171,6172,5467,1080,13409
-
Balance Arm (Moment arm or Station)
 Balance Arm (BA) is the distance from the datum to the centre of gravity of a mass.
Station: A location in the aircraft which is identified by a number designating its distance from the
datum.
* If all the moments are positive when calculating mass and balance, we can say that the datum is
located at the nose or forward of the aircraft ensuring that all balance arms are positive.
4501,6169,7298,6168,297
-
Moment = Mass x Arm (Force x Arm olarak geçebilir) 1083

Datum positive moment
negative moment Fwd (–) Aft (+)
negative arm positive arm
 A load placed aft of the datum, has a positive arm and therefore generates a positive moment
 A load placed forward of the datum, has a negative arm and therefore generates a negative
moment
13479,13467
Q6173,q13095:
Moment dengesi : Fa x A = Fb x B  Fb = (Fa x A) / B

Q13419:
Moment dengesi : Fa x A = Fc x 3A  Fa = 3Fc  Fc = Fa / 3
Q13449:
Moment dengesi : Fa x A = Fb x b  A = B x Fb / Fa
-

Q13420:
Moment dengesi : Fa x A = Fb x b  B = Fa x A / Fb

3-3 Basic calculations of CG (4)
Moment = Mass x Arm (Force x Arm olarak geçebilir)
Q1082:
Weight = 49000N CG = 7m aft of datum
Moment = 49000N x 7 m = 343000 Nm

-
Q4519:
mass=500kg (g= 10m/s2) CG: 16m aft of datum
W = mg = 500 kg x 10 m/s2 = 5000N
Moment = 5000N x 16 m = 80000 Nm

4-1 Contents of mass and balance documentation (18)
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC) 5465,5479,13471
 Mean Aerodynamic Chord is the chord of the rectangular wing, with the same span and having
similar aerodynamic characteristics.
 As an alternative to expressing the CG in relation to datum, it is expressed as a percentage of
mean aerodynamic chord in relation to the leading edge.
 MAC’in hücum kenarına leading edge mac  LeMAC
Firar kenarına trailing edge mac  TeMAC denir.
LeMAC
CG TeMAC
a
MAC
a/b x 100% = MAC % (a’nın b’ye oranı yani CG ile leading edge arasındaki mesafenin MAC’e
oranı)
Q295:
Datum
524 mm 713 mm 1706 mm
189 mm
CG
MAC = 1182 mm
189 / 1182 x 100% = 16 %
Q2082:
Datum
9.63 12.53
2.9
CG
MAC = 8
2.9 / 8 x 100% = 36.3 %

Q4488:
Datum
625.6 15% MAC
d
CG
MAC = 134.5
d = 134.5 x 15/100 = 20.18  CG = 625.6 + 20.18 = 645.78 inches aft of datum
Q5620:
Datum
625.6 650
24.4
CG
MAC = 134.5
24.4 / 134.5 x 100% = 18.1 %

Q6175:
Datum
fwd aft
-15 -5 7
10
22
MAC = 41
Fwd limit  10/41 x 100% = 24.4 %
Aft limit  22/41 x 100% = 53.7 %

Q6195:
CG’nin datum’a göre nerede olduğu sorulmuş
Datum
-26 21% MAC
d ?
CG
MAC = 73 in
26’dan d mesafesini çıkarırsak CG’nin datum’a göre konumunu buluruz.
d = 73 in x 21/100 = 15.33 in
26 - 15.33 = 10.67 inches fwd of datum

Q14058
1st step  Find the CG at Take-Off using Total Moment / Total Mass:
ITEM MASS (kg) ARM (m) MOMENT (kgm)
Basic Empty Mass 1200 3 3600
Front Seat 80 x 2 = 160 2.5 400
Fuel 140lt x 0.714kg/lt = 100 3 300
4300kgm / 1460 kg =
TOTAL 1460 kg 4300 kgm
2.95m
2nd step  Draw and find how much percent the CG moves.
Datum ? % MAC 25% MAC

2.5 2.95m 3m
0.05
CG
MAC = 2m
CG moves by 0.05/2 x 100% = 2.5%
25% - 2.5% = 22.5% MAC

-

Q6176
1st step  Find the CG at Take-Off using Total Moment / Total Mass:
Basic Empty Mass 1095 1.98 2168.1
Front Seat 80 x 2 = 160 2.5 400
Fuel 139lt x 0.72kg/lt = 100 1.9 190.15
2758.25kgm / 1355 kg
TOTAL 1355 kg 2758.25 kgm
= 2.04m
2nd step  Draw and find how much percent the CG moves.
Datum 25% MAC ? % MAC

1.98m 2.04m
0.06
CG
MAC = 2m
CG moves by 0.06/2 x 100% = 3%
25% + 3% = 28% MAC

Q4475: tam burunda değil biraz içeride! Annex in en alt satırında 540 inches forward of front spar
diye yazıyor. Kanat ana kirişinin 540 inch önünde.

