Yemen

Yemen ( / ˈ j ɛ m ən / ⓘ
;Árabe: ‫ٱْلَي َم ْن‬,romanizado: al-Yaman), oficialmenteRepública de
Yemen,[b]es unestado soberanoenAsia Occidental.[11]Situada en el sur de laPenínsula Arábiga,
limita conArabia Sauditaal norte,Ománal noreste y elOcéano Índicoal sur, compartiendofronteras
marítimasconEritrea,YibutiySomaliaa través delCuerno de África. Con una superficie aproximada
de 528.000 kilómetros cuadrados (203.861 millas cuadradas),[12]y una costa de
aproximadamente 2.000 kilómetros (1.200 millas), Yemen es el segundo país más grande de la
Península Arábiga.[13] Sanaaes su capital constitucional y ciudad más grande. La población
estimada de Yemen es de 34,7 millones, compuesta en su mayoría pormusulmanesárabes
.[14]Es miembro de laLiga Árabe, de lasNaciones Unidas, delMovimiento de Países No
Alineadosy de laOrganización de Cooperación Islámica.

Owing to its geographic location, Yemen has been at the crossroads of many civilisations for
over 7,000 years. In 1200 BCE, the Sabaeans formed a thriving commercial kingdom that
included parts of modern Ethiopia and Eritrea.[15][16][17] In 275 CE, it was succeeded by the
Himyarite Kingdom, which spanned much of Yemen's present-day territory and was heavily
influenced by Judaism.[18] Christianity arrived in the fourth century, followed by the rapid spread
of Islam in the seventh century. Yemenite troops playing a crucial role in early Islamic
conquests.[19] Various dynasties emerged between the 9th and 16th centuries.[20] During the
19th century, the country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires. After World War
I, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established, which in 1962 became the Yemen Arab
Republic (North Yemen) following a coup. In 1967, the British Aden Protectorate became the
independent People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), the first and only officially
socialist state in the Arab world. In 1990, the two Yemeni states united to form the modern
Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūrīyah al-

República de
Yamanīyah), with Ali Abdullah Saleh serving as
the first president until his resignation in 2012
in the wake of the Arab Spring.[21][22]
Yemen
‫( ٱْلُج ْم ُه وِرَّي ُة ٱْلَي َم ِن َّي ُة‬
Since 2011, Yemen has been enduring a
political crisis, marked by street protests
against poverty, unemployment, corruption,
and President Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's árabe )
constitution and eliminate the presidential
term limit.[23] By 2015, the country became al-Jumhūriyyatu l-
engulfed by an ongoing civil war with multiple
entities vying for governance, including the
Yamaniyyatu
Presidential Leadership Council of the
internationally recognized government, the
(formal,
Houthi movement's Supreme Political Council,
nominativo)
and the separatist Southern Movement's
Southern Transitional Council. This conflict, al-Jumhūriyyah l-
which has escalated to involve various foreign
powers, has led to a severe humanitarian Yamaniyyah
crisis.[24][25][26][27][28][29]
(informal)
Yemen es uno de los países menos
desarrollados del mundo , [30] enfrenta
importantes obstáculos para el desarrollo
sostenible , [31] y es uno de los países más

Bandera Emblema
pobres de Oriente Medio y el norte de África .
[32]
En 2019, las Naciones Unidas informaron

Lema: ، ‫ ُث َّم ٱْلَو َط ُن‬،‫ٱُهَّلل‬

que Yemen tenía el mayor número de
personas que necesitaban ayuda humanitaria,
lo que ascendía a alrededor de 24 millones de ‫ ٱْلَو ْح َد ُة‬، ‫ٱلَث ْو َر ُة‬
personas, o casi el 75% de su población. [33] A
partir de 2020, Yemen ocupó el puesto más Allāhu, thumma l-
alto en el Índice de Estados Frágiles [34] y el Waṭanu, ath-
segundo peor en el Índice Global del Hambre ,
superado solo por la República Centroafricana
Thawratu, al-
. [34] Además, tiene el índice de desarrollo
humano más bajo de todos los países no
africanos.
Waḥdatu
"Dios, entonces
Patria, Revolución,
Etimología Unidad"
Himno: ‫الجمهورية‬
The term Yamnat was first mentioned in the
Old South Arabian inscriptions on the title of ‫المتحدة‬
one of the kings of the second Himyarite al-Jumhūriyyatu l-
Kingdom known as Shammar Yahri'sh. The
term probably referred to the southwestern Muttaḥidatu
coastline of the Arabian Peninsula and the " República Unida "
southern coastline between Aden and
Hadhramaut.[35][36] The historical Yemen
included much greater territory than the
current nation, stretching from northern 'Asir
in southwestern Saudi Arabia to Dhofar in
southern Oman.[37][38]

One etymology derives Yemen from ymnt,

meaning literally "South [of the Arabian
Peninsula]", and significantly plays on the
notion of the land to the right (𐩬𐩣𐩺).[39] Other
sources claim that Yemen is related to yamn
Location in the
or yumn, meaning "felicity" or "blessed", as Eastern Hemisphere
much of the country is fertile, in contrast to
the barren land of most of Arabia.[40][41] The
Yemen and its
Romans called it Arabia Felix ("happy" or neighbors
"fortunate" Arabia"), as opposed to Arabia
Deserta ("deserted Arabia"). Latin and Greek
Show all
writers referred to ancient Yemen as "India",
which arose from the Persians calling the
Estado
Abyssinians whom they came into contact Consejo d
Liderazgo
with in South Arabia by the name of the black-
skinned people who lived next to them.[42][43]
Presidenc
de la Guer
Civil Yeme
Historia reconocid
por
Yemen has existed at the crossroads of its Naciones
civilisations for more than 7,000 years. The
country was home to figures such as the Unidas
Queen of Sheba who brought a caravan of
gifts for King Solomon. For centuries, it Capital Saná [n 1]
became a primary producer of coffee y ciudad
exported in the port of Mocha. From its
conversion to Islam in the 7th century, Yemen más
became a center of Islamic learning, and grande
much of its architecture survived until modern
times. Capital Adén
en el [n 2]
exilio

