Solution Manual For An Introduction To Mechanical Engineering 3rd Edition by Wickert

Solution Manual for An Introduction to Mechanical
Engineering 3rd Edition by Wickert
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S o l u t i o n M a n u a l f o r A n I n t r o d u c t i
Chapter 7: Thermal and Energy Systems
Chapter 7
Solutions
191
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V i s i t T e s t B a n k B e l l . c o m t o g e t c o
Problem P7.1: Beginning from their definitions, determine the conversion factor between ft
⋅ lb and kW ⋅ h in Table 7.1.
Approach:
Both ft ⋅ lb and kW ⋅ h are dimensions for work and energy. By definition of the derived unit
"watt," 1 W = 1 (N⋅m)/s, and the "kilo)" prefix represents 1000 W. Convert force and length
using the factors in Table 3.6.
Solution:
By using Table 3.6:
⎛J⎞ ⎛ N⋅m ⎞
1 kW ⋅ h = 1000 W ⋅ h = 1000 ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ h = 1000 ⎜ ⎟⋅h
⎝s⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
⎡ ⎛ N ⋅ m ⎞ ⎤⎛ lb ⎞⎛ ft ⎞⎛ s⎞
= ⎢1000 ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ h ⎥⎜ 0.2248 ⎟⎜ 3.2808 ⎟⎜ 3600 ⎟ = 2.655 ×10 ft ⋅ lb
6
⎣ ⎝ s ⎠ ⎦⎝ N ⎠⎝ m ⎠⎝ h ⎠
= 2.655× 106 ft ⋅ lb
Likewise, the reciprocal conversion is:
1 ft ⋅ lb = 3.766 × 10–7 kW ⋅ h
192
Problem P7.2: A remote-controlled toy car weighs 3 lb and moves at 15 ft/s. What is its
kinetic energy?
Approach:
The weight of the car is given, so the mass must first be calculated in consistent dimensions.
The kinetic energy is given by Equation (7.3). Conventional units for energy in the USCS
are ft ⋅ lb.
Solution:
The car's mass is:
−2 lb ⋅ s
2
3 lb
m= = 9. 317 × 10
32 ft s 2 ft
–2
= 9.317× 10 slugs
The kinetic energy is:
2
1
( ⎛ ft ⎞
U k = 9.317 ×10−2 slugs ⎜15 ⎟
2
)
⎝ s⎠
⎛ slug ⋅ ft ⎞
= 10.48⎜ 2 ⎟ ⋅ ft
⎝ s ⎠
= 10.48 ft ⋅ lb
Uk = 10.48 ft ⋅ lb
Discussion:
It is critical to convert the mass to slugs before calculating the energy. If the car weighed
more, the kinetic energy would increase. The kinetic energy also increases proportional to
the square of the velocity.
193
Problem P7.3: A lawn mower engine is started by pulling a cord wrapped around a hub of
radius 6.0 cm. If a constant tension of 80 N is maintained in the cord and the hub makes
three revolutions before the motor starts, how much work is done?
Approach:
Calculate the distance the cord is pulled using the circumference of the hub. Calculate the
amount of work done using Equation (7.4).
Solution:
Calculate the circumference of the hub:
m
2π r = 2π ⋅ 6.0 cm ⋅ = 0.377 m
100 cm
Distance the cord is pulled in three revolutions:
Δ d = 3 ⋅ 0.377 m = 1.13 m
Calculate the amount of work done (Equation (7.4):
W = F Δ d = 80 N ⋅ 1.13 m = 90 .4 N ⋅ m = 90.4 J
90.4 J
Discussion:
Since both quantities were given in the SI system, work is reported in the units of J. If the
force applied or the distance the cord is pulled increases, then the overall work done will also
increase. This assumes a constant force applied which is not necessarily realistic for this
scenario.
194
Problem P7.4: In the movie Back to the Future, Doc Brown and the young Marty McFly
need 1.21 GW of power for their time machine, (a) Convert that power requirement to
horsepower, (b) If a stock Delorean sports car produces 145 hp, how many times more
power does the time machine need?
Approach:
Convert the power requirement using the SI prefix definition 1 GW = 109 W and the
conversion factor from Table 7.2 that 1 W = 1.341× 10–3 hp.
Solution:
(a) Power in units of horsepower
⎛
(
1.21 GW = 1.21 × 109 W = 1.21 × 109 W ⎜1.341 × 10 −3
hp ⎞
W
⎟ = 1.623 × 10 hp
6
)
⎝ ⎠
1.623 ×10 hp
6
(b) Number of cars

1.623 × 10 6 hp
= 1.12 × 10 4 cars
145 hp car
11,200 cars
195
Problem P7.5: A sprinter runs using a force of 200 N and a power output of 600 W.
Calculate how many minutes it takes for the runner to run 1 km.
Approach:
Substitute the equation for work (Equation (7.4)) into Equation (7.5) and then calculate the
amount of time required. Assume the force and power applied by the runner is constant.
Solution:
Calculate the amount of time required:
W F Δd
P= =
Δt Δt
F Δ d (200 N )(1 km ) ⎛ 1000 m ⎞
Δt = = ⎜ ⎟ = 333.3 s
P 600 W ⎝ km ⎠
333.3 s or 5 min and 33.3 s
Discussion:
This is equivalent to running a mile in less than nine minutes. As the runner’s power out goes
up, then the time required to run the distance goes down.
196
Problem P7.6: A baseball catcher stops a 98-mph fastball over a distance of 0.1 m. What is
the force necessary to stop the 0.14-kg baseball?
Approach:
Convert the speed of the fastball to appropriate units using the factors in Table 3.6. Calculate
the kinetic energy of the fastball using Equation (7.3). The work done on the fastball to stop
it will be equivalent to its kinetic energy. Calculate the force required to stop the fastball
using Equation (7.4).
Solution:
Convert the speed of the fastball:
⎛ km ⎞⎛ m ⎞⎛ hr ⎞ m
98 mph⎜1.609 ⎟⎜1000 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 43.8
⎝ mi ⎠⎝ km ⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠ s
Calculate the kinetic energy of the fastball using Equation (7.3):
2
1 1 ⎛ m⎞
U k = mv2 = (0.14 kg )⎜ 43.8 ⎟ = 134.3 J
2 2 ⎝ s⎠
Calculate the force required to stop the fastball using Equation (7.4):
W 134.3 J
F= = = 1343 N
Δd 0.1 m
1343 N
Discussion:
This is roughly equivalent to the amount of force exerted on a 300-lb person by gravity. If
the mass of the ball were to increase or if the catcher was to stop the ball in a shorter distance,
the required force would increase. The force also increases proportional to the square of the
velocity.
197
Problem P7.7: For the two automobiles of Problem P6.31 in Chapter 6, how much power
must the engines produce just to overcome air drag at 60 mph?
Approach:
In Problem P6.31, the drag forces on the sports car and sport utility vehicle were FD = 58.6 lb
and 118 lb. Calculate the power using P = FD⋅v where v is the vehicle's speed.