Q1086:
new CG
15.2627 m
10 m
12000 N
460000 N
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass  [(460000N x 15.4m) + (12000N x 10m)] / 472000 = 7204000 / 472000 = 15.2627m  CG’nin yeni konumu bulundu.
MAC oranlaması yapılır  15.2627 – 14 = 1.2627
1.26 / 4.6 x 100% = 27.5%

Q4487: Maximum Landing Mass  Forward limit 7.4% MAC aft limit 27.0% MAC

Q4489: 58000kg  Forward limit 8.0% MAC aft limit 26.5% MAC

Q4493: 53000kg  Forward limit 7.8% MAC aft limit 27.0% MAC

Q4494: 61000kg  forward limit 8.3% aft limit 26.3% MAC

4-2 Determination of aircraft empty mass and CG position by
weighing (13)
 The mass and centre of gravity of an aircraft must be established by actual weighing: By the
operator prior to initial entry of aircraft into service. Q6183
 found in the latest version of the weighing schedule as corrected to allow for modifications.
Q14054,4480,13403
General requirements for the weighing of the aircraft
 The aircraft must be weighed in an enclosed, non-air conditioned, hangar.
 The aircraft must be clean.
 All usable fuel must be drained.
 All chemical toilet fluid tanks must be drained.
 Removable passenger service equipment must be off-loaded.
 The aircraft should be weighed with a minimum of 3 point of support.
4490,4492,5472,6179
Q4481: basic empty mass i soruyor. tekerdeki yükleri topla. Crew, operational items’la falan işin yok.
5330 + 12370 + 12480 = 30180

Weighing Intervals 4482,4514,6178,6181
Individual Mass Fleet Mass
 one by one at intervals of 4 years if no  at intervals of 9 years

modifications have taken place.
Example:
19 aircraft of the same type
(19+51) / 10 = 7
 Initially 19, thereafter 7 weighings.
Requirements for Re-weighing 6180,4483
The aircraft should NOT necessarily be re-weighed always after each modification or repair. The
modifications or repairs should cause the following changes in order to re-weigh the aircraft:
 The alteration of the Dry Operation Mass by ± 0.5% of the Maximum Landing mass
or
 The shift of the Dry Operating Mass center of gravity position by ± 0.5% of the Mean
Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)in either direction.

4-3 Extraction of basic empty mass and CG data from aircraft
documentation (1)

5-1 Methods (20)
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass q6185
1963,6184:
TOTAL 24224 kg 1369350 kgcm

CG = Total Moment / Total Mass = 1369350/24224 = 56.53 cm
-

Q1964: Landing’deki CG soruluyor. Seyahat süresince Fuel ve Oil eksilecek.
Eksilen fuel = 1050 lt x 2 = 2100 lt  2100 lt x 0.79 kg/lt = 1659 kg
Eksilen oil = 2.25 lt x 2 = 4.5 lt  4.5 lt x 0.96 kg/lt = 4.32 kg
- 1659
= 4386 - 35088
- 4.32
= 119.68 4787.2
TOTAL 22560.68 kg 1382449.2 kgcm
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass
1382449.2/22560.68 = 61.2769 cm ~ 61.28 cm

-

Q14457: Landing’deki CG soruluyor.
Seyahat süresince Fuel ve Oil eksilecek ve freight 2 rescue esnasında atılacakmış.
Eksilen fuel = 1050 lt x 2 = 2100 lt  2100 lt x 0.79 kg/lt = 1659 kg
Yeni fuel  6045 – 1659 = 4386kg
Eksilen oil = 2.25 lt x 2 = 4.5 lt  4.5 lt x 0.96 kg/lt = 4.32 kg
Yeni oil  124 – 4.32 = 119.68kg
0
4386 - 35088
119.68 4787.2
TOTAL 17265.68 kg 421849.2 kgcm
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass
421849.2 kgcm / 17265.68 kg = 24.43cm

Q2735:
 Soruda determine the block fuel moment (lbs.In.) diyor.

 Yani block fuel mass ile arm’ı çarpmak yeterli, diğerleri gereksiz bilgi.
100USG x 6lbs/USG = 600lbs
Block fuel moment = Block fuel mass x Arm = 600lbs x 93.6in = 56160 lbs.in
600 56160

Q2734:
 Determine the ramp mass (lbs) diyor. Aşağıdakileri topla. Tabloyu da kullanabilirsin.
Basic empty mass: 3 210 lbs

One pilot: 160 lbs, Front seat passenger : 200 lbs
Centre seat passengers: 290 lbs
One passenger rear seat: 110 lbs
Baggage in zone 1: 100 lbs
Baggage in zone 4: 50 lbs
Block fuel: 100 US Gal. Fuel density: 6 lbs/US Gal.  100USG x 6lbs/USG = 600 lbs
360
290
110
100
50
4120
600
4720

Q3573:
2415 77.9 1881.3

300 237
350 378
35 52.5
2548.8

Q2737: At reference or see Loading Manual MEP1 Figure 3.4.
With respect to a multi-engine piston powered aeroplane, determine the CG location at take off in
the following conditions:
Basic empty mass: 3 210 lbs. One pilot: 160 lbs. Front seat passenger : 200 lbs. Centre seat
passengers: 290 lbs. (total) One passenger rear seat: 110 lbs. Baggage in zone 1: 100 lbs.
Baggage in zone 4: 50 lbs. Zero Fuel Mass: 4120 lbs. Moment at Zero Fuel Mass: 377751 lbs.In
Block fuel: 100 US Gal. Trip fuel: 55 US Gal. Fuel for start up and taxi (included in block fuel): 3 US
Gal. Fuel density: 6 lbs./US Gal.
a) 93.60 inches aft of datum

b) 91.69 inches aft of datum
c) 91.84 inches aft of datum
d) 91.92 inches aft of datum
TOF = Block-taxi = 100-3 = 97USG  97USG x 6 lbs/USG = 582lbs