Ancient history Idioma árabe [2]

oficial
e idioma
nacional.
Grupos 92,8%
Ruins of the Great Dam of Marib.
étnicos árabes
With its long sea border between eastern and
western civilizations, Yemen has long existed
(2000) [3] 3,7%
at a crossroads of cultures with a strategic somalíes
location in terms of trade on the west of the
Arabian Peninsula. Large settlements for their
era existed in the mountains of northern
3,5%
Yemen as early as 5000 BC.[44] The Sabaean otros
Kingdom came into existence in at least the
12th century BC.[45] The four major kingdoms Religión(2020), ~99.
or tribal confederations in South Arabia were [4]
ver también Islam
Saba, Hadhramaut, Qataban, and Ma'in.
Religión en (offic
Sabaʾ (Arabic: ‫[)َس ـَب ـأ‬46][47] is thought to be
biblical Sheba and was the most prominent Yemen 65
federation.[48] The Sabaean rulers adopted the Sun
title Mukarrib generally thought to mean
unifier,[49] or a priest-king,[50] or the head of the 35
confederation of South Arabian kingdoms, the Shi
"king of the kings".[51] The role of the Mukarrib
was to bring the various tribes under the ~0.9
kingdom and preside over them all.[52] The other
Sabaeans built the Great Dam of Marib around
940 BC.[53] The dam was built to withstand the Demonym(s) Yemen
seasonal flash floods surging down the valley.
Yemen
By the third century BC, Qataban, Hadhramaut,
and Ma'in became independent from Saba Government Unitary
and established themselves in the Yemeni
arena. Minaean rule stretched as far as
provisio
Dedan,[54] with their capital at Baraqish. The republic
Sabaeans regained their control over Ma'in
after the collapse of Qataban in 50 BC. By the • Chairman Rashad
time of the Roman expedition to Arabia Felix
in 25 BC, the Sabaeans were once again the
Alimi
dominating power in Southern Arabia.[55] (disput
Aelius Gallus was ordered to lead a military
campaign to establish Roman dominance • Prime Ahmad
over the Sabaeans.[56] Minister bin Mub
The Romans had a vague and contradictory (dispute
geographical knowledge about Arabia Felix. A
Roman army of 10,000 men was defeated
before Marib.[57] Strabo's close relationship Legislature Parliame
with Aelius Gallus led him to attempt to justify
his friend's defeat in his writings. It took the
• Upper Shura
Romans six months to reach Marib and 60 house Council
days to return to Egypt. The Romans blamed
their Nabataean guide and executed him for • Lower House of
treachery.[58] No direct mention in Sabaean house Represen
inscriptions of the Roman expedition has yet
been found.
Establishment
After the Roman expedition (perhaps earlier)
the country fell into chaos, and two clans, • Mutawakkilite
namely Hamdan and Himyar, claimed
kingship, assuming the title King of Sheba and
Kingdom of 30
Dhu Raydan.[59] Dhu Raydan, i.e., Himyarites, Yemen Oc
allied themselves with Aksum in Ethiopia
against the Sabaeans.[60] The chief of Bakil
establisheda 19
and king of Saba and Dhu Raydan, El Sharih • Yemen Arab 26
Yahdhib, launched successful campaigns
against the Himyarites and Habashat, i.e., Republic Sept
Aksum, El Sharih took pride in his campaigns established 196
and added the title Yahdhib to his name,
which means "suppressor"; he used to kill his • South Yemen
enemies by cutting them to pieces.[61] Sana'a
came into prominence during his reign, as he
independenceb 3
built the Ghumdan Palace as his place of N
residence.
1
• Unification 22
May
1990
• Current 16
constitution May
 199
• Yemeni 16
civil Septemb
war 2014
Area
• Total 530,000[a] k
Himyarite King Dhamar'ali Yahbur II. (200,000 sq
(49th)
• Water (%) negligi

Population
• 2023 34,449
estimate (48th
• Density 65.0/km2
A Sabaean gravestone of a woman
holding a stylized sheaf of wheat, a (168.3/sq
symbol of fertility in ancient Yemen.
(152nd)
The Himyarite annexed Sana'a from Hamdan
around 100 AD.[62] Hashdi tribesmen rebelled
GDP (PPP) 2023 es
against them and regained Sana'a around
180.[63] Shammar Yahri'sh had conquered • Total
Hadhramaut, Najran, and Tihamah by 275,
thus unifying Yemen and consolidating
$69.963
Himyarite rule.[64][65] The Himyarites rejected billion[7]
polytheism and adhered to a consensual form
of monotheism called Rahmanism.[66]
(109th)
In 354, Roman Emperor Constantius II sent an
embassy headed by Theophilos the Indian to
• Per
convert the Himyarites to Christianity.[67] capita $2,053[7]
According to Philostorgius, the mission was
resisted by local Jews.[68] Several inscriptions
(180th)
have been found in Hebrew and Sabaean
praising the ruling house in Jewish terms for GDP (nominal) 202
"...helping and empowering the People of
Israel."[69] • Total
According to Islamic traditions, King As'ad the
$21.045
Perfect mounted a military expedition to billion[7]
support the Jews of Yathrib.[70] Abu Kariba
As'ad, as known from the inscriptions, led a
(123th)
military campaign to central Arabia or Najd to
• Per
support the vassal Kingdom of Kinda against
the Lakhmids.[71] However, no direct reference capita $617[7]
to Judaism or Yathrib was discovered from
(184th)
his lengthy reign. Abu Kariba died in 445,
having reigned for almost 50 years.[72] By 515,
Himyar became increasingly divided along
Gini (2014) 36.7[8]
religious lines and a bitter conflict between medium
different factions paved the way for an
Aksumite intervention. The last Himyarite king HDI (2021) 0.455[9]
Ma'adikarib Ya'fur was supported by Aksum
against his Jewish rivals. Ma'adikarib was low (183r
Christian and launched a campaign against
the Lakhmids in southern Iraq, with the Currency Yemeni
support of other Arab allies of Byzantium.[73] rial (YER,
The Lakhmids were a bulwark of Persia, which
was intolerant to a proselytizing religion like ‫)﷼‬
Christianity.[74]
Time UTC+3
After the death of Ma'adikarib Ya'fur around
521, a Himyarite Jewish warlord called Dhu
zone (AST)
Nuwas rose to power. Emperor Justinian I
sent an embassy to Yemen. He wanted the
officially Christian Himyarites to use their
influence on the tribes in inner Arabia to Driving right[10]
launch military operations against Persia. side
Justinian I bestowed the "dignity of king" upon
the Arab sheikhs of Kindah and Ghassan in
[75]
Calling +967
central and northern Arabia. From early on,
Roman and Byzantine policy was to develop code
close links with the powers of the coast of the
Red Sea. They were successful in converting ISO 3166 YE
Aksum and influencing their culture. The code
results concerning to Yemen were rather
disappointing.[75] Internet .ye, .‫اليمن‬
A Kendite prince called Yazid bin Kabshat TLD
rebelled against Abraha and his Arab Christian
allies. A truce was reached once the Great
[76]
a. From the
Dam of Marib had suffered a breach.
Abraha died around 570. The Sasanid Empire
Ottoman
annexed Aden around 570. Under their rule, Empire.
most of Yemen enjoyed great autonomy
except for Aden and Sana'a. This era marked b. From the
the collapse of ancient South Arabian
civilization, since the greater part of the
United
country was under several independent clans Kingdom.
until the arrival of Islam in 630.[77]
Middle Ages