Solution:
Convert speed to consistent units, using the definition of mile from Table 3.5:
mi ⎛ mi ⎞⎛ ft ⎞⎛ -4 hr ⎞ ft
v = 60 = ⎜ 60 ⎟⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ 2.778 × 10 ⎟ = 88
hr ⎝ hr ⎠⎝ mi ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s
Calculate the power to overcome air drag. Convert from (ft⋅lb)/s to hp by using the
conversion factor in Table 7.2:
Sports car:
⎛ ft ⎞ ft ⋅ lb
P = FD v = (58.6 lb )⎜ 88 ⎟ = 5157
⎝ s⎠ s
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ hp ⎞
= ⎜ 5157 ⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟
-3
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
= 9.38 hp
Sport utility vehicle:

P = FD v = (118 lb )⎜ 88 ⎟ = 10 ,384
⎝ s⎠ s
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ hp ⎞
= ⎜10,384 ⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟
-3
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
= 18.9 hp
9.38 hp (sports car) and 18.9 hp (sport utility vehicle)
Discussion:
The SUV needs more than double the horsepower of the sports car to maintain the same
speed when only considering air drag. Additionally, the engines will have to overcome
rolling resistance, other frictions, and if a road is inclined, gravity.
198
Problem P7.8: A light truck weighs 3100 lb and is rated at 30 miles per gallon for 60-mph
highway driving on level ground. Under those conditions, the engine must overcome air
resistance, rolling resistance, and other sources of friction. Give your answers in the
units shown, (a) The coefficient of drag is 0.6 at 60 mph and the truck's frontal area is 32
ft2. What is the drag force on the truck? (b) How much power must the engine produce at
60 mph just to overcome air resistance? (c) In part (b), how much gasoline would be
consumed each hour (neglecting other frictional effects)?
Approach:
Find the drag force by using Equation (6.14), after converting velocity to the consistent units
of ft/s. The power to overcome air resistance is given by P = FD⋅v; convert to the
conventional dimension of hp using Table 5.2. Calculate the fuel consumption by using
Equation (7.6) and the heating value for gasoline in Table 7.3.
Solution:
(a) In consistent dimensions, the truck's speed is:
⎛ mi ⎞⎛ ft ⎞⎛ 1 hr ⎞ ft
v = ⎜ 60 ⎟⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 88
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ mi ⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠ s
The drag force is (Equation 6.14) where the density of air is listed in Table 6.1:
2
1⎛
2⎝
slug ⎞
ft ⎠
⎛ ft ⎞
FD = ⎜ 2.33 × 10 -3 3 ⎟ 32 ft 2 ⎜ 88 ⎟ (0.6 ) ( )
⎝ s⎠
slug ⋅ ft
= 173.2 = 173.2 lb
s2
173.2 lb
(b) The required power is:
P = (173.2 lb )⎜ 88 ⎟ = 1.524 × 10 4
⎝ s⎠ s
From Table 7.2, 550 (ft⋅lb)/s = 1 hp:
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ −3 hp ⎞
P = ⎜1.524 × 10 4 ⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
= 27.7 hp
(c) In one hour, the work performed to overcome air drag is (Equation 7.5):
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞
W = ⎜1.524 ×10 4 ⎟(3600 s )
⎝ s ⎠
= 5.486× 107 ft ⋅ lb
Convert to consistent dimensions for heat and fuel calculation
( ⎛
W = 5.486 × 10 7 ft ⋅ lb ⎜1.285 × 10 −3 )
Btu ⎞
⎟
ft ⋅ lb ⎠
⎝
= 7.05× 104 Btu
With ideal conversion of heat from the fuel's combustion, the mass of fuel is (Equation 7.6):
199
7.05 × 10 4 Btu
m= = 3.652 lbm
19.3 × 104 Btu lbm
⎛ slug ⎞
= (3.652 lbm )⎜ 3.108 × 10 −2 ⎟
⎝ lbm ⎠
= 0.1135 slugs
Using the density of gasoline from Table 6.1, the volume of fuel is:
0.1135 slug
V= 3
= 0.086 ft 3
1.32 slug ft
( ⎛
)
gal ⎞
= 0.086 ft 3 ⎜ 7.479 3 ⎟
ft ⎠
⎝
= 0.643 gal
Discussion:
Since the truck is rated at 30 mpg at 60 mph, the truck will use approximately 2 gal of
gasoline over the hour. Therefore almost 1.4 additional gallons are going into overcoming
rolling resistance and other frictions. The velocity of the vehicle is a significant factor in the
power required (and therefore the amount of gas required) as the power increases
proportional to the cube of the velocity.
200
Problem P7.9: Suppose that the truck in Problem P7.8 was going up a hill with a grade of
2%. How much additional power must the engine produce to climb the hill, neglecting
various frictional effects?
Approach:
The tangent of the hill's angle is 2% = 0.02. The angle is θ = tan –1 (0.02) = 1.146°. In
consistent units, the truck's mass is:
3100 lb lb ⋅ s 2
m= = 96 .27 = 96.27 slug
32.2 ft s 2 ft
Solution:
Since the truck's speed is 88 ft/s, in one second the vertical elevation change is:
Δh = (88 ft) sin (1.146°)= 1.76 ft
The potential energy change is
Ug = (96.27 slugs)(32.2 ft/s2)(1.76 ft)
⎛ slug ⋅ ft ⎞
= ⎜ 5456 ⎟ ⋅ ft = 5456 ft ⋅ lb
⎝ s2 ⎠
Since this is the required work from the engine over one second, the additional average
power is (Equation 7.5):
⎛ 5456 ft ⋅ lb ⎞ ft ⋅ lb
Pavg = ⎜ ⎟ = 5456
⎝ 1s ⎠ s
In the conventional units of hp, using Table 7.2:
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ −3 hp ⎞
Pavg = ⎜ 5456 ⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
= 9.919 hp
9.92 hp
Discussion:
This would use approximately another 0.22 gal of gasoline over an hour compared to driving
the truck on level ground. The power required to overcome the elevation change will
increase proportional to the sine of the inclination angle.
201
Problem P7.10: The heating value of agricultural residue biomass (e.g., crop residues,
animal manure, and bedding, and organic material from food production), can range
from 4300 to 7300 Btu/lbm. How much heat is released when 500 kg of biomass is
burned?
Approach:
Convert the mass of the biomass into lbm using Table (3.6). Calculate the range for the
amount of heat released using Equation (7.4).
Solution:
Convert the mass of the biomass:
⎛ lbm ⎞
500 kg⎜⎜ 2.2046 ⎟⎟ = 1102.3 lbm
⎝ kg ⎠
Calculate the range for the amount of heat released using Equation (7.4):
⎛ Btu ⎞
Lower bound: Q = mH = (1102.3 lbm )⎜ 4300 ⎟ = 4.74 × 10 Btu
6
⎝ lbm ⎠
⎛ Btu ⎞
Upper bound: Q = mH = (1102.3 lbm )⎜ 7300 ⎟ = 8.05 × 10 Btu
6
⎝ lbm ⎠
4.74 × 10 − 8.05 ×10 Btu
6 6
Discussion:
While this is not as much heat as would be generated from an equivalent amount of wood,
coal, or any of other gas and liquid fuels in Table (7.3), it represents a substantial amount of
potential heat from an alternative energy source.