Q2736: See Loading Manual MEP1 Figure 3.4.
With respect to a multi-engine piston powered aeroplane, determine the total moment (lbs.In) at
landing in the following conditions:
Basic empty mass: 3 210 lbs. One pilot: 160 lbs. Front seat passenger : 200 lbs. Centre seat
passengers: 290 lbs. (total) One passenger rear seat: 110 lbs. Baggage in zone 1: 100 lbs.
Baggage in zone 4: 50 lbs. Block fuel: 100 US Gal. Trip fuel: 55 US Gal. Fuel for start up and taxi
(included in block fuel): 3 US Gal. Fuel density: 6 lbs./US Gal. Total moment at take-off: 432226
lbs.In
a) 432 221
b) 433 906
c) 377 746
d) 401 338
Landing Moment = Take Off Moment – trip fuel moment
Trip fuel = 55USG x 6lbs/usg = 330lbs

Trip fuel moment = 330x93.6=30888 lbs.in
Landing Moment = 432226 – 30888 = 401338

Q3574: ZFM’yi soruyor, fuel dışındakileri ekle. Cevap şıklarda yoksa optional equipment’ı çıkarıp
dene.
1799 + 35 + 300 + 350 = 2484 şıklarda yok. 2484 – 35 = 2449 lbs
Q3575: Landing mass’i soruyor. BEM, optional equipment, pilot yolcu kargonun üstüne sadece
landing fuel’ı ekle. Cevap şıklarda yoksa optional equipment’ı çıkarıp dene.
Landing fuel = Block – taxi – trip = 60 – 1.7 – 35 = 23.3 Gal x 6 lbs/Gal = 139.8 lbs
1764 + 35 + 300 + 350 + 139.8 = 2588.8 lbs

Q5462:
 CG = Total Moment / Total Mass
 Balance arm’lar verilmiş ama moment’ler hesaplanırken sağdaki tablodan da
yararlanılabilir.

BEM 6000 4.70 28200
Pilot + co-pilot 190 2.045 389
Flight engineer 80 2.690 215
TOTAL 6270 28803
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass  28803kgm / 6270kg = 4.594m

Q5473,14392:
 CG = Total Moment / Total Mass
 Balance arm’lar verilmiş ama moment’ler hesaplanırken sağdaki tablodan da
yararlanılabilir.

BEM 7000 4.70 32900
Pilot + co-pilot 165 2.045 337.425
Flight engineer 90 2.690 242
TOTAL 7255 33479.425
CG = Total Moment / Total Mass  33479.425kgm / 7255kg = 4.615m

Q1659: 2 nose wheel  2 x 500 = 1000 kg
4 main wheels  4 x 6000 = 24000 kg
10 m
10 – x x
1000 kg 24000 kg
CG main wheel’in ne kadar önündedir diye sormuş. İki tekerin arasında bir yerde olacak. Ağırlık
merkezi etrafında moment’ler dengededir.
1000 x (10 – x) = 24000x

10000 – 1000x = 24000x
10000 = 25000x
x = 0.4m = 40cm forward of main wheels

-

Q14731: 2 nose wheel  2 x 725 = 1450 kg
4 main wheels  4 x 6000 = 24000 kg
10 m
10 – x x
1450 kg 24000 kg
CG main wheel’in ne kadar önündedir diye sormuş. İki tekerin arasında bir yerde olacak. Ağırlık
merkezi etrafında moment’ler dengededir.
1450 x (10 – x) = 24000x

14500 – 1450x = 24000x
14500 = 25450x
x = 0.569m = 56.9cm forward of main wheels

-

Q1079: CG position soruluyor. Datum’a göre moment alınır.
 Datum main wheel’ların tam üstünde olduğu için onların momenti yok.
 Tek moment nose wheel’dan gelen 1750N x 1.5 m = 2625Nm
 CG = Total Moment / Total Mass
2625Nm / (1750N + 4050N + 4080N) = 26.57 cm forward of datum

5-2 Load and Trim Sheet (20)
INDEX
Mesela 90000kg’lik bir uçağın ağırlığı 500 inch’ten etki ediyor. Yarattığı moment:
90000kg x 500in = 45000000 kgin
Sıfırlarla uğraşıp hesabı uzatmamak için 1 milyon gibi bir katsayıya bölüp 45 index’lik moment
yaratıyor diyebiliriz. Yani index; moment’i simgeleyen bir figürdür.
Q1960: Index is a figure without unit of measurement which represents a moment.
Q5629: Ne kadar daha traffic load koyabilirim?
1 37 00
6 67 70 6 16 00
49 4 50 49 4 50
12 1 50
10 3 20
18 30
-