Advent of Islam and the three dynasties

The interior of the Great Mosque of

Sana'a, the oldest mosque in Yemen

Muhammad sent his cousin Ali to Sana'a and its surroundings around 630. At the time, Yemen
was the most advanced region in Arabia.[78] The Banu Hamdan confederation was among the
first to accept Islam. Muhammad sent Muadh ibn Jabal, as well to Al-Janad, in present-day Taiz,
and dispatched letters to various tribal leaders.[79] Major tribes, including Himyar, sent
delegations to Medina during the "year of delegations" around 630–631. Several Yemenis
accepted Islam before 630, such as Ammar ibn Yasir, Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami, Miqdad ibn Aswad,
Abu Musa Ashaari, and Sharhabeel ibn Hasana. A man named 'Abhala ibn Ka'ab Al-Ansi expelled
the remaining Persians and claimed he was a prophet of Rahman. He was assassinated by a
Yemeni of Persian origin called Fayruz al-Daylami. Christians, who were mainly staying in Najran
along with Jews, agreed to pay jizyah (Arabic: ‫)ِج ـْز َي ـة‬, although some Jews converted to Islam,
such as Wahb ibn Munabbih and Ka'ab al-Ahbar.

Yemen was stable during the Rashidun Caliphate. Yemeni tribes played a pivotal role in the
Islamic expansion into Egypt, Iraq, Persia, the Levant, Anatolia, North Africa, Sicily, and
Andalusia.[80][81][82] Yemeni tribes who settled in Syria contributed significantly to the
solidification of Umayyad rule, especially during the reign of Marwan I. Powerful Yemenite tribes
such as Kinda were on his side during the Battle of Marj Rahit.[83][84]

Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Ziyad founded the Ziyadid dynasty in Tihamah around 818. The
state stretched from Haly (in present-day Saudi Arabia) to Aden. They nominally recognized the
Abbasid Caliphate but ruled independently from Zabid.[85] By virtue of its location, they
developed a special relationship with Abyssinia. The chief of the Dahlak islands exported slaves,
as well as amber and leopard hides, to the ruler of Yemen.[86] They controlled only a small
portion of the coastal strip in Tihamah along the Red Sea, and never exercised control over the
highlands and Hadhramaut.[87] A Himyarite clan called the Yufirids established their rule over the
highlands from Saada to Taiz, while Hadhramaut was an Ibadi stronghold and rejected all
allegiance to the Abbasids in Baghdad.[85]

The first Zaidi imam, Yahya ibn al-Husayn, arrived in Yemen in 893. He was a religious cleric and
judge who was invited to come to Saada from Medina to arbitrate tribal disputes.[88] Yahya
persuaded local tribesmen to follow his teachings. The sect slowly spread across the highlands,
as the tribes of Hashid and Bakil, later known as "the twin wings of the imamate", accepted his
authority.[89] He founded the Zaidi imamate in 897. Yahya established his influence in Saada and
Najran. He also tried to capture Sana'a from the Yufirids in 901 but failed miserably.

Sulayhid dynasty (1047–1138)

Jibla became the capital of the

dynasty. Featured is the Queen Arwa
Mosque.
Queen Arwa al-Sulaihi Palace

The Sulayhid dynasty was founded in the northern highlands around 1040; at the time, Yemen
was ruled by different local dynasties. In 1060, Ali ibn Muhammad Al-Sulayhi conquered Zabid
and killed its ruler Al-Najah, founder of the Najahid dynasty. His sons were forced to flee to
Dahlak.[90] Hadhramaut fell into Sulayhid hands after their capture of Aden in 1162.[91]

By 1063, Ali had subjugated Greater Yemen.[92] He then marched toward Hejaz and occupied
Makkah.[93] Ali was married to Asma bint Shihab, who governed Yemen with her husband.[94] The
Khutba during Friday prayers was proclaimed in both her husband's name and hers. No other
Arab woman had this honor since the advent of Islam.[94]