202
Problem P7.11: During processing in a steel mill, a 750-lb steel casting at 800°F is
quenched by plunging it into a 500–gal oil bath, which is initially at a temperature of
100°F. After the casting cools and the oil bath warms, what is the final temperature of the
two? The weight per unit volume of the oil is 7.5 lb/gal.
Approach:
Calculate the mass of the oil using the volume and weight per unit volume. Then, recognize
that the steel casting and the oil will be the same temperature if the casting is allowed to sit in
the oil for long enough. Assume the heat perfectly flows between the casting and oil (no heat
is lost to the external environment). Balance the heat lost by the steel casting with that gained
by the oil using Equation (7.7) Q = mc(T - T0) and the specific heat values from Table 7.4:
Btu Btu
csteel = 0.11 coil = 0.45
lbm⋅ F
o
lbm⋅o F
The conventional dimension for mass in thermal and energy systems calculations is the
pound–mass, or lbm, as described in Chapter 3.
Solution:
Mass of steel casting, in the USCS conventional unit of pound–mass:
msteel = 750 lbm
For the oil bath, its weight is:
woil = (500 gal) (7.5 lb/gal) = 3750 lb and its mass is moil = 3750 lbm
Final combined temperature T:
( )
(750 lbm)⎛⎜ 0.11 Btuo ⎞⎟ 800 o F − T = (3750 lbm)⎛⎜ 0.45 Btuo ⎞⎟ T − 100 o F
lbm⋅ F ⎠ lbm⋅ F ⎠
( )
⎝ ⎝
⎛ 3 Btu ⎞
⎜1.77 × 10 o ⎟ T = 2.3475 × 10 Btu
5
⎝ F⎠
T = 132.6°F
Discussion:
This assumes the heat flows perfect from the steel casting into the oil. Realistically, heat will
flow out into or in from the surrounding environment. If the amount of oil increases, then the
final temperature will decrease. If the casting is larger, then the final temperature will
increase.
203
Problem P7.12: The interior contents and materials of a small building weigh 25 tons, and
together they have an average specific heat of 0.25 Btu/(lbm ⋅ °F). Neglecting any
inefficiency in the furnace, what amount of natural gas must be burned to raise the
building's temperature from freezing to 70°F?
Approach:
The weight of the building and its contents is w = (25 tons)(2000 lb/ton) = 50,000 lb, with
"ton" defined in Table 3.5. Find the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature using
Equation (7.7) Q = mc(T – To). Then calculate the amount of natural gas that must be burned
using Equation (7.6) Q = mH and the heating value H = 20.2×103 Btu/lbm from Table 7.3.
Solution:
The mass of the building and its contents, in the consistent units of lbm, is:
m = 50,000 lbm
since one pound–mass weighs one pound. The required heat input is:
⎛
Q = (50,000 lbm )⎜ 0.25
Btu ⎞ o
lbm ⋅o ⎟
F
70 F − 32o F ( )
⎝ ⎠
= 4.75× 105 Btu
The amount of natural gas is:
4.75 × 105 Btu
mgas =
20.2 × 103 Btu lbm
= 23.5 lbm
Discussion:
This is equivalent to almost 500 ft3 of natural gas. The amount of natural gas needed will
increase if the contents of the building weigh more or if the final temperature needs to be
higher.
204
Problem P7.13: A 5.0-kg steel gear is heated to 150oC and then placed into a 0.5-gal
container of water at 10oC. What is the final temperature of the metal and water?
Approach:
Convert the water volume to consistent units using Table 3.6. Calculate the mass of the
water using the volume and density of water (Table 6.1). Then, recognize that the gear and
water will be the same temperature if the gear is allowed to sit in the water for long enough.
Assume that the heat perfectly flows between the gear and water (no heat is lost to the
external environment). Therefore, balance the heat lost by the gear with that gained by the
water and find the final temperature of both the gear and water using Equation (7.7) and
specific heat values from Table 7.4.
Solution:
Convert the water volume:
⎛ m3 ⎞
0.5 gal⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.89 × 10 −3 m 3
⎝ 264.2 gal ⎠
Calculate the mass of the water:
⎛ kg ⎞
(
m = ρv = ⎜1000 3 ⎟ 1.89 × 10 −3 m 3 = 1.89 kg
m ⎠
)
⎝
Calculate the final temperature using Equation (7.7). The gear loses heat, so the
temperatures are switched to keep the direction of the heat flow consistent:
mgear cgear (To _ gear − Tfinal ) = mwater cwater (Tfinal − To _ water )
(5.0 kg )⎛⎜⎜ 0.50 kJ ⎞

( ⎛ kJ ⎞
)
⎟⎟ 150o C − Tfinal = (1.89 kg )⎜⎜ 4.2 o ⎟⎟ Tfinal − 10o C ( )
⎝ kg⋅ C ⎠
o
⎝ kg⋅ C ⎠
kJ kJ
375 kJ − 2.5 o ⋅ Tfinal = 7.94 o ⋅ Tfinal − 79.4 kJ
C C
kJ
10.44 o ⋅ Tfinal = 454.4 kJ
C
Tfinal = 43.5o C
Discussion:
This assumes the heat flows perfect from the gear into the water. Realistically, heat will flow
out into or in from the surrounding environment. If the amount of water increases, then the
final temperature will decrease. If the gear is larger, then the final temperature will increase.
205
Problem P7.15: A hollow square box is made from 1-ft2 sheets of a prototype insulating
material that is 1 in. thick. Engineers are performing a test to measure the new material's
thermal conductivity. A 100-W electrical heater is placed inside the box. Over time,
thermocouples attached to the box show that the interior and exterior surfaces of one face
have reached the constant temperatures of 150°F and 90°F. What is the thermal
conductivity? Express your result in both the SI and USCS.
Approach:
In the steady state, 100 W of power is added to the interior of the box by the heater, and the
same amount flows out through the box's six sides. Calculate the thermal conductivity using
Equation (7.9).