Q5627: Total Traffic Load = 10320 kg olarak verilmiş. Freight bunun ne kadarını oluşturuyor?
 Traffic Load adına verilenleri topla ve total traffic load’dan çıkarıp freight’in ne kadar
olduğunu bul.
Male: 40 x 88 kg = 3520
Female: 65 x 70 kg = 4550
Child: 8 x 35 kg = 280
10060 kg
Infant: 5 x 6 kg = 30
Baggage: 120 x 14kg = 1680
Freight: 10320 – 10055 = 260 kg

Q5621: DOM = 35000kg / CG 14% MAC  Kesiştir ve Index’i oku.
Son dakika değişiklikleri Load&Trim Sheet’e not edilmeli ve ona göre imzalanmalıdır:
 Once the mass and balance documentation has been signed prior to flight: Acceptable last
minute changes to the load must be documented. Q6197

Q5622: ZFM ve CG’yi sormuş.  Zaten bir yere kadar yapılmış, sol alttaki bölümde ZFM’yi bul.  Sağa geç ve trim yapıp bulduğun ZFM ile kesiştir.  17.8% MAC
46130
3 49 00
4 61 30

Q5623: TOM’daki CG’yi sormuş.  Zaten bir yere kadar yapılmış, sol alttaki bölümde TOM’u bul.  Sağa geç ve trim yapıp bulduğun TOM ile kesiştir.  17.5% MAC
- 0 .9
55630
3 49 00
4 61 30
9 500
5 5630

Q11510: Hold4’ten 16 x14 = 224kg bagaj, 0C’den 16x84 = 1344kg yolcu çıkmış. Mevcut TOM CG’sinden Hold 4’e çık, 224kg çıkarmak için 0.224 birim sola git, 0C’den 16 yolcu
çıkarmak için 1.6 kutu sağa git.  Düz aşağı inip yeni TOM 62170-1568 = 60602kg ile kesiştir.  20.4% MAC

Q5625: Using the data given at the appendix, determine which of the following correctly gives the values of the Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) of the aeroplane and the load index
at ZFM
a) 51300 kg and 57.0
b) 35100 kg and 20.5
c) 46300 kg and 20.5
d) 48600 kg and 57.0
3 73 70
48 6 0 0
57
Q3386:
 190000kg ile 29% MAC’i kesiştir.
 Cargo4’e çık, 4000kg eklemek için 8 birim sağa git.
 Düz aşağı inip yeni TOM 190000+4000= 194000kg ile kesiştir.  33% MAC

Q5310:
 Cargo1’e çık, 4000kg eklemek için 8 birim sola git.  Düz aşağı inip yeni TOM 180000+4000= 184000kg ile kesiştir.  25% MAC

Q5312:
 Cargo4’e çık, 4000kg çıkarmak için 8 birim sola git.
 Düz aşağı inip yeni TOM 180000-4000= 176000kg ile kesiştir.  21.8% MAC

Q5158:
 Loadt&Trim sheet’ten farklı olarak Cargo1 boşmuş yani 2500kg çıkarılacak..
 Mevcut TOM CG’sinden cargo1 e çık, 2500kg çıkarmak için 5 birim sağa git.  Düz aşağı inip yeni TOM 211600-2500 = 209100kg ile kesiştir.  33% MAC

Q5159: cevap yanlış!!! 33 olması lazım 31.5 çıkıyor.
 Çok değişiklik var. En tepeden başlayarak yeniden yapalım ve yeni TOM ile kesiştirelim.
 Cargo1: empty / Cargo2: 1000kg / Cargo3: 3000kg / Cargo4: 2000kg / Cargo5: 1000kg / OA: 20 / OB: 20 / OC: 30
 Kargolarda 4500kg, yolcularda ise 170 x 75kg = 12750 kg azalma var. Yeni TOM = 211600 – 17250 = 194350 kg ile kesiştir  33% MAC
0
1000
20
30

Q5160:
 Loadt&Trim sheet’ten farklı olarak 0A ya 10 x 75kg = 750 kg yolcu eklenecek, Cargo5’ten 750 kg çıkacak. TOM = 211600 değişmez
 Mevcut TOM CG’sinden cargo5 e çık, 750kg çıkarmak için 3 birim sola git.  0A’ya in ve 10 yolcu eklemek için 2 birim sola git.
 Düz aşağı inip TOM=211600 ile kesiştir.  27.8% MAC

Q5324:
 Cargo4’ten Cargo1’e taşınan yük CG’yi 38’den 31’e çekecek. Yapılan düzeltmenin iki kırmızı çizgi arasındaki mesafeye denk gelmesi gerekir
 Şıklardan giderek tek tek düzeltmeler yapılır. Önce 2000kg’yi denemek zaman kazandırır. Çok gelirse 1000kg, az gelirse 3000kg denenir.
 Cargo4’ten 3000 kg çıkarmak için 6 birim sola, Cargo1’e 3000 kg eklemek için 6 birim sola gidilir. Tam denk geldiği görülür.

