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Environmental Science (Trường Đại học Quốc tế, Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí
Minh)

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CHAP 5: FOOD AND SOIL
Food security: daily access, enough nutritiuos,
active & healthy life (AAUS)
Availability: 1/6, less, not enough food =>
poverty, war, corruption, political
Access: adequate supply of food, k mua dc
Utilization: not enough vit, minerals => malnu
Lack A-blind, iron-anemia (fatigue, women)
Stability: inadequate on a periodic basis
Macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and
fats), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals),
Undernutrition (hunger, no basic), malnutrition
(protein, key nutrients), overnu (obesity), Iodine:
goiter, retardation (under + mal = 1/7 world)
Food production: Croplands (grains),
Rangelands, pastures, feedlots (meat), Fisheries
(seafood)
Food tăng (equipment, irrigation, fertilizer, pest)
Industrial agriculture (high input agriculture):
(25% cropland, more-developed,80% food,
mono
Plantation: tropical developing countries
Traditional: (20-75, less-developed),
Subsistence: enough survive, labor, sun, animal
Intensive: surive + sell (fertilizer, water)
Grean revolution: process to food production by
increasing yields per unit of area of cropland
3 steps: Develop monocultures => produce high
yields (fertilizer, pesticide water, fossil fuels) =>
Increase number of crops (multiple cropping)
=> Violate 3 principle of sustainability (fossil
fuels, chemical recycling, reduce biodiversity)
Timeline: 1st (1950 – 1967, more developed), 2nd
(1967-middle income, less-developed, tropical)
Gene revolution: Crossbreeding (artificial
selection, improved varieties), Genetic
engineering (improved strains), add, delete,
change segment of DNA => genetically modified
organisms (70% food – GMOs) => controversy vì
GMO: less fertilizer, water, pesticide, herbicide,
grow faster, more resistant, reduce energy
needs. However, unpredictable genetic, elogical
effct, more pesticide-resistant insect, disrupt
seed market, harmful toxins
Meet production: artificially cheap, health costs
are not included in the prices.
Animal feedlots (increase production, profit, less
land use, soil erosion, overgrazing, protect
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biodiver. But large input, greenhouse, animal
waste > pollute water, Widespread antibiotic use
Fish & shellfish: produced aquaculture (high
yields profit, reduce harvesting but large input,
waste output, pollute, loss mangrove, disease)
Industrialized Food Production Is Energy
Unsustainable (large net energy loss, mostly
from nonrenewable oil and natural gas
Soil: (3 master horizons: topsoil – water,
nutrient, subsoil, parent rock)
Topsoil Erosion: movement of soil component
due to wind and water => Loss of soil fertility,
water pollution, alter carbon, photphorus cycle
Desertification: Productive potential of topsoil
falls >= 10% because of prolonged drought and
human activities (sa mạc hóa)
Excessive Irrigation: Brings salt to the surface,
waterlogging => salinization
Air Pollution: Greenhouse gas emission (CH4
from livestock, N2O from fertilizer Production,
CO2 from deforestation and burning fossil fuels
Loss of Biodiversity: Deforestation
Limitation: no huge input => same yields.
Expensive (less-de), reduce biodiver, unsustain
Government policies: 2 approach (price control,
provide subsides), special program-save children
Reduce erosion: terrace & contour, strip, Alley
cropping (agroforestry) - shade , Windbreaks
(shelterbelts), conservation tillage – special tiller,
Restore Soil Fertility: use organic fertilizer
(Animal/green manure, compost-microorganism)
Reduce Soil Salinization and Desertification:
Drip, trickle irrigation, microirrigation => small
use method (gravity flow, center pivot, drip),
flush soil, stop growing, salt-tolerant, drainage
IPM: pest as part of ecosystem (bio-culti-chem)
CHAP 17 ECONOMICS, POLITICS, WORLDVIEWS
G&S=NatuC+ManuC+HumaC(eart,machi,talents)
Growth: capacity to GS, Develop: living standa
High-throughput: up flow of resource, more G&S
Neoclassical economists: unlimited growth
Ecological economists: eco depend sun/resources
Env Worldview: how world works, people-roles (3)
- Planetary: human dominate, manage earth to
support kte–Stewardship: ethical responsible mana
- Env wisdom (earth-center): human-part of nature
Full cost pricing: + harmful env, health effect of GS
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=> reduce waste, pollute, degrade/improve health
by invent more resource – efficient
method/informed decision. But harmful producer
charge more/hard to estimate/obtain govt
subsides
GPI = GDP + Beneficial Transaction - Environ Cost
Envi Performance Index (EPI): country commit to
environmental problems & resource management.