Solution:
J
In one second, the heat flow through the box is Q = (100 ) (1 s) = 100 J. In the USCS, the
s
heat is converted to Btu:
⎛ Btu ⎞
Q = (100 J ) ⎜ 9.478 × 10 −4 −2
⎟ = 9.478 × 10 Btu
⎝ J ⎠
There are six sides on the box, so A = 6 ft, and the thickness is L = 1 in. = 0.0833 ft in
consistent units. The thermal conductivity is:
κ=
LQ
=
(
(0.0833 ft ) 9.478 ×10−2 Btu )
A Δ t (Th − Tl ) ( ) (
6 ft 2 (1 s ) 150o F − 90o F )
Btu s
= 2.19 ×10−5 o
ft⋅ F
⎛ Btu s ⎞⎛ s ⎞
= ⎜ 2.19 ×10 −5 o ⎟⎜ 3600 ⎟
⎝ ft⋅ F ⎠⎝ hr ⎠
Btu hr
0.079 o
ft⋅ F
In the SI,
⎛ Btu hr ⎞⎛
κ = ⎜ 0.079 o ⎟⎜⎜1.731
W m⋅o C ⎞
⎟
( )
⎝ ft⋅ F ⎠⎝ (Btu hr ) ft⋅o F ⎟⎠ ( )
W
0.137
m⋅o C
Discussion:
This material is a better insulator than glass, wood, or most brick structures. However, it is
not as good as fiberglass whose thermal conductivity values are around 0.045 W/(m⋅oC). If
the temperature on the exterior faces were to decrease, then the thermal conductivity would
increase, indicating a better insulator material.
206
Problem P7.16: A welding rod with κ = 30 (Btu/hr)/(ft ⋅ °F) is 20 cm long and has a
diameter of 4 mm. The two ends of the rod are held at 500°C and 50°C. (a) In the units of
Btu and J, how much heat flows along the rod each second? (b) What is the temperature
of the welding rod at its midpoint?
Approach:
Find the heat flow using Equation (7.9). Convert thermal conductivity and heat units using
the values:
Btu hr ⎛ W ⎞
1 o = ⎜1.731 o ⎟
ft⋅ F ⎝ m⋅ C ⎠
−4
1 J = 9.478 ×10 Btu
In the steady state, the temperature at the rod's midpoint will be the average of values at the
ends.
Solution:
(a) The rod's cross–sectional area is:
π (0.004 m )2
A= = 1.257 × 10 −5 m 2
4
In the SI, the thermal conductivity is:
⎛ Btu hr ⎞⎛
κ = ⎜ 30 o ⎟⎜⎜1.731
W m⋅o C ⎞
⎟⎟ = 51.93 o
W ( )
⎝ ft⋅ F ⎠⎝ (Btu hr ) ft⋅o F
⎠ m⋅ C ( )
ΔQ =
( (
51.93 W m⋅o C 1.257 × 10−5 m 2 (1 s )))(
450o C
) ( )
0.2 m
= 1.469 J
In the USCS,
⎛ Btu ⎞
Δ Q = (1.469 J )⎜ 9.478 × 10 −4 ⎟
⎝ J ⎠
= 1.39× 10 –3 Btu
(b) Midpoint temperature
1
(
T = 500o C + 50o C
2
)
= 275°C
Discussion:
An increased diameter in the rod will increase the heat flow, but an increase the length of the
rod will actually decrease the heat flow per second since the same amount of heat would be
travelling over a larger distance.
207
Problem P7.17: A brick wall 3 m high, 7.5 m wide, and 200 mm thick has a thermal
conductivity of 0.7 W/(m⋅°C). The temperature on the inner face is 25°C, and the
temperature on the outer face is 0°C. How much heat is lost per day through the wall?
Approach:
Calculate the cross sectional area of the wall. Calculate the heat loss during the one day (24
hour) time internal using Equation (7.9). Assume the temperatures on both faces of the wall
remain constant over this time frame.
Solution:
Calculate the cross sectional area of the wall:
Α = h⋅ w = 3 m ⋅ 7.5 m = 22.5 m 2
Calculate the heat loss using Equation (7.9):
κΑΔ t
(Th − Tl ) = (0.7 W m⋅ C )(22.5 m )(24 hr ) ⎛⎜ 1000 mm ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 3600 s ⎞⎟(25 o C −0 o C )
o 2
Q=
L 200 mm ⎝ m ⎠⎝ hr ⎠
J
Q = 1.70 × 108 W ⋅ s = 1.70 × 108 ⋅ s = 170,000 kJ
s
170 ,000 kJ
Discussion:
This amount of heat assumes the temperatures on each face of the wall stay constant
throughout the entire day. This is not realistic, so the actual heat loss may be more or less
depending upon the relative temperature difference between the inner and outer face.
Fiberglass with its low thermal conductivity value is frequently used as an insulation
material to reduce the heat loss through an outer wall.
208
Problem P7.18: A 2500–lb automobile comes to a complete stop from 65 mph. If 60% of
the braking capacity is provided by the front disk brake rotors, determine their
temperature rise. Each of the two cast iron rotors weighs 15 lb and has a specific heat of
0.14 Btu/(lbm ⋅ °F).
Approach:
Convert vehicle mass into consistent units. The kinetic energy (Equation (7.3)) is converted
to heat and stored as a temperature rise following Equation (7.7). Use the conversion factor
from Table 7.1: 1 ft ⋅ lb = 1.285 × 103 Btu.
Solution:
Vehicle mass, in consistent units of slugs for the kinetic energy calculation:
2500 lb
mauto = = 77.64 slug
32.2 ft s 2
Mass of two rotors, in consistent units of pound–mass for the thermal energy calculation:
mrotor = 2(15 lbm) = 30 lbm
Speed in consistent units:

mi ⎛ mi ⎞⎛ ft ⎞⎛ hr ⎞ ft
v = 65 = ⎜ 65 ⎟⎜ 5280 ⎟⎜ 2.778 × 10 −4 ⎟ = 95.33
hr ⎝ hr ⎠⎝ mi ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s
Kinetic energy:
2
1 ⎛ ft ⎞
U k = (77.64 slug)⎜ 95.33 ⎟ = 3.528 ×105 ft ⋅ lb
2 ⎝ s⎠
Quantity of heat stored in the front disk brake rotors:
Q = (0.6 )U k = (0.6)(3.528 × 105 ft ⋅ lb )⎜1.285 × 10 −3
⎛ Btu ⎞
⎟ = 272 Btu
⎝ ft ⋅ lb ⎠
Temperature rise:
272 Btu
T − To = = 64.76o F
(30 lbm)(0.14 Btu (lbm⋅ F))
o
64.8°F
Discussion:
This is a significant increase in temperature over a short amount of time. However, iron has
very good thermal properties and when used in rotors absorbs and dissipates heat well to
cool the brakes. If the vehicle was travelling faster or weighed more, the kinetic energy
would be larger and therefore the temperature change would increase.
209
Problem P7.19: A small hydroelectric power plant operates with 500 gal of water passing
through the system each second. The water falls through a vertical distance of 150 ft
from a reservoir to the turbines. Calculate the power output, and express it in the units of
both hp and kW. The density of water is listed in Table 6.1.
Approach:
Calculate the change in the reservoir's gravitational potential energy from Equation (7.1)
during a time period of one second. That energy is converted to electrical power by the
turbines and generators in the power plant (assuming ideal efficiency). From Table 6.1, the
density of water is ρ = 1.94 slug/ft3, and from Table 3.5, 1 gal = 0.1337 ft3.