Kaldırılmış bir soru:
 Cargo1:4000kg / Cargo4: empty. Cargo1’den Cargo4’e taşınan yük CG’yi 32’den 35’e çekecek. Yapılan düzeltmenin iki kırmızı çizgi arasındaki mesafeye denk
gelmesi gerekir. Şıklarda kargolardaki son durumu vermiş. Şıklardan giderek tek tek düzeltmeler yapılır.
 Cargo1’den 1500 kg çıkarmak için 3 birim sağa, Cargo4’e 1500 kg eklemek için 3 birim sağa gidilir. Denk geldiği görülür.  Cargo1: 2500 / Cargo4: 1500

Q5161:
 Sheet’ten farklı olarak Cargo1 boşmuş yani 2500kg çıkarılacak. ZFM’deki CG’yi soruyor. Yani, fuel index
correction yapılmamış ZFM’den yukarı çık.
 Mevcut ZFM CG’sinden cargo1 e çık, 2500kg çıkarmak için 5 birim sağa git.
 Düz aşağı inip aynı ZFM ile kesiştir.  35.5% MAC

Q5293: An aeroplane, whose specific data is shown in the annex, has a planned take-off mass of 200 000
kg, with its centre of gravity (C.G.) located at 15.38 m rearward of the reference point, representing a C.G.
location at 30 % MAC (Mean Aerodynamic Cord). The current cargo load distribution is: front cargo: 6 500 kg; rear
cargo: 4 000 kg. For performance purposes, the captain decides to reset the value of the centre of gravity location
to 33 % MAC. The front and rear cargo compartments are located at a distance of 15 m and 25 m from the
reference point respectively. After the transfer operation, the new cargo load distribution is:
a) front cargo: 9 260 kg; rear cargo: 1 240 kg

b) front cargo: 3 740 kg; rear cargo: 6 760 kg
c) front cargo: 4 550 kg; rear cargo: 5 950 kg
d) front cargo: 6 760 kg; rear cargo: 3 740 kg
Datum 30% MAC 33% MAC 25

15
4.6 x 3/100 = 0.138
m
MAC = 4.6m
 m = 2760 kg
front cargo: 6500 – 2760 = 3 740 kg
rear cargo: 4000 + 2760 = 6 760 kg

Q5311,5275: Prior to engine start a turbojet aeroplane has the following data:
Corrected Dry Operating Mass: 110 100 kg.
Basic corrected index: 118.6.
Take off mass: 200 000Kg.
C of G location: 32% MAC (Mean Aerodynamic Cord).
Leading edge to reference point: 14m.
Length MAC: 4.6m.
Initial cargo distribution: cargo 1 = 4 000 kg at 2.73m from ref point. Cargo 2 = 2 000 kg at 8.55m from ref point.
Cargo 3 = 2 000 kg at 16.49m from ref point. Cargo 4 = empty at 21.13m.
To maximize performance, the captain decides to redistribute part of the cargo load between cargo holds. In
order to take off with a new centre of gravity location at 34 % MAC, load must be transferred as follows:
a) 1 500 kg from cargo hold 1 to cargo hold 4

b) 1 000 Kg from cargo hold 1 to cargo hold 4
c) 500 Kg from cargo hold 3 to cargo hold 1
d) 1 000 kg from cargo hold 1 to cargo hold 3
Datum 32% MAC 34% MAC

16 19.5
4.6 x 2/100 = 0.092
m
MAC = 4.6m
 m x D = 18400
Go through the answers, and try one by one.
1 000 Kg from cargo hold 1 to cargo hold 4
1000kg x 18.4m = 18400

Q5624: Using the data given at the appendix to this question, if the fuel index corrections (from
ZFM index) are as follows
9500 kg - 0.9
6500 kg - 6.1
3500 kg - 4.7
3000 kg - 4.3
Which of the following represent the correct values for landing mass of the aeroplane and the position of the
centre of gravity for this condition?
a) 52900kg and 19 %
b) 49130 kg and 19 %
c) 52900 kg and 21.6 %
d) 49130 kg and 21.8 %
 Landing Mass’in içinde Landing fuel vardır. Landing fuel = TOF – trip = 9500 – 6500 = 3000 kg
 3000 kg için – 4.3’ lük fuel index uygulanır.

- 4.3
49130
349 00
461 30
9 50 0
556 30
6 50 0
491 30

Q5628: From the data contained in the attached appendix, the maximum allowable take - off mass and
traffic load is respectively :
a) 61600 kg and 12150 kg

b) 60425 kg and 10975 kg
c) 68038 kg and 18588 kg
d) 66770 kg and 17320 kg
121 50

Q5626: From the data given at the appendix and assuming a fuel index shift of - 5.7 from the ZFM loaded
index, determine which of the following is the correct value (percentage MAC) for the position of the centre of
gravity at Take Off Mass.
a) 14 %
b) 15 %
c) 18.5 %
d) 19.5 %

- 5.7
6 02 00

5-3 Intentional re-positioning of CG (12)
LOAD SHIFTING
taşınan yük CG’nin küçük yer değişimi
uçağın toplam ağırlığı yükün büyük yer değişimi
Q1085: m/M = d/D  m/7500 = 1/120  m = 62.5 kg
Q1642: m/M = d/D  m/9000 = 0.1/3  m = 300 kg
Q1646: m/M = d/D  100/4750 = d/90  d = 1.89
new CG : 115.8 + 1.89 = 117.69