Ali al-Sulayhi was killed by Najah's sons on his way to Mecca in 1084. His son Ahmed Al-
Mukarram led an army to Zabid and killed 8,000 of its inhabitants.[95] He later installed the
Zurayids to govern Aden. al-Mukarram, who had been afflicted with facial paralysis resulting
from war injuries, retired in 1087 and handed over power to his wife Arwa al-Sulayhi.[96] Queen
Arwa moved the seat of the Sulayhid dynasty from Sana'a to Jibla, a small town in central Yemen
near Ibb. She sent Ismaili missionaries to India, where a significant Ismaili community was
formed that exists to this day.[97]

Queen Arwa continued to rule securely until her death in 1138.[97] She is still remembered as a
great and much-loved sovereign, as attested in Yemeni historiography, literature, and popular
lore, where she is referred to as Balqis al-sughra ("the junior queen of Sheba").[98] Shortly after
Arwa's death, the country was split between five competing petty dynasties along religious
lines.[99] The Ayyubid dynasty overthrew the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt. A few years after their
rise to power, Saladin dispatched his brother Turan Shah to conquer Yemen in 1174.[100]

Ayyubid conquest (1171–1260)

Turan Shah conquered Zabid from the Mahdids in 1174, then marched toward Aden in June and
captured it from the Zurayids.[101] The Hamdanid sultans of Sana'a resisted the Ayyubid in 1175,
and the Ayyubids did not manage to secure Sana'a until 1189.[102] The Ayyubid rule was stable in
southern and central Yemen, where they succeeded in eliminating the ministates of that region,
while Ismaili and Zaidi tribesmen continued to hold out in several fortresses.[102]
The Ayyubids failed to capture the Zaydis stronghold in northern Yemen.[103] In 1191, Zaydis of
Shibam Kawkaban rebelled and killed 700 Ayyubid soldiers.[104] Imam Abdullah bin Hamza
proclaimed the imamate in 1197 and fought al-Mu'izz Ismail, the Ayyubid Sultan of Yemen. Imam
Abdullah was defeated at first but was able to conquer Sana'a and Dhamar in 1198,[105] and al-
Mu'izz Ismail was assassinated in 1202.[106]

Abdullah bin Hamza carried on the struggle against the Ayyubid until his death in 1217. After his
demise, the Zaidi community was split between two rival imams. The Zaydis were dispersed,
and a truce was signed with the Ayyubid in 1219.[107] The Ayyubid army was defeated in Dhamar
in 1226.[107] Ayyubid Sultan Mas'ud Yusuf left for Mecca in 1228, never to return.[108] Other
sources suggest that he was forced to leave for Egypt instead in 1223.[109]

Rasulid dynasty (1229–1454)

Al-Qahyra (Cairo) Castle's Garden in

Taiz, the capital of Yemen during the
Rasulid's era

The Rasulid dynasty was established in 1229 by Umar ibn Rasul, who was appointed deputy
governor by the Ayyubids in 1223. When the last Ayyubid ruler left Yemen in 1229, Umar stayed
in the country as caretaker. He subsequently declared himself an independent king by assuming
the title "al-Malik Al-Mansur" (the king assisted by Allah).[109]

Umar first established himself at Zabid, then moved into the mountainous interior, taking the
important highland centre Sana'a. However, the Rasulid capitals were Zabid and Taiz. He was
assassinated by his nephew in 1249.[108] Omar's son Yousef defeated the faction led by his
father's assassins and crushed several counterattacks by the Zaydi imams who still held on in
the northern highland. Mainly because of the victories he scored over his rivals, he assumed the
honorific title "al-Muzaffar" (the victorious).[110]

After the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 1258, al-Muzaffar Yusuf I appropriated the title of
caliph.[110] He chose the city of Taiz to become the political capital of the kingdom because of
its strategic location and proximity to Aden.[111] The Rasulid sultans built numerous Madrasas to
solidify the Shafi'i school of thought, which is still the dominant school of jurisprudence amongst
Yemenis today.[112] Under their rule, Taiz and Zabid became major international centres of
Islamic learning.[113] The kings were educated men in their own right, who not only had
important libraries but also wrote treatises on a wide array of subjects, ranging from astrology
and medicine to agriculture and genealogy.[111]

A 13th-century book illustration

produced in Baghdad by al-Wasiti
showing a slave-market in the town of
Zabid in Yemen.

They had a difficult relationship with the Mamluks of Egypt because the latter considered them a
vassal state.[111] Their competition centred over the Hejaz and the right to provide kiswa of the
Ka'aba in Mecca.[111] The dynasty became increasingly threatened by disgruntled family
members over the problem of succession, combined with periodic tribal revolts, as they were
locked in a war of attrition with the Zaydi imams in the northern highlands.[113] During the last 12
years of Rasulid rule, the country was torn between several contenders for the kingdom. The
weakening of the Rasulid provided an opportunity for the Banu Taher clan to take over and
establish themselves as the new rulers of Yemen in 1454 AD.[112]
Tahiride dynasty (1454–1517)

Portuguese Viceroy Afonso de

Albuquerque failed twice to conquer
Aden, though the Portuguese Empire
managed to rule Socotra until 1511.

The Tahirids were a local clan based in Rada'a. They built schools, mosques, and irrigation
channels, as well as water cisterns and bridges in Zabid, Aden, Rada'a, and Juban. Their best-
known monument is the Amiriya Madrasa in Rada' District, which was built in 1504.[114] The
Tahiride were too weak either to contain the Zaydi imams or to defend themselves against
foreign attacks.