Strategies: reduce subsides, tax breaks, up green
taxes (ecotaxes) on pollution, harmful products. =>
prevent pollu/eco-city/sustain forestry, agri, water
but poor needs safety net/ hard to determine/govt
Laws: set standard/regulate act/protect resources
Command-and-control gov sets rules and punishes
for violations), focus cleanup instead of prevention
Incentive-based: economic forces to reduce pollu
Innovation-friendly: goals, allow enough time
Cap-and-trade approach: US reduce emission SO2
gov set acceptable pollution caps and gives or sells
companies a certain tradable pollution permits. =>
flexible, easily administer, kk prevent but big
company buy/small k buy/ caps too high/ cheating.
Material flow economy =>service flow (grab,
photo)
Poverty (1.4b): malnutri, disease, school, popu
growth, down eco footprints, invest sustain, loans
Sustain economy: reuse, recycle nonrenewable/
Renewable energy/efficient use/ prevent pollution
Politics: indi or groups influence, control gov
action
Principle Reversibility/ precautionary/ prevention/
net energy (k use widely things with low net) (min)
Envi decision: polluters-pay/public participation
(human can access info)/Envi justice (no one
unfair)
Living more simply and lightly on the earth
environmentally literary: natural capital support
life/economy, ecological footpints increase, tipping
points should never be crossed
CHAP 11: WATER
Water: 71% earth (97% ocean, 3% fresh ice, 0.024)
70% crop irrigation, 20% industrial use, 20%
residen
Suface water: precipitation, land-> lakes, streams
Surface runoff: Precipitation that does not
infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere
(1/3 relia)
Zone of saturation: space completely filled water
Water table: top of zone of saturation
Watershed/drainage basin: land from which
surface runoff flow into body of water
Groundwater: most important, stored in soil rock
Aquifers: Deeper down to porous, water-saturated
layer of sand, keep water k chảy, recharge slowly
Water scarcity: dry climate, drought, use too muc
Flood cause:rain,snow,remove tree,drain wetlands
Floodplain: area around river flooding normal
occur
Benefits: productive farmland, up nutrient-rich-silt,
recharge groundwater, wetlands,supp aquatic biodi
Control: less dam/leeve, more wetlands, natu vege
Prevent: keep forests, restore wetlands, tax,
recharge aquifers, sustain agricu, forestry. Control:
channelization: straighten, deepen stream.
Groundwater: Aquifer ½ drinking water, water
table falling, aquifer sand/rock collapse, pull salt
water in aquifer. Adv: everywhere, easy extract,
renewable, drink. Disadv: depletion, land sink,
decade pollution, deep well not renewable.
Prevent: waste less, subsidize conserv. Control: up
price, tax, divert surface water recharge aquifers.
Dams: Adv: irrigation, drink, recreation, fishing,
cheap hydropower, reduce flooding. Disadv:
destroy croplands, displace people, evaporation
loss, deprive nutrient rich silt downstream, failure
risks flood, disrupt migration/spawning fish.
Desalination: distillation (heat till evaporate),
reverse osmosis (microfiltration): high pressure
Problems: high cost, pumping kill marine org, large
input energy, salt go where?
Freshwater waste: 66% world (low cost, lack gov)
Solution: cut irrigation waste (60%), cut indus
(chem, paper,oil, food), hom (flushing toilet
largest)
Blue revolution: water sustainability
Water pollution: point source (drain pipes,
ditches, sewers) easy to idenify, nonpoint source:
broad, diffuse area, pollutants enter bodies of
water.
Cause: agriculture (sediment erosion, fertilizer,
pesticides, waste, salt irrigation) (1st), industrial
(organic, inorganic chem) (2nd), mining (disturb
land, sediment erosion, runoff toxic chemicals) (3rd)
Oxygen demanding waste: biodegradable animal
waste and plant debris from sewage, animal
feedlots food-processing facilities, paper mills.

Stream/rivers: recover rapidly from moderate
waste through dilution, biodegradation by bacteria
Lake/Reservoir: more vulnerable than stream
Eutrophication: natural nutrient enrichment
(nitrates, phosphate) (cultural E caused by human)
=> algae bloom, decreased oxygen, deadzone
4 level: Oligotro– mesotro-eutro-hypereutro
DO: 8-9: Good, 6.7-8 Slight, 4.5-6.7 Moderate, <4.5
Heavily, <4 Gravely Polluted => few fish survive
Groundwater: fert, pest, gas, organic solvents.
Unable to clean itself. Expensive to locate, test
pollu
Clean: pump to surface and return (expensive),
inject microorganism, nanoparticles
Purify drink: reservoir, technology, sunlight (3h),
The Life Straw filter.
Ocean: residents, factories, farms, drilled/waste
oil, deep water can dilute large amount of waste
=> pollutant: oil (3y recover crude, 10-20
fuel)/plastic
Microplastics (primary, secondary): less 5mm
Solutions: nonpoint (cropland covered vegetation,
slow-release fertilizer, buffer zone, organic farm),
point (law standards, prevention more than
removal, monitor violations, fines).