Q3673:
 CG 25% MAC’ten 40% MAC’e kayacak yani MAC’in yüzde 15’i kadar yer
değiştirecek.
d = 1m x 15/100 = 0.15m
m/M = d/D  m/2200 = 0.15/3  m = 110 kg
Q6198: m/M = d/D  m/17400 = 2.2/262  m = 146.1 kg
Q6199:
 Yük taşınmadan önce CG nin konumu: Total Moment / Total Mass ile bulunur:
154000 lbs.in / 1850 lbs = 83.24 in
 Yük taşındıktan sonra CG 83.24’ten forward limit 86’ya gelecekmiş.
d = 86 – 83.24 = 2.76 in
m/M = d/D  m/1850 = 2.76/118  m = 43.2 lbs
Q400: m/M = d/D  390/116500 = d/507  d = 1.7
new CG : 435 - 1.7 = 433.3
Q1950: m/M = d/D  1600/36000 = d/7  d = 0.31m aft’a kayar.
Q6188: m/M = d/D  64/3650 = d/6  d = 0.1 aft’a kayar.
Q6191: m/M = d/D  m/3240 = 2/117  m = 55.38 lbs
Q6194: m/M = d/D  150/5500 = d/70  d = 23.9 in
Q6200:
 2 yolcu kaç koltuk öne geçmeli ki CG 104.5’tan aft limit 102’ye gelsin.  d = 2.5
 2 yolcu  2 x 75kg = 150 kg
 Koltuk aralığı = 33 inches
m/M = d/D  150/12400 = 2.5/D  D = 206 in
206in / 33in = 6.27 row öne gelmeliler. Aft limite sokmak için 6 yetmez, o yüzden 7.

LOAD ADDITION / SUBTRACTION
 Write the balance equation according to the new CG.
Q1084: Given: Total mass 2900 kg Centre of gravity (cg) location station: 115 Aft cg
limit station: 116 The maximum mass that can be added at station 130 is:
 Mass can be added until the CG comes on to the aft limit.

 Write the balance equation according to the new CG.
Aft limit
Datum 115 116 130
m
14
1
2900 kg
2900 x 1 = m x 14  m = 207 kg
-

Q6190: An aircraft has a mass of 5000 lbs and the CG is located at 80 in aft of the
datum. The aft CG limit is at 80.5 in aft of the datum. What is the maximum mass that can
be loaded into a hold situated 150 in aft of the datum without exceeding the limit?
 Mass can be added until the CG comes on to the aft limit.

Aft limit
Datum 80 80.5 150
m
69.5
0.5
5000 lbs
5000 x 0.5 = m x 69.5  m = 35.97 lbs

-

Q298: The mass of an aircraft is 1950 kg. If 450 kg is added to a cargo hold 1.75
metres from the loaded centre of gravity (cg). The loaded cg will move:
 450 kg is added 1.75 metres away from the present CG.

 CG moves to the direction where mass is added.
 Write the balance equation according to the new CG and find the distance CG moves.  d=?
Datum
450 kg
d=? 1.75 – d
1.75 m
1950 kg
1950 x d = 450 x (1.75 –d)  d = 0.33m = 33 cm

-

Q6186: If an aircraft weight = 2000kg and 400kg of freight is added to a hold 2m aft
of the present CG position, the movement of the CG is:
 400 kg is added 2 metres aft of the present CG.  CG moves aft.

 Write the balance equation according to the new CG and find the distance CG moves.  d=?
Datum
m = 400 kg
d=? 2–d
2m
2000 kg
2000 x d = 400 x (2 – d)  d = 0.33m = 33 cm aft

Q6187: An aircraft has a mass of 7900kg and the CG is located at 81.2 in aft of the
datum. If a package of mass 250 kg was loaded in a hold situated 32 in aft of the datum,
what would the new CG position be?
 250 kg is added to a hold located 32 in aft of datum.  CG moves forward.

 Write the balance equation according to the new CG and find the distance CG moves.  d
 Then find the position of the new CG.
Datum 32 ? 81.2
m = 250 kg
49.2 - d d=?
49.2
7900 kg
250 x (49.2 – d) = 7900 x d  d = 1.5 in
new CG: 81.2 – 1.5 = 79.7 in

-

Q6193: If the CG position is 30m aft of the datum after 3,000 kg was added to a hold
50m aft of the datum and the original weight was 24,000 kg, the original CG arm was:
 After 3,000 kg was added to a hold 50m aft of the datum, CG moved to 30m aft of datum.
 So the original CG should be somewhere left of the present CG position.
 Write the balance equation according to the new CG and find the distance CG moved.  d
 Then find the position of the original CG.
Datum ? 30 m 50 m
3000 kg
20 m
d=?
24000 kg
24000 x d = 3000 x 20  d = 2.5 m
Original CG  30 – 2.5 = 27.5 m

Q1965:
Fwd limit Aft limit

Datum 30
18 20 22
m=?
2.62
10
112000 kg
112000 x 2.62 = m x 10  m/112000 = 2.62/10  m = 29344 kg

Q6189:
Fwd limit Aft limit

Datum
40 70 250
m=?
30
210
3500 kg
3500 x 30 = m x 210  m = 500 kg

Q6192:
 When 60 kg is removed from the hold 147 in forward of datum, CG will move aft.
Fwd limit CG Aft limit