Portuguese in Yemen, 16th to

18th century
Allied Sultan Territories (Aden,
Mahra, Dhofar and Camphar)

Realizing how rich the Tahiride realm was, the Mamluks decided to conquer it.[115] The Mamluk
army, with the support of forces loyal to Zaydi Imam Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din,
conquered the entire realm of the Tahiride but failed to capture Aden in 1517. The Mamluk
victory was short-lived. The Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt, hanging the last Mamluk Sultan
in Cairo.[115] The Ottomans had not decided to conquer Yemen until 1538. The Zaydi highland
tribes emerged as national heroes[116] by offering stiff, vigorous resistance to the Turkish
occupation.[117] The Mamluks tried to attach Yemen to Egypt and the Portuguese led by Afonso
de Albuquerque, occupied the island of Socotra and made an unsuccessful attack on Aden in
1513.[118]

Portuguese
Starting in the 15th century, Portugal intervened, dominating the port of Aden for about 20 years
and maintaining a fortified enclave on the island of Socotra during this period. From the 16th
century, the Portuguese posed an immediate threat to Indian Ocean trade. The Mamluks
therefore sent an army under Hussein al-Kurdi to fight the intruders [119] The Mamluk sultan went
to Zabid in 1515 and entered into diplomatic talks with the Tahiri sultan 'Amir bin Abdulwahab
for money that would be needed for the jihad against the Portuguese. Instead of confronting
them, the Mamluks, who were running out of food and water, landed on the coast of Yemen and
began harassing the villagers of Tihamah to obtain the supplies they needed.

The interest of Portugal on the Red Sea consisted on the one hand of guaranteeing contacts
with a Christian ally in Ethiopia and on the other of being able to attack Mecca and the Arab
territories from the rear, while still having absolute dominance over trade of spices, the main
intention was to dominate the commerce of the cities on the coast of Africa and Arabia.[120] To
this end, Portugal sought to influence and dominate by force or persuasion all the ports and
kingdoms that fought among themselves. It was common for Portugal to keep under its
influence the Arab allies that were interested in maintaining independence from other Arab
states in the region.[121]
Modern history

The Zaydis and Ottomans

Al Bakiriyya Ottoman Mosque in

Sana'a, was built in 1597.

The Ottomans had two fundamental interests to safeguard in Yemen: The Islamic holy cities of
Mecca and Medina, and the trade route with India in spices and textiles—both threatened, and
the latter virtually eclipsed, by the arrival of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea
in the early 16th century.[122] Hadım Suleiman Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, was
ordered to command a fleet of 90 ships to conquer Yemen. The country was in a state of
incessant anarchy and discord as Pasha described it by saying:[123]

Yemen is a land with no lord, an empty province. It would be not only possible but
easy to capture, and should it be captured, it would be master of the lands of India
and send every year a great amount of gold and jewels to Constantinople.

Imam al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din ruled over the northern highlands including Sana'a,
while Aden was held by the last Tahiride Sultan 'Amir ibn Dauod. Pasha stormed Aden in 1538,
killing its ruler, and extended Ottoman authority to include Zabid in 1539 and eventually Tihamah
in its entirety.[124] Zabid became the administrative headquarters of Yemen Eyalet.[124] The
Ottoman governors did not exercise much control over the highlands. They held sway mainly in
the southern coastal region, particularly around Zabid, Mocha, and Aden.[125] Of 80,000 soldiers
sent to Yemen from Egypt between 1539 and 1547, only 7,000 survived.[126] The Ottoman
accountant-general in Egypt remarked:[126]

We have seen no foundry like Yemen for our soldiers. Each time we have sent an
expeditionary force there, it has melted away like salt dissolved in water.

Ottoman soldiers and Yemeni locals.

The Ottomans sent yet another expeditionary force to Zabid in 1547, while Imam al-Mutawakkil
Yahya Sharaf ad-Din was ruling the highlands independently. Yahya chose his son Ali to succeed
him, a decision that infuriated his other son al-Mutahhar ibn Yahya.[127] Al-Mutahhar was lame,
so he was not qualified for the imamate.[127] He urged Oais Pasha, the Ottoman colonial
governor in Zabid, to attack his father.[128] Indeed, Ottoman troops supported by tribal forces
loyal to Imam al-Mutahhar stormed Taiz and marched north toward Sana'a in August 1547. The
Turks officially made Imam al-Mutahhar a Sanjak-bey with authority over 'Amran. Imam al-
Mutahhar assassinated the Ottoman colonial governor and recaptured Sana'a, but the Ottomans,
led by Özdemir Pasha, forced al-Mutahhar to retreat to his fortress in Thula. Özdemir Pasha
effectively put Yemen under Ottoman rule between 1552 and 1560. Özdemir died in Sana'a in
1561 and was succeeded by Mahmud Pasha.

Mahmud Pasha was described by other Ottoman officials as a corrupt and unscrupulous
governor, and he was displaced by Ridvan Pasha in 1564. By 1565, Yemen was split into two
provinces, the highlands under the command of Ridvan Pasha and Tihamah under Murad Pasha.
Imam al-Mutahhar launched a propaganda campaign in which he claimed that the prophet
Mohammed came to him in a dream and advised him to wage jihad against the Ottomans.[129]
Al-Mutahhar led the tribes to capture Sana'a from Ridvan Pasha in 1567. When Murad tried to
relieve Sana'a, highland tribesmen ambushed his unit and slaughtered all of them.[130] Over 80
battles were fought. The last decisive encounter took place in Dhamar around 1568, in which
Murad Pasha was beheaded and his head sent to al-Mutahhar in Sana'a.[130][131] By 1568, only
Zabid remained under the possession of the Turks.[131]

Ruins of Thula fortress in 'Amran, where al-Mutahhar ibn Yahya barricaded himself against Ottoman attacks

Mokha was Yemen's busiest port in

the 17th and 18th centuries.