Solution:
In one second,
⎛ ft 3 ⎞
V = 500 gal = (500 gal)⎜ 0.1337
⎜ ⎟⎟ = 66.85 ft 3
⎝ gal ⎠
of water flow through the system, with mass:
( ⎛
)
slug ⎞
m = 66.85 ft 3 ⎜1.94 3 ⎟ = 129.7 slug
ft ⎠
⎝
Change in potential energy during one second:
⎛ ft ⎞ ⎛ slug ⋅ ft ⎞
U g = (129.7 slug )⎜ 32.2 2 ⎟(150 ft ) = 6.26 × 105 ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⋅ ft = 6.26 × 10 ft ⋅ lb
5
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
Using conversion factors from Table 7.2, the average power is:
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ −3 hp ⎞
Pavg = ⎜ 6.26 × 105 ⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟ = 1139 hp
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
1139 hp or 849 kW
Discussion:
Not only do hydroelectric power plants utilize water for power production, but a number of
other renewable forms of power production leverage the kinetic and potential energy of
water including underwater turbines and wave energy convertors. If the water falls a longer
distance, more potential energy can be converted into power.
210
Problem P7.20: As part of a packing and distribution system, boxes are dropped onto a
spring and pushed onto a conveyor belt. The boxes are originally at a height h above the
uncompressed spring. Once dropped, the box of mass m compresses the spring a distance
∆L. If all the potential energy of the box is converted into elastic energy in the spring,
find an expression for ∆L.
Approach:
Using Equation (7.1) for the gravitational potential energy and Equation (7.2) for the elastic
potential energy to balance the energy transferred from the box to the spring. Assume no
energy is lost to the environment.
Solution:
Balance the energy using Equations (7.1) and (7.2):
U g = Ue
1
mg (h + ΔL ) =
kΔL2
2
kΔL − 2mgΔL − 2mgh = 0
2
Using the quadratic formula:

2mg ± 4m 2 g 2 + 8kmgh
ΔL =
2k
mg ± mg (mg + 2kh )
=
k
Since the term mg (mg + 2kh ) is larger than mg, the only solution that is appropriate is:
mg + mg (mg + 2kh )
=
k
Discussion:
The other root for ΔL is negative which is not possible. This solution is the maximum
possible value for ΔL. However, since some energy will be lost to the environment through
noise, heat, etc., the actual value of ΔL will be less than this.
211
Problem P7.21: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind to mechanical or
electrical power. The mass of air that hits a wind turbine each second is given by:
mass
= velocity ⋅ area ⋅ density
sec
where the density of air is 1.23 kg/m3 and the area is the area swept by the turbine rotor
blades. This mass flow rate can be used to calculate the amount of kinetic energy per
second that the air generates. One of the largest wind turbine in the world is in Norway
and is projected to generate 10 MW of power with winds of 35 mph. The diameter of the
rotor blades is 145 m. How much power is generated by the wind? Recall that power is
the amount of energy per unit time.
Approach:
Calculate mass flow rate of air using the velocity, turbine cross-sectional area, and density of
the air. Calculate the kinetic energy per second the air generates using Equation (7.3). With
the kinetic energy already expressed as energy per second, this is also equivalent to the
power generated by the wind.
Solution:
Calculate mass flow rate of air:
m ⎞⎛ h ⎞⎛⎜ ⎛ 145 m ⎞ ⎞⎟⎛
2
mass ⎛ kg ⎞
= velocity ⋅ area ⋅ density = (35 mph )⎜1609 ⎟⎜ π
⎟⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎜1.23 3 ⎟
sec ⎝ mi ⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎝ m ⎠
kg
= 317,700
s
Calculate kinetic energy of the air generated per second:

2
1⎛ kg ⎞⎛ ⎛ m ⎞⎛ h ⎞ ⎞ J
Uk = ⎜ 317,700 ⎟⎜⎜ (35 mph )⎜1609 ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ = 38,871,000
2⎝ s ⎠⎝ ⎝ mi ⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠ ⎠ s
Convert to power units:

J
P = 38,871,000 = 38.9 MW
s
38.9 MW
Discussion:
The power generated by the wind is much larger than the projected power of the wind
turbine. This is because of mechanical and electrical inefficiencies in the wind turbine
system. Also, the Betz limit uses fundamental conservation of mass and energy principles to
constrain the efficiency of machines that capture the kinetic energy of the wind.
212
Problem P7.22: Neglecting the presence of friction, air drag, and other inefficiencies, how
much gasoline is consumed when a 1300–kg automobile accelerates from rest to 80
km/h. Express your answer in the units of mL. The density of gasoline is listed in Table
6.1.
Approach:
Find kinetic energy from Equation (7.3), and calculate the amount of heat supplied to the
engine by burning fuel according to Equation (7.6), Q = mH. From Table 7.3, the heating
value for gasoline is H = 45 MJ/kg, and the density is ρ = 680 kg/m3 from Table 6.1. For unit
conversion, use the definition of the derived SI unit liter, 1 L = 0.001 m3.
Solution:
In consistent units, the automobile's velocity is:
⎛ km ⎞⎛ m ⎞⎛ − 4 hr ⎞ m
v = ⎜ 80 ⎟⎜1000 ⎟⎜ 2.778 × 10 ⎟ = 22.22
⎝ hr ⎠⎝ km ⎠⎝ s ⎠ s
Kinetic energy:
2
1 ⎛ m⎞
U k = (1300 kg )⎜ 22.22 ⎟ = 3.21×105 J = 0.321×106 J = 0.321 MJ
2 ⎝ s⎠
where the SI prefix "mega" is used. Mass of gasoline burned:
⎛ 0.321 MJ ⎞
m = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 7.133 × 10 −3 kg
⎝ 45 MJ kg ⎠
Volume of fuel in terms of its mass and density:
7.133 × 10−3 kg
V= = 1.05 × 10−5 m3
680 kg m3
= (1.05 × 10 −5 m 3 )⎜1000 3 ⎟ = 1.05 × 10 −2 L = 10.5 × 10 −3 L = 10.5 mL

⎛ L ⎞
⎝ m ⎠
10.5 mL
Discussion:
This seems like a small amount of gasoline, but the calculations are ideal in nature. Friction,
air drag, and other inefficiencies will increase this amount for actual vehicles. If the vehicle
mass or the final velocity increases, then the amount of gasoline required will also increase.
213
Problem P7.23: In the summer of 2002, a group of miners in Quecreek, Pennsylvania,

became trapped 240 ft underground when a section of the coal seam they were working
collapsed into an adjacent, but abandoned, mine that was not shown on their map. The
area became flooded with water, and the miners huddled in an air pocket at the end of a
passageway until they were safely rescued. As the first step in the rescue operation, holes
were drilled into the mine to provide the miners with warm fresh air, and to pump out the
underground water. Neglecting friction in the pipes and the inefficiency of the pumps
themselves, what average power would be required to remove 20,000 gal of water from
the mine each minute? Express your answer in the units of horsepower. The density of
water is listed in Table 6.1.