Sewage treatment: Primary (physical)-Secondary
(biological and chemical)
CHAP 15: AIR POLLUTION
Atmosphere: dynamic system (4 layers):
- Troposphere: 75-80% air mass, nitrogen, O2,
CO2, water vapor. – Stratosphere: 17-30km: Ozone
lọc 95% UV – Mesosphere (50km), Thermosphere
Air pollution is the presence of chemicals: Natural
resources (windblow from wildfires, volcanic,
plant)/ Human input: burn fossil fuels
Primary pollutant: directly->air (CO, CO2 , NO,
SO2)
Secondary pollutants result of chemical reaction in
the air (SO3, H2SO4, smog=NOx+sun, acid rain
(sulfuric acid)= SO2 + water, O3=NOx+volatile
CO: colorless, odorless, highly toxic gas from motor
vehicle exhaust, burning of forests and grasslands,
tobacco smoke, open fires and inefficient stoves =>
headache, nausea, drownsiness, cama, death
(high)
CO2: 93%- natural C-cycle/human, not air pollutant
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Nitric oxide (NO): high combustion temperatures 30% plant & species biềốn mâốt nềốu average global
=> photochemical smog, greenhouse gas (N2O) temperature change exceeds 1.5–2.5ºC (2.7-4.5ºF)
Nitric acid (HNO3), NO3- = NO2 + water vapor CO2-rich rapidly multiplying insects, microbes,
Sulfur dioxide (SO2): colorless gas, irritating odor toxic molds, and fungi that make us sick, and
=> 1/3 – sulfur cycle, 2/3-human: đốốt coal plants that produce pollens => allergies and
Suspended particulate matter (SPM): solid asthma attacks
particles + liquid, remain suspended in the air lâu, Four major strategies prevent greenhouse gas
62%-nature, 38%-human (đốốt coal, vehicle, smoke) - Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel
O3: troposphere – bad, stratosphere-good (lọc UV) use
>major photochemical smog, breath problem, lung - Shift from nonrenewable carbon-based fossil
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): gas, methane, fuels to a mix of low-carbon renewable energy
liquids (benzene), dry cleaning, industrial solvent resources
Photochemical smog (O3 + oxidants + aldehydes + - Stop cutting down tropical forests and plant trees
secondary pollutants) = VOCs+NOx + heat + to help remove more CO2 from the atmosphere.
sunlight - Shift to more sustainable, climate-friendly agricul
Industrial smog: sulfur dioxide droplets of sulfuric Govt intervention: carbon tax, cap-trade policies
acid + suspended solid particles (đốốt coal,oil) Ozone depletion (thinning): chlorofluorocarbon
Reduce outdoor air pollution: gravity, precipitation (CFC) (air conditioner, refrigerators, cleaner, fumi
Salty sea from ocean, Winds, Chemical cycles. Tăng => 1CFC molecule destroy 100,000 ozone
Urban building, Hill and mountains, High molecules
temperature, Emission of volatile organic => human health, crop yields, forest productivity,
compounds (photochemical smog), Grasshopper climate change, wildlife populations, air pollution,
effect (atmospheric distillation), Temper inversion and degradation of outdoor materials
(A layer of warm air is on top of layer of cool and Montreal Protocol (1987), Copenhagen Protocol
dense air near the ground at valleys and canyon) (1982)
Acid deposition: SO2 + Nox, particulates => acidic
chemicals, travel 1000km, in atmosphere 2-14days CHAP 13 ENERGY
=> respiratory disease (asthma), kill cá, cây, 99% energy heat earth from sun, 1% commercial
atmospheric visibility, Attack metallic and stone (86% from fossil, 6% nuclear, 8% renewable)
Natural precipitation: 5.6pH, nhiềều SO2: 4.4-4.7pH Second law of thermodynamics: energy converts
7 = Neutral; <7 = Acidic; >7 = Basic into lower quality and less usable energy.
Indoor burning of wood, charcoal, dung, crop Net energy: usable amount of high quality, useful
residues, coal cooking and heating fuels energy available in given quantity of an energy =
Weather: regional state oft atmosphere, short the total amount of useful energy available - the
term energy needed to make it available to consumers.