In 1632, Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad sent an expeditionary force of 1,000 men to conquer

Mecca.[132] The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor.[132] The Ottomans sent
an army from Egypt to fight the Yemenites.[132] Seeing that the Turkish army was too numerous
to overcome, the Yemeni army retreated to a valley outside Mecca.[133] Ottoman troops attacked
the Yemenis by hiding at the wells that supplied them with water. This plan proceeded
successfully, causing the Yemenis over 200 casualties, most from thirst.[133] The tribesmen
eventually surrendered and returned to Yemen.[134] Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad died in 1644. He
was succeeded by Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il, another son of al-Mansur al-Qasim, who conquered
Yemen in its entirety.[135][136][137][138]

Yemen became the sole coffee producer in the world.[139] The country established diplomatic
relations with the Safavid dynasty of Persia, Ottomans of Hejaz, Mughal Empire in India, and
Ethiopia, as well. In the first half of the 18th century, the Europeans broke Yemen's monopoly on
coffee by smuggling coffee trees and cultivating them in their own colonies in the East Indies,
East Africa, the West Indies, and Latin America.[140] The imamate did not follow a cohesive
mechanism for succession, and family quarrels and tribal insubordination led to the political
decline of the Qasimi dynasty in the 18th century.[141]

Great Britain and the nine regions

The building of the Legislative Council

of Aden, built by the English in the
19th century as St. Mary's Church,
was converted into the building of the
Legislative Council in the 1960s, and
is now a museum

The British were looking for a coal depot to service their steamers en route to India. It took 700
tons of coal for a round-trip from Suez to Bombay. East India Company officials decided on
Aden. The British Empire tried to reach an agreement with the Zaydi imam of Sana'a, permitting
them a foothold in Mocha, and when unable to secure their position, they extracted a similar
agreement from the Sultan of Lahej, enabling them to consolidate a position in Aden.[142] The
British managed to occupy Aden and evicted the Sultan of Lahej from Aden and forced him to
accept their "protection".[142] In November 1839, 5,000 tribesmen tried to retake the town but
were repulsed and 200 were killed.

With emigrants from India, East Africa, and Southeast Asia, Aden grew into a world city. In 1850,
only 980 Arabs were registered as original inhabitants of the city.[143] The English presence in
Aden put them at odds with the Ottomans. The Turks asserted to the British that they held
sovereignty over the whole of Arabia, including Yemen as the successor of Mohammed and the
Chief of the Universal Caliphate.[144]
Ottoman return

The Ottoman Grand Vizier and Wāli of

Yemen Ahmed Muhtar Pasha.

The Ottomans were concerned about the British expansion from the British ruled subcontinent
to the Red Sea and Arabia. They returned to the Tihamah in 1849 after an absence of two
centuries.[145] Rivalries and disturbances continued among the Zaydi imams, between them and
their deputies, with the ulema, with the heads of tribes, as well as with those who belonged to
other sects. Some citizens of Sana'a were desperate to return law and order to Yemen and asked
the Ottoman Pasha in Tihamah to pacify the country.[146] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
strengthened the Ottoman decision to remain in Yemen.[147] By 1873, the Ottomans succeeded
in conquering the northern highlands. Sana'a became the administrative capital of Yemen
Vilayet.

The Ottomans learned from their previous experience and worked on the disempowerment of
local lords in the highland regions. They even attempted to secularize the Yemeni society, while
Yemenite Jews came to perceive themselves in Yemeni nationalist terms.[148] The Ottomans
appeased the tribes by forgiving their rebellious chiefs and appointing them to administrative
posts. They introduced a series of reforms to enhance the country's economic welfare. However,
corruption was widespread in the Ottoman administration in Yemen. This was because only the
worst of the officials were appointed because those who could avoid serving in Yemen did
so.[149] The Ottomans had reasserted control over the highlands for a temporary duration.[145]
The so-called Tanzimat reforms were considered heretic by the Zaydi tribes. In 1876, the Hashid
and Bakil tribes rebelled against the Ottomans; the Turks had to appease them with gifts to end
the uprising.[150]

The tribal chiefs were difficult to appease and an endless cycle of violence curbed Ottoman
efforts to pacify the land. Ahmed Izzet Pasha proposed that the Ottoman army evacuate the
highlands and confine itself to Tihamah, and not unnecessarily burden itself with continuing
military operation against the Zaydi tribes.[149] Imam Yahya Hamidaddin led a rebellion against
the Turks in 1904; the rebels disrupted the Ottoman ability to govern.[151] The revolts between
1904 and 1911 were especially damaging to the Ottomans, costing them as many as 10,000
soldiers and as much as 500,000 pounds per year.[152] The Ottomans signed a treaty with imam
Yahya Hamidaddin in 1911. Under the treaty, Imam Yahya was recognized as an autonomous
leader of the Zaydi northern highlands. The Ottomans continued to rule Shafi'i areas in the mid-
south until their departure in 1918.

Mutawakkilite Kingdom

Imam Yahya Hamid Ed-Din's house

near Sana'a.

Imam Yahya hamid ed-Din al-Mutawakkil was ruling the northern highlands independently from
1911, from which he began a conquest of the Yemen lands. In 1925 Yahya captured al-Hudaydah
from the Idrisids.[153] In 1927, Yahya's forces were about 50 km (30 mi) away from Aden, Taiz,
and Ibb, and were bombed by the British for five days; the imam had to pull back.[154] Small
Bedouin forces, mainly from the Madh'hij confederation of Marib, attacked Shabwah but were
bombed by the British and had to retreat.

The Italian Empire was the first to recognize Yahya as the king of Yemen in 1926. This created a
great deal of anxiety for the British, who interpreted it as recognition of Imam Yahya's claim to
sovereignty over Greater Yemen, which included the Aden protectorate and Asir.[155] The Idrisis
turned to Ibn Saud seeking his protection from Yahya. However, in 1932, the Idrisis broke their
accord with Ibn Saud and went back to Yahya seeking help against Ibn Saud, who had begun
liquidating their authority and expressed his desire to annex those territories into his own Saudi
domain.[156][157] Yahya demanded the return of all Idrisi dominion.[156]

Negotiations between Yahya and Ibn Saud proved fruitless. After the 1934 Saudi-Yemeni war, Ibn
Saud announced a ceasefire in May 1934.[158] Imam Yahya agreed to release Saudi hostages
and the surrender of the Idrisis to Saudi custody. Imam Yahya ceded the three provinces of
Najran, Asir, and Jazan for 20 years.[159] and signed another treaty with the British government in
1934. The imam recognized the British sovereignty over Aden protectorate for 40 years.[160] Out
of fear for Hudaydah, Yahya did submit to these demands.
Colonial Aden

Queen Elizabeth II holding a sword,

prepared to knight subjects in Aden
as part of a 1954 visit. Prince Philip,
Duke of Edinburgh is at right.