Approach:
The power level required by the pumps balances the rate at which the gravitational potential
energy of the water is increased, following Equation (7.1). From Table 6.1, the density of
water is ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3, and from Table 3.5, 1 gal = 0.1337 ft3. The average power is found
from Equation (7.5) Pavg = W/Δt, where W is the pump's work, and Δt is the time interval
during which the work is performed.
Solution:
In one minute, the mass of water removed by the pumps is:
⎛ ⎛ ft 3 ⎞ ⎞⎛ slug ⎞
m = ⎜ (20,000 gal)⎜⎜ 0.1337
⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎜1.94 3 ⎟ = 5.188 × 103 slug
⎟
⎝ ⎝ gal ⎠ ⎠⎝ ft ⎠
in the USCS consistent dimension of slugs for gravitational potential energy calculations.
The work performed by the pump in one minute is:
W = (5.188 × 103 slug )⎜ 32.2 2 ⎟(240 ft ) = 4.01 × 107 ft ⋅ lb
⎛ ft ⎞
⎝ s ⎠
Average power during that time period:
4.01× 107 ft ⋅ lb ft ⋅ lb
Pavg = = 6.68 ×105
60 s s
By using the (ft ⋅ lb)/s to hp conversion factor, from Table 7.2, the average power in the
conventional unit of horsepower is:
⎛ ft ⋅ lb ⎞⎛ hp ⎞
⎟⎜⎜1.818 × 10 ⎟ = 1215 hp
−3
Pavg = ⎜ 6.68 × 105
⎝ s ⎠⎝ (ft ⋅ lb) s ⎟⎠
1215 hp
Discussion:
To generate this amount of pumping power, it would require a huge specialized pumping
system or a number of engine-driven pumps operating simultaneously. A higher volume of
water or a lower depth of the water would require more power.
214
Problem P7.24: Geothermal energy systems extract heat stored below the Earth's crust. For
every 300 ft below the surface, the temperature of groundwater increases by about 5°F.
Heat can be brought to the surface by steam or hot water to warm homes and buildings,
and it can also be processed by a heat engine to produce mechanical work or electricity.
Using the real efficiency value of 8%, calculate the output of a geothermal power plant
that processes 50 lb/s of groundwater at 180°F and discharges it on the surface at 70°F.
Approach:
The water transfers energy through its specific heat and temperature change following
Btu
Equation (7.7), Q = mc(T–T0). From Table 7.4, the specific heat is c = 1 for water.
lbm⋅o F
Following Equation (7.12), the useful work output will be 8% of the thermal energy value.
Solution:
In one second, the mass of groundwater processed by the power plant is m = 50 lbm since a
one pound-mass object weighs one pound. The heat transferred is:
⎛ Btu ⎞
Q = (50 lbm )⎜1
lbm⋅o ⎟
F
(180 o F − 70 o F) = 5500 Btu
⎝ ⎠
Useful work extracted using the real efficiency is:
W = (0.08) (5500 Btu) = 440 Btu
From Table 7.1, in the SI
⎛ J ⎞
W = (440 Btu )⎜1055 ⎟ = 4.64 ×10 J = 464.2 kJ
5
⎝ Btu ⎠
Since that is the amount of work in one second, the power level (Equation 7.5) is:
Btu
440 or 464 kW
s
Discussion:
This amount of geothermal power would easily provide enough power for multiple homes. If
the discharge temperature was lower, the amount of heat, useful work, and power generated
would increase.
215
Problem P7.25: A heat engine idealized as operating on the Carnot cycle is supplied with
heat at the boiling point of water (212°F) and rejects heat at the freezing point of water
(32°F). If the engine produces 100 hp of mechanical work, calculate in units of Btu the
amount of heat that must be supplied to the engine each hour.
Approach:
Use the Carnot efficiency (Equation (7.13)) ηc = 1 – Tl/Th and absolute temperature values
°R = °F + 459.67 from Equation (7.14). From Table 7.1, convert units using 1 ft ⋅ lb = 1.285
× 10–3 Btu.
Solution:
Efficiency:
492o R
ηc = 1 − = 0.2679 or 26.8%
672o R
In one hour, the engine produces work in the amount:
⎛ ⎛ ft ⋅ lb s ⎞ ⎞
W = ⎜⎜ (100 hp )⎜⎜ 550 ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟(3600 s ) = 1.98 × 108 ft ⋅ lb
⎝ ⎝ hp ⎠⎠
The heat input from Equation (7.12) using ηc is:
1.98 ×108 ft ⋅ lb
Q= = 7.39 ×108 ft ⋅ lb
0.2679
= (7.39 × 108 ft ⋅ lb )⎜1.285 × 10 −3
⎛ Btu ⎞
⎟ = 9.5 × 10 Btu
5
⎝ ft ⋅ lb ⎠
9.5×105 Btu
Discussion:
Since the performance of this engine is determined entirely by the temperatures of the two
heat reservoirs, the efficiency can be increased by lowering the output heat temperature, or
by raising the input heat temperature. However, physical, environmental, and material
restrictions limit the ability one has in raising Th or lowering Tl.
216
Problem P7.26: An inventor claims to have designed a heat engine that receives 120 Btu of
heat and generates 30 Btu of useful work when operating between a high-temperature
energy reservoir at 140°F and a low-temperature energy reservoir at 20°F. Is the claim
valid?
Approach:
Use the Carnot efficiency (Equation (7.13)) ηC =1–Tl/Th and absolute temperature values °R
= °F + 459.67 from Equation (7.14) to calculate the ideal efficiency. Compare to the real
efficiency using the actual work production.
Solution:
Ideal Carnot efficiency:
ηC = 1 −
(20 + 459 .67 )o R = 0.20 or 20%
(140 + 459 .67 )o R
Real efficiency:
120 Btu − 30 Btu
ηR = 1 − = 0.25 or 25%
120 Btu
Since the real efficiency is larger than the ideal efficiency ηR > ηC, this claim is not valid.
Discussion:
For this claim to be valid, the amount of useful work generated would have to be less than 24
Btu, or the low temperature reservoir would have to be less than -10°F.
217
Problem P7.27: A person can blink an eye in approximately 7 ms. At what speed (in
revolutions per minute) would a four–stroke engine be operating if its power stroke took
place literally in the blink of an eye? Is that a reasonable speed for an automobile engine?
Approach:
Assume each stroke takes the same amount of time. Two piston strokes (one down, one up)
occur for each revolution of the engine's crankshaft. Find the time one revolution requires.
Solution:
Two strokes occur during 14 ms.
Engine speed:
1 rev 1 rev rev
= = 71.4
14 ms 0.014 s s
⎛ rev ⎞⎛ s ⎞ rev
= ⎜ 71.4 ⎟⎜ 60 ⎟ = 4286
⎝ s ⎠⎝ min ⎠ min
4286 rpm
Discussion:
4286 rpm is a high engine speed, but it is below most "red lines," and it is not an
unreasonable speed for a four–stroke engine.