-147 Datum +76.5 +77
+72
m=60kg
147 + 76.5 + d = (223.5 + d)
d =?
3700 kg
3700 x d = 60 x (223.5 + d)  d = 3.68 inches

Q6201:
 Before fuel loading, Zero Fuel Mass is acting through 30% MAC.
 After fuel (m) is added to the fuel tank at 16m, CG will move from 30% MAC to 23% MAC.
 So the CG will move 7% MAC.
Datum 23% MAC 30% MAC

16 19.5
m 3.5 x 23/100 = 0.805

3.5 x 7/100 = 0.245
MAC = 3.5m
47800 kg
 m x 0.805 = 47800 x 0.245  m/47800 = 0.245/0.805  m = 14548 kg
 kg cinsinden doğru cevap yok. SG = 0.72 kg/lt ‘yi kullanarak hacime çevirelim:
14548kg / 0.72kg/lt = 20205 lt  şıklarda yok.
 US Gallon’a çevirelim:
20205lt / 3.785 = 5338 USG  şıklarda yok.
 IMP Gallon’a çevirelim.
20205lt / 4.546 = 4445 IMP Gallons

6-1 Types of cargo (general aspects) (0)
 Containerised cargo
 Palletised Cargo
 Bulk cargo

6-2 Floor area load and running load limitations in cargo
compartments (13)
Running Load = Load / length

(birim uzunluk başına düşen yük)
Running Load = 50kg / 10in = 5 kg/in
50 kg
10 in
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Floor area load (load intensity) = Load / Area

(birim alan başına düşen yük)
Floor area load (load intensity) = 40kg / 10ft2 = 4 kg/ft2

40 kg
2ft
5 ft
-

Q806,6202: Given: Maximum Floor Strength = 300 kg/m² Maximum Running Load = 350 kg/m
Which of the following loads is legally permissible?
a) 400 Kgs - Dimensions 1.4m x 0.8m x 0.8m

b) 700 Kgs - Dimensions 1.8m x 1.4m x 0.8m
c) 500 Kgs - Dimensions 1.5m x 1m x 1m
d) 400 Kgs - Dimensions 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2m
Şıklar tek tek Running load ve Area load a göre incelenir. İkisine de uyan işaretlenir
Running Load = 350 kg/m Area Load = 300 kg/m2
Running Load = 400kg / 1.2m = 333.3 kg/m < 350 kg/m
400 kg Area Load = 400kg / 1.44m2 = 277.78 kg/m2 < 300kg/m2
1.2 m
1.2 m

Q5471:
Floor limit = 5000 N/m2
? kg Alan = 0.4m x 0.4 m = 0.16 m2
0.4 m
0.4 m
5000 N/m2 x 0.16 m2 = 800 N  W = mg  800N = m x 10m/s2  m = 80 kg

-
Q5481:
Floor limit = 4000 N/m2
? kg Alan = 0.5m x 0.5 m = 0.25 m2
0.5 m
0.5 m
4000 N/m2 x 0.25 m2 = 1000N  W = mg  1000N = m x 10m/s2  m = 100 kg

Q4500: The maximum intensity floor loading for an aeroplane is given in the Flight Manual
as 650 kg per square metre. What is the maximum mass of a package which can be safely
supported on a pallet with dimensions of 80 cm by 80 cm?
a) 101.6 kg
b) 41.6 kg
c) 416.0 kg
d) 1015.6 kg
Floor limit = 650 kg/m2
? kg Alan = 0.8m x 0.8 m = 0.64 m2
0.8 m
0.8 m
650 kg/m2 x 0.25 m2 = 416 kg

Q14059,4499: The maximum floor loading for a cargo compartment in an aeroplane is
given as 750 kg per square metre. A package with a mass of 600 kg. is to be loaded. Assuming the
pallet base is entirely in contact with the floor, which of the following is the minimum size pallet
that can be used ?
a) 40 cm by 200 cm
b) 30 cm by 300 cm
c) 40 cm by 300 cm
d) 30 cm by 200 cm
Floor area load = 750 kg/m2 mass = 600 kg
Konulabilecek minimum alan nedir?
 max. load intensity’yi sağlayacak şekilde minimum alana koyabiliriz.
Floor area load = load / area  750 kg/m2 = 600 kg / area
Area = 600 kg / (750 kg/m2) = 0.8 m2 ye denk gelen şık aranır.
 40 cm by 200 cm  0.4m x 2m = 0.8m2

Q4502:
Maksimum load intensity’yi sağlayacak şekilde daha ne kadar yük koyabilirim?
 Tablodan forward cargo’nun max load intensity’si okunur  68 kg/ft2
 300 kg’lik yük 2 ground support (20cm x 200 cm) üstünde taşınıyormuş.
0.4 m2 0.4 m2
2m 2m
0.2 m 0.2 m
Yani yere temas eden alan 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8 m2
0.8 m2’yi direk 68 kg/ft2 ile çarpamayız, birimler uyuşmuyor. m2 ’yi ft2 ‘ ye çevirelim.
1 m = 3.28 ft  1m2 = 3.28ft x 3.28 ft = 10.76 ft2
1 m2  10.76 ft2 ise
0.8 m2  0.8 x 10.76 = 8.6 ft2
68 kg/ft2 x 8.6 ft2 = 585.3 kg (maksimum konabilecek yük, 300 zaten vardı)
 585.3 – 300 = 285.3 kg daha konulabilir.