Starting in 1890, hundreds of Yemeni people from Hajz, Al-Baetha, and Taiz migrated to Aden to
work at ports, and as labourers. This helped the population of Aden once again become
predominantly Arab after, having been declared a free zone, it had become mostly foreigners.
During World War II, Aden had increasing economic growth and became the second-busiest port
in the world after New York City.[161] After the rise of labour unions, a rift was apparent between
the sectors of workers and the first signs of resistance to the occupation started in 1943.[161]
Muhammad Ali Luqman founded the first Arabic club and school in Aden, and was the first to
start working towards a union.[162]

The Colony of Aden was divided into an eastern colony and a western colony. Those were
further divided into 23 sultanates and emirates, and several independent tribes that had no
relationships with the sultanates. The deal between the sultanates and Britain detailed
protection and complete control of foreign relations by the British. The Sultanate of Lahej was
the only one in which the sultan was referred to as His Highness.[163] The Federation of South
Arabia was created by the British to counter Arab nationalism by giving more freedom to the
rulers of the nations.[164]

The North Yemen Civil War inspired many in the south to rise against the British rule. The
National Liberation Front (NLF) of Yemen was formed with the leadership of Qahtan Muhammad
Al-Shaabi. The NLF hoped to destroy all the sultanates and eventually unite with the Yemen Arab
Republic. Most of the support for the NLF came from Radfan and Yafa, so the British launched
Operation Nutcracker, which completely burned Radfan in January 1964.[165]

Two states

Egyptian military intervention in North

Yemen, 1962

Arab nationalism made an impact in some circles who opposed the lack of modernization
efforts in the Mutawakkilite monarchy. This became apparent when Imam Ahmad bin Yahya died
in 1962. He was succeeded by his son, but army officers attempted to seize power, sparking the
North Yemen Civil War.[166] The Hamidaddin royalists were supported by Saudi Arabia, Britain,
and Jordan (mostly with weapons and financial aid, but also with small military forces), whilst
the military rebels were backed by Egypt. Egypt provided the rebels with weapons and financial
assistance, but also sent a large military force to participate in the fighting. Israel covertly
supplied weapons to the royalists to keep the Egyptian military busy in Yemen and make Nasser
less likely to initiate a conflict in the Sinai. After six years of civil war, the military rebels formed
the Yemen Arab Republic.[167]
 British Army's counter-insurgency
campaign in the British-controlled
territories of South Arabia, 1967

The revolution in the north coincided with the Aden Emergency, which hastened the end of
British rule in the south. On 30 November 1967, the state of South Yemen was formed,
comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia. This socialist state was later
officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and a programme of
nationalisation was begun.[168]

Relations between the two Yemeni states fluctuated between peaceful and hostile. The South
was supported by the Eastern bloc. The North, however, was not able to get the same
connections. In 1972, the two states fought a war. The war was resolved with a ceasefire and
negotiations brokered by the Arab League, where it was declared that unification would
eventually occur. In 1978, Ali Abdullah Saleh was named as president of the Yemen Arab
Republic.[169] After the war, the North complained about the South's help from foreign countries.
This included Saudi Arabia.[170]

In 1979, fresh fighting between the two states resumed and efforts were renewed to bring about
unification.[169] Thousands were killed in 1986 in the South Yemen Civil War. President Ali Nasser
Muhammad fled to the north and was later sentenced to death for treason. A new government
formed.[169]
Unification and civil war

Yemen Arab Republic (in orange) and

South Yemen (in blue) before 1990.
Land gained after unification is in grey

In 1990, the two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the
countries were merged on 22 May 1990, with Saleh as president.[169] The president of South
Yemen, Ali Salim al-Beidh, became vice president.[169] A unified parliament was formed and a
unity constitution was agreed upon.[169] In the 1993 parliamentary election, the first held after
unification, the General People's Congress won 122 of 301 seats.[171]: 309

After the invasion of Kuwait crisis in 1990, Yemen's president opposed military intervention from
non-Arab states.[172] As a member of the United Nations Security Council for 1990 and 1991,
Yemen abstained on a number of UNSC resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait[173] and voted
against the "...use of force resolution." The vote outraged the U.S.,[174] and Saudi Arabia expelled
800,000 Yemenis in 1990 and 1991 to punish Yemen for its opposition to the intervention.[175]

In the absence of strong state institutions, elite politics in Yemen constituted a de facto form of
collaborative governance, where competing tribal, regional, religious, and political interests
agreed to hold themselves in check through tacit acceptance of the balance it produced.[176] The
informal political settlement was held together by a power-sharing deal among three men:
President Saleh, who controlled the state; major general Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, who controlled
the largest share of the Republic of Yemen Armed Forces; and Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar,
figurehead of the Islamist al-Islah party and Saudi Arabia's chosen broker of transnational
patronage payments to various political players,[177] including tribal sheikhs.[178][179][180][181] The
Saudi payments have been intended to facilitate the tribes' autonomy from the Yemeni
government and to give the Saudi government a mechanism with which to weigh in on Yemen's
political decision-making.[182]
Following food riots in major towns in 1992, a new coalition government made up of the ruling
parties from both the former Yemeni states was formed in 1993. However, Vice President al-
Beidh withdrew to Aden in August 1993 and said he would not return to the government until his
grievances were addressed. These included northern violence against his Yemeni Socialist Party,
as well as the economic marginalization of the south.[183] Negotiations to end the political
deadlock dragged on into 1994. The government of Prime Minister Haydar Abu Bakr Al-Attas
became ineffective due to political infighting.[184]