218
Problem P7.28: A four–stroke gasoline engine produces an output of 35 kW. Using the
density of gasoline listed in Table 6.1, the heating value for gasoline in Table 7.3, and a
typical efficiency listed in Table 7.6, estimate the engine's rate of fuel consumption.
Express your answer in the units of liters per hour.
Approach:
In Table 7.6, a typical internal combustion engine efficiency is 15–25%, so select an average
value of 20%. Find the fuel consumption using Q = mH (Equation (7.6)) with the heating
value of 45 MJ/kg for gasoline from Table 7.3. Convert units for fuel volume using the
definition 1 L = 0.001 m3, and the density 680 kg/m3 in Table 6.1.
Solution:
In one second, the engine produces work W = (35 kW)(1 s) = 35 kJ with the required heat
input (Equation 7.12):
35 kJ
Q= = 175 kJ = 0.175 MJ
0.2
For this quantity of heat, the following mass of fuel must be burned (Equation 7.6):
0.175 MJ
m= = 3.889 × 10 −3 kg
45 MJ kg
Volume of fuel consumed in one second:
3.889 ×10−3 kg
V=
680 kg m 3
⎛ L ⎞
(
= 5.719 × 10−6 m3 = 5.719 × 10−6 m3 ⎜1000 3 ⎟ = 5.719 × 10−3 L
m ⎠
)
⎝
In one hour, the volume of fuel is:
⎛ L ⎞⎛ s ⎞ L
V = ⎜ 5.719 × 10 −3 ⎟⎜ 3600 ⎟ = 20.59
⎝ s ⎠⎝ hr ⎠ hr
L
20.6
hr
Discussion:
This fuel consumption value is a nominal value. The actual fuel consumption for this engine
will vary between 16.5–27.4 L/hr depending upon its exact efficiency.
219
Problem P7.29: An automobile's engine produces 30 hp while being driven at 50 mph on a

level highway. In those circumstances, the engine's power is used to overcome air drag,
rolling resistance between the tires and the road, and friction in the drivetrain. Estimate
the vehicle's fuel economy rating in the units of miles per gallon. Use a typical engine
efficiency from Table 7.6, and the density of gasoline is listed in Table 6.1.
Approach:
In Table 7.6, a typical internal combustion engine efficiency is 15–25%, so select an average
value of 20%. Find the fuel consumption using Q = mH (Equation (7.6)) with the heating
value of 19.3×103 Btu/lbm for gasoline from Table 7.3. Convert units for fuel volume using
the definition of 1 gal = 0.1337 ft3 and density of gasoline 1.32 slug/ft3 in Table 6.1. Recall 1
hp = 550 (ft ⋅ lb)/s and 1 ft ⋅ lb = 1.285 × 10 –3 Btu from Table 7.1.
Solution:
In one second, the engine produces work
⎛ ⎛
W = ⎜⎜ (30 hp )⎜⎜ 550
(ft ⋅ lb) s ⎞⎟ ⎞⎟(1 s ) = 1.65 × 104 ft ⋅ lb
⎝ ⎝ hp ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
( ⎛
= 1.65 × 10 4 ft ⋅ lb ⎜1.285 × 10 −3) Btu ⎞
⎟ = 21.2 Btu
ft ⋅ lb ⎠
⎝
Heat input to the engine in one second (Equation 7.12):
W 21.2 Btu
Q= = = 106 Btu
η 0.2
Mass of fuel required (Equation 7.6):
106 Btu
m= = 5.49 × 10 −3 lbm
19.3 × 103 Btu lbm
Convert to the consistent dimension of slug using the conversion factor in Table 3.5:
( ⎛
m = 5.49 × 10 −3 lbm ⎜ 3.108 × 10 −2 ) slug ⎞
lbm ⎠
⎟
⎝
= 1.707× 10 – 4 slug
Volume of fuel required:
1.707 × 10−4 slug
V= = 1.293 × 10−4 ft 3
1.32 slug ft 3
1.293 ×10−4 ft 3
= 3
= 9.672 ×10−4 gal
0.1337 ft gal
⎛ gal ⎞
In one hour, the volume is V = ⎜ 9.672 × 10 −4 ⎟(3600 s ) = 3.48 gal . Since the speed is 50
⎝ s ⎠
mph, the vehicle's fuel rating is:
50 mi hr mi
= 14.36
3.48 gal hr gal
220
mi
14.4
gal
Discussion:
This fuel consumption value is a realistic value since it is estimated based on actual vehicle
speed and horsepower. It is also a nominal value. The actual fuel consumption for this
engine will vary between 10.78–17.99 mpg depending upon its exact efficiency.
221
Problem P7.30: A university's campus has 20,000 computers with cathode ray tube
monitors that are powered–up even when the computer is not being used. This type of
monitor is relatively inefficient, and it draws more power than a flat panel display, (a) If
each cathode ray tube monitor draws 0.1 kW of power over the course of a year, how
much energy has been consumed? Express your answer in the conventional units of kW
⋅ h for electricity, (b) At the cost of 12¢ per kW ⋅ h, how much does it cost the university
each year to keep these monitors powered up? (c) On average, a computer monitor that
has the automatic sleep feature enabled will consume 72% less energy than one that is
continually powered. What is the cost savings associated with enabling this feature on all
of the university's computers?
Approach:
A year has (365 days)(24 h/day) = 8670 h. Power is the rate of energy consumption, so the
energy used is the product of the power and the time interval, as in Equation (7.5) for Pavg.
Solution:
(a) From Equation (7.5), the energy consumption for one computer during the year is:
W = (0.1 kW) (8760 h) = 876 kW ⋅ h
For all of the monitors, the consumption is
W = (20,000) (876 kW ⋅ h) = 1.752× 107 kW ⋅ h
Energy: 1.752× 107 kW ⋅ h
(b) For one monitor, the operating cost is:
⎛ $ ⎞
C = ⎜ 0.12 ⎟(876 kW ⋅ h ) = $105.12
⎝ kW ⋅ h ⎠
For all of the monitors, the expense is:
C = (20,000)($105.12) = $2,102,400
Cost: $2,102,400
(c) With the automatic sleep feature enabled, the cost savings is:
ΔC = (0.72) ($2,102,400) = $1,513,700
and the annual electricity expense to the university for the monitors is:
ΔC = (1 – 0.72) ($2,102,400) = $588,700
Savings: $1,513,700
Discussion:
The full cost of powering all the monitors is an upper bound since they are all powered all
day every day for an entire year. Simple power saving measures can save a significant
amount of money when implemented across an entire campus. An LCD monitor can create
additional savings as LCD monitors consume 30-50% less energy than an equally sized CRT
monitor.