Climate: long-term average weather conditions Net energy ratio: the ratio of energy produced to
Greenhouse =>livable climate: H2O, CO2, CH4, the energy used to produce it (<1 = net energy
N2O loss)
CO2: rise rapidly, (tipping point 450ppm-set by Fossil fuels: most commercial energy, from decay
RFI) remains of organism. Oil (heavily), natural gas
Drought cause: fall water table, dwindlerivers, => abundant, inexpensive => air/water pollution,
water shortage, giảm biodiver, less surface water,.. degrades land, greenhouse gas
Long-term trend: average hè ice coverage giảm Crude oil/petroleum: black, thick liquid, có hydro
Sea level dâng: vì nóng lền làm melt ice => destroy -carbons extract from underground => largest
1/3 coastal estuaries, wetlands, and coral reefs, source => high net energy ratio (cheap, assessible)
disrupt fisheries/ flood/ erosion low-lying islands Oil sand (clay, sand, water)–heavy oil (high
Extreme weather: increase incidence, intensity => density)–oil shale (rock): Adv large supply, easily
kill people, reduce production, expand deserts =>
increase flood, fewer but stronger by
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transported, efficient distribution. Disad: low NEY,
CO2, pollutant, servere land disruption, water use
–conventional oil Adv: supply last decade, net high
but decreasing, low land disruption, efficient
distribution system. Disadv: water pollution (oil
spill, leaks), same, vulnerable to intl interruption
Refined: giant distillation column (volatile
component low boil remove at top, 30-35%
recovered, price rise can get 10-25% more)
Saudi Arabia (largest crude oil reserve with 25%),
US only 2% but largest user
Natural gas: Mixture of gases primarily of methane
CH4 (50-90%), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8),
butane (C4H10) above reservoirs of crude oil, high
NE, cleanest burning (reserves: Russia + Iran: 50%)
Fracking (hydraulic fracturing): controversial
(inject chemical fluids to extract gas): toxic water,
heavy metal, readioactive materials. Ad: supply,
versatile, medium, less CO2 burn. Disad: low NE
for LNG, product/deliver more CO2, fracking
pollute w
Coal: solid, buried remain of plants, abundant,
cheap, dirty (high envi impact), prod electricity
(42% w), steel, not versatile (most China, US, India)
=> largest imitter CO2, toxic ash, radioactive materi
Ads: supply, low cost, high yield. Disad: land
disturbance, water pollution, fine particle, toxic
mercury, large CO2
Nuclear: energy from atomic nucleus (fusion,
fission, radioactive decay) => fission (heat, electric)
Ad Low envi impact, low CO2 (1/6 coal), low
accident risk, moderate landuse but Disad high
cost, low net yield, long-live radioactive waste
(10000-240000 year), vulnerability to terrorists,
potential for weapon. Light-water reactor 85% of
world nuclear elec. => slowest growing energy
source. Chernobyl: 1986, Ukraine
Energy waste: light bulb 95%, engine 94%, nuclear
92%, Coal 66% => improve efficiency => less
energy, more work => use both heat&energy, eco
design
Solar: passive heat (no pump to distribute), active
heat (pump heat aborbing fluid (water/antifree))
Ad: free, moderate to high, quick install. No CO2,
low pollution, no disturbance, moderate cost P.
Disad: need suntime 60%, block tree, heat storage,
high cost A, maintenance, unattractive. Electricity:
fast build, low eff, low net, need backup/storage,
disturb desert. Photovoltaic – electricity (highcost)
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Solar cells: high, cloudy, more land, last long, same

Water: indirect solar (Canada, China, Braz, US,
Rus), 20% world electricity. China 60%.
Ad: mod high net, efficiency (80%), potential, low
cost, long span, no C02, flood control, irrigation.
Dis: high built cost, high envi impact (flood), CH4,
collapse, uproots people, fish harvest, silt down
Wind: Ad: most promising, abundant,
inexhaustible, wide distributed, cheap clean, no
greenhouse gas, fastest growing, indirect solar,
potential untapped (3/4 Europe), offshore, mod to
high, efficiency, moderate cost, low impact. Dis:
steady need, backup system, plastic part, envi cost,
more land, noise, visual pollution, kill birds.
Biomass: plant materials, animal waste, heat,
cook, industry, electricity (10% world E, 35% depi,
95 poor
Ad: supply, moderate cost, no CO2, anywhere,
restore degraded lands, make use agri waste. Dis:
nonrenew if overharvest, impact, CO2 if burn, low
photosynthetic efficiency, compete croplands =>
Liquid biofuels: crops use anywhere, no CO2, low
N
Ethanol
Biogas: 6-10 pigs for cooking, waste fertilizer
Hydrogen
Geothermal

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Electricity: High (Hydropower, wind, coal) –

Medium (natural gas, geothermal) – Low (solar,
nuclear) – Loss (Hydrogen) / Space heating: High –
Medium (Passive solar, natural gas, geothermal,
oil) – Low (heavy shale oil, tar sand oil, electricity)
– Loss (Hydrogen) /Industrial heat: High (Coal) –
Medium (Natural gas, oil) – Low (Heavy shale oil,
tar sands oil, direct solar) – Loss (Hydrogen) /
Transportattion: High (Gasoline) – Medium
(natural gas, ethanol sugarcane, diesel) – Low
(Gasoline from shale oil, tar sands, ethanol corn,
biodiesel soy) – Loss (hydrogen)

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