Tablo okuma soruları 4497,4498,4516,4517,4518,4495
 maximum running load for the aft section of the forward cargo compartment: 13.12 kg per inch.
 maximum load intensity for the lower forward cargo compartment: 68 kg per square foot
 maximum floor loading intensity for the aft cargo compartment: 68 kg per square foot
 maximum total load of the aft cargo compartment: 4187 kg
 maximum load that can be carried in that section of the aft cargo compartment which has a
balance arm centroid: 835.5 inches is 3062 kg.
 (balance) arm (B.A.) for the forward hold centroid: 367.9 inches

6-3 Securing of load (1)
Q1961:
- CG illa ki oynar, yolcu adım atsa bile oynar, o yüzden avoid “any” centre of gravity (cg)
movement during flight değil!
- Plansız beklenmedik hareketini engellemek yani fwd ve aft limit’lerin dışına çıkmasını
engellemek:
Loads must be adequately secured in order to: avoid unplanned centre of gravity (cg) movement
and aircraft damage.

–
Q11046: In order to provide an adequate "buffet boundary" at the commencement of the

cruise a speed of 1.3Vs is used. At a mass of 120000 kg this is a CAS of 180 knots. If the
mass of the aeroplane is increased to 135000 kg the value of 1.3Vs will be
e) increased to 191 knots, drag will increase and air distance per kg of fuel will decrease.
f) increased to 191 knots, drag will decrease and air distance per kg of fuel will increase.
g) unaffected as Vs always occurs at the same angle of attack.
h) increased to 202 knots but, since the same angle of attack is used, drag and range will
remain the same.

–


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MASS AND BALANCE

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 1

21.10.2014  All questions can be browsed by CTRL+F according to question numbers.

Learning Objectives (334 Questions)

1 PURPOSE OF MASS AND BALANCE CONSIDERATIONS (37) ............................................................. 4

1-1 Mass limitations (10) ......................................................................................................................... 4

1-2 Centre of gravity (CG) limitations (27) .............................................................................................. 8

2 LOADING (154) .............................................................................................................................13

2-1 Terminology (66) ............................................................................................................................. 13

2-2 Mass limits (21) ............................................................................................................................... 20

2-3 Mass calculations (64) ..................................................................................................................... 21

2-4 XXXXXXX (2) ................................................................................................................................... 41

2-5 XXXXXXX (1) ................................................................................................................................... 41

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF CG CALCULATIONS (28) .................................................................................42

3-1 Definition of centre of gravity (7).................................................................................................... 42

3-2 Conditions of equilibrium (17) ........................................................................................................ 43

3-3 Basic calculations of CG (4) ............................................................................................................. 47

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 2

4-1 Contents of mass and balance documentation (18) ....................................................................... 48

5 DETERMINATION OF CG POSITION (52) .........................................................................................64

5-1 Methods (20) ................................................................................................................................... 64

5-2 Load and Trim Sheet (20) ................................................................................................................ 78

5-3 Intentional re-positioning of CG (12) ............................................................................................ 101

6 CARGO HANDLING (14) ............................................................................................................... 113

6-1 Types of cargo (general aspects) (0) ............................................................................................. 113

6-3 Securing of load (1) ....................................................................................................................... 121

CAT Questions – not existing in ATPL Online ...................................................................................... 122

MASS & BALANCE – SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... 123

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 3

Weight  Lift Drag

Drag  fuel consumption Range

Stick forces Climb performance

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 4

Q11046: In order to provide an adequate "buffet boundary" at the commencement of the

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 5

Fazla yazılma durumu:

Q4484: 16500lt=16500dm3=16.5m3 16.5m3 x 780kg/m3= 12780 kg ama 16500kg yazılmış.

Eksik yazılma durumu:

Uçak beklenenden daha ağır olduğu için ise;

 Speed at unstick(Vmu) will be higher than expected and occur later.

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 6

Limit load factor 3.8’i aşarsan  permanent deformation(kalıcı deformasyon, burulma,göçük)

4.2g’ye maruz kalmış  permanent deformation.

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 7

 CG neutral point’te iken  Neutral Static Stability olur.

CG neutral point’in önündeyse  Positive Static Stability

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 8

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 9

 Uçağın burnu ağır basıyor  Stability artar.

Drag  fuel consumption Range

Stick forces  difficulty in flaring, resulting in nosewheel landing first!

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 10

 Uçağın burnu ağır o kadar ağır basmıyor  Stability azalır.

Drag  fuel consumption Range

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 11

Yük hangi yöne giderse CG de o yöne gider.

Depends on the type of landing gear:

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 12

 independent of gravity  depends on gravity

Gençer Güleryüz – AYJET 13

Dry Operating Mass (DOM)  operator Traffic Load (TL)

Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) Take-Off Fuel (TOF)

Take-Off Mass (TOM) Start/Taxi Fuel

Ramp/Taxi Mass (RM)

Mass&Balance - AYJET

Mass&Balance - AYJET