222
Problem P7.31: When a desktop personal computer is operating, its power supply is able to
convert only about 65% of the supplied electrical power into the direct–current
electricity that the computer's internal electronic components require. The remainder of
the energy is mostly lost as heat. On average, each of the estimated 233 million personal
computers in the United States consumes 300 kW ⋅ h of energy each year, (a) If the
efficiency of the power supply could be increased to 80% by using a new type of power
supply that is under development (a so-called reasonance–based switching–mode
system), how much energy could be saved each year? Express your answer in the
conventional units of kW ⋅ h for electricity, (b) The United States produced 19.2 trillion
kW ⋅ h of electrical energy in 2007. By what percentage would the nation's electricity
needs decrease? (c) At the cost of 12¢ per kW ⋅ h what would the cost savings be?
Approach:
A computer presently consumes 300 kW ⋅ h of energy, but is able to utilize only 65%. With
an 80% efficient power supply, the net consumption will be the same, but the gross amount
will be reduced.
Solution:
(a) With the current design of power supply, the computer uses only 65% of the energy that
is consumed:
W = (0.65) (300 kW ⋅ h)=195 kW ⋅ h
With an 80% efficient power supply, the computer would instead consume:
195 kW ⋅ h
W= = 243.75 kW ⋅ h
0.8
rather than the present value of 300 kW ⋅ h. For 233 million computers, the energy savings is:
( )
W = 233 × 106 (300 kW ⋅ h − 243.75 kW ⋅ h )
= 1.311× 1010 kW ⋅ h
Energy savings: 1.311× 1010 kW ⋅ h
(b) In terms of the electrical generation capacity, the reduction is:
1.311×1010 kW ⋅ h
ΔW = = 0.00068
19.2 ×1012 kW ⋅ h
= 0.068%
Generating capacity reduction: 0.068%
(c) The cost savings is:
⎟(1.311 × 10 kW ⋅ h )
⎛ $ ⎞
C = ⎜ 0.12 10
⎝ kW ⋅ h ⎠
= $1,573,200,000
Cost savings: $1.57B
Discussion:
These are very rough estimations since the number of computers and the energy usage per
computer year are both averages. More efficient computers, including more laptops and
tablets, are being developed which will only increase the cost savings.
223
Problem P7.32: Suppose that the new type of computer power supply described in Problem
P7.31 costs an additional $5. (a) At the cost of 12¢ per kW after what period of time
would the cost savings in electricity offset the power supply's added cost? (b) How often
do you estimate that individuals, and companies, generally upgrade their desktop
personal computers? (c) From an economic standpoint, what recommendation would
you make regarding the new type of power supply if you worked for a computer
manufacturer?
Approach:
A computer presently consumes on average 300 kW ⋅ h of energy per year, but is able to
utilize only 65%. With an 80% efficient power supply, the net consumption will be the same,
but the gross amount will be reduced.
Solution:
(a) With the current design of power supply, the computer uses only 65% of the energy that
is consumed:
W = (0.65) (300 kW ⋅ h) = 195 kW ⋅ h
With an 80% efficient power supply, the computer would instead consume:
195 kW ⋅ h
W= = 243.75 kW ⋅ h
0.8
rather than the present value of 300 kW ⋅ h. The energy savings per year is 300 kW ⋅ h – 244
kW ⋅ h = 56 kW ⋅ h. At a cost of $0.12 per kW ⋅ h, the cost savings per year is:
⎛ $ ⎞
C = ⎜ 0.12 ⎟(56 kW ⋅ h ) = $6.72
⎝ kW ⋅ h ⎠
With an up–front cost of $5, it would take 0.74 years or slightly less than 9 months for the
electricity's cost savings to offset the cost of the new power supply.
Discussion:
(b) Computers are typically upgraded every 3-5 years.
(c) The decision to implement the new power supply will depend on whether the company
believes that consumers would accept the additional up–front cost. From a purely economic
point of view, the new power supply makes financial sense, as it will pay for itself much
faster than people typically upgrade their personal computers.
224
Problem P7.33: A natural gas fired electrical power plant produces an output of 750 MW.
By using a typical efficiency from Table 7.6 and neglecting the small amount of power
drawn by the pump, calculate the rates at which: (a) Heat is supplied to the water/steam
in the steam generator. (b) Waste heat is spent into the river adjacent to the power plant.
Approach:
From Table 7.6, typical fossil fuel power plant efficiencies are in the range 30–40%, so use
an average value of 35%. The efficiency relates Qsg and Wt following Equation (7.15). The
fraction (1 – η) of energy is lost as waste heat, neglecting the pump's relatively small amount
of energy consumption.
Solution:
(a) With Wt and Qsg denoting the amounts of work and heat per unit time (power), the heat
rate supplied to the boiler by burning fuel is:
750 MW
Qsg = = 2143 MW
0.35
2143 MW
(b) Neglecting the input to the pump, the rate of waste heat rejected to the river is:
Qc = Qsg – Wt= 2143 MW – 750 MW = 1393 MW
1393 MW
Discussion:
These heat flow estimates are only nominal values. The actual heat supplied to the
water/stream will be between 1875-2500 MW and the actual waste heat will be between
1125-1750 MW depending upon the exact power plant efficiency.
225
Solution Manual for An Introduction to Mechanical Engineering 3rd Edition by Wickert
Problem P7.34: For the plant in Problem P7.33, 25,000 gal/s of water flow in the river
adjacent to the power plant. Considering the heat transferred from the power plant to the
river each second and the specific heat of water, by what amount does the river's
temperature rise as it passes the power plant? The density and specific heat of water are
listed in Tables 6.1 and 7.4.
Approach:
From Problem P7.33, heat is rejected into the river at the rate of 1393 MW. The water's
temperature rises following Equation (7.7) with the specific heat for the river's water being 1
Btu /(lbm ⋅ °F) in Table 7.4. From Table 6.1, the density of freshwater is 1.94 slug/ft3. Apply
the volume conversion factor 1 gal = 0.1337 ft3 from Table 3.5.
Solution:
In one second, (1393 MW)(1 s) = 1393 MJ of heat flow into the river, which increases the
temperature of (25,000 gal)(0.1337 ft 3/gal) = 3343 ft 3 of water flowing past the power plant.
Mass of river water:
m = (3343 ft 3 )(1.94 slug / ft 3 ) = 6484 slug
In consistent units for thermal and energy systems calculations,
⎛ lbm ⎞
m = 6484 slug⎜⎜ 32.2 ⎟⎟ = 2.09 × 105 lbm
⎝ slug ⎠
Convert heat input to consistent units using factor from Table 7.1:
1393 MJ = (1393 × 106 J )⎜ 9.478 × 10-4
⎛ Btu ⎞
⎟ = 1.32 × 10 Btu
6
⎝ J ⎠
Temperature rise:
1.32 × 106 Btu
Δ T = T − T0 = = 6.32o F
(
2.09 × 10 lbm 1 Btu lbm⋅ F
6 o
)( )
6.32°F
Discussion:
This is an estimated temperature rise since it uses the estimates from Problem P7.33. If more
water passed the power plant per second, then the nominal temperature rise would decrease.
226
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Chapter 7: Thermal and Energy Systems

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