An accord between northern and southern leaders was signed in Amman, Jordan on 20 February
1994, but this could not stop the civil war.[185] During these tensions, both the northern and
southern armies (which had never integrated) gathered on their respective frontiers.[186]

Contemporary Yemen

Prayers during Ramadan in Sana'a

In 2012, The Guardian reported that

"Sana'a risks becoming the first capital
in the world to run out of a viable water
supply as Yemen's streams and natural
aquifers run dry".[187]

Ali Abdullah Saleh

Ali Abdullah Saleh became Yemen's first directly elected president in the 1999 presidential
election, winning 96% of the vote.[171]: 310 The only other candidate, Najeeb Qahtan Al-Sha'abi,
was the son of Qahtan Muhammad al-Sha'abi, a former president of South Yemen. Though a
member of Saleh's General People's Congress (GPC) party, Najeeb ran as an independent.[188]

In October 2000, 17 U.S. personnel died after an al-Qaeda suicide attack on the U.S. naval vessel
USS Cole in Aden. After the September 11 attacks on the United States, President Saleh assured
U.S. President George W. Bush that Yemen was a partner in his War on Terror. In 2001, violence
surrounded a referendum, which apparently supported extending Saleh's rule and powers.

The Shia insurgency in Yemen began in June 2004 when dissident cleric Hussein Badreddin al-
Houthi, head of the Zaidi Shia sect, launched an uprising against the Yemeni government. The
Yemeni government alleged that the Houthis were seeking to overthrow it and to implement
Shī'ite religious law. The rebels countered that they were "defending their community against
discrimination" and government aggression.[189] In 2005, at least 36 people were killed in
clashes across the country between police and protesters over rising fuel prices. In the 2006
presidential election, Saleh won with 77% of the vote. His main rival, Faisal bin Shamlan, received
22%.[190][191] Saleh was sworn in for another term on 27 September.[192]

A suicide bomber killed eight Spanish tourists and two Yemenis in the province of Marib in July
2007. A series of bomb attacks occurred on police, official, diplomatic, foreign business, and
tourism targets in 2008. Car bombings outside the U.S. embassy in Sana'a killed 18 people,
including six of the assailants in September 2008. In 2008, an opposition rally in Sana'a
demanding electoral reform was met with police gunfire.[193]
Social hierarchy
There is a system of social stratification in Yemen that was officially abolished at the creation of
the Republic of Yemen in 1962, but in practice this system has not disappeared and Yemeni
society is still organized around hierarchical ranks. The difference between ranks is manifested
by descent and occupation and is consolidated by marriages between people of the same ranks.

There are five status groups. At the top of hierarchy, there are the religious elites, also called
sada. These are then followed by the strata of judges (quad). The third hierarchical status is the
qaba’il, who are the peasants who belong to tribes and who live mainly from agriculture and
trading. The fourth group is called the mazayanah. This group is composed of people who had
no land and provide different kinds of services such as butchers and craftsmen. Finally, at the
bottom of the hierarchy are the slaves (a’bid) and even further below them Al-Akhdam, which
means servants.[194]

Al-Qaeda
In January 2009, the Saudi Arabian and Yemeni al-Qaeda branches merged to form Al-Qaeda in
the Arabian Peninsula, which is based in Yemen, and many of its members were Saudi nationals
who had been released from Guantanamo Bay detention camp.[195] Saleh released 176 al-Qaeda
suspects on condition of good behaviour, but terrorist activities continued.

The Yemeni army launched a fresh offensive against the Shia insurgents in 2009, assisted by
Saudi forces. Tens of thousands of people were displaced by the fighting. A ceasefire was
agreed upon in February 2010. However, by the end of the year, Yemen claimed that 3,000
soldiers had been killed in renewed fighting. The Shia rebels accused Saudi Arabia of providing
support to salafi groups to suppress Zaidism in Yemen.[196]

On orders from U.S. President Barack Obama, U.S. warplanes fired cruise missiles at what
officials in Washington claimed were Al Qaeda training camps in the provinces of Sana'a and
Abyan on 17 December 2009.[197] Instead of hitting Al-Qaeda operatives, it hit a village, killing 55
civilians.[198] Officials in Yemen said that the attacks claimed the lives of more than 60 civilians,
28 of them children. Another airstrike was carried out on 24 December.[199]
The U.S. launched a series of drone attacks in Yemen to curb a perceived growing terror threat
due to political chaos in Yemen.[200] Controversy over U.S. policy for drone attacks swelled after
a September 2011 drone strike in Yemen killed Anwar al-Awlaki and Samir Khan, both U.S.
citizens.[201] Another drone strike in October 2011 killed Anwar's teenage son, Abdulrahman al-
Awlaki. In 2010, the Obama administration policy allowed targeting of people whose names are
not known. The U.S. government increased military aid to $140 million in 2010.[202] U.S. drone
strikes continued after the ousting of President Saleh.[203]

As of 2015, Shi'a Houthis are fighting against the Islamic State,[204] Al Qaeda,[205] and Saudi
Arabia.[206] The U.S. supports the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen against the
Houthis,[207] but many in US SOCOM reportedly favor Houthis, as they have been an effective
force to roll back al-Qaeda and recently ISIL in Yemen.[208] The Guardian reported that "The only
groups poised to benefit from the war dragging on are the jihadis of Islamic State (ISIL) and Al-
Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), the latter's most powerful franchise, who are likely to
gain influence amid the chaos. ISIL has claimed recent, bloody suicide bombings in Houthi
mosques and Sana'a when it once had no known presence in the country, while AQAP has
continued to seize territory in eastern Yemen unhindered by American drone strikes."[209] In
February 2016 Al-Qaeda forces and Saudi-led coalition forces were both seen fighting Houthi
rebels in the same battle.[210]

Revolution and aftermath

Tens of thousands of protesters

marching to Sana'a University, joined
for the first time by opposition parties,
during the 2011–2012 Yemeni
revolution

Saudi-led air strike on Sana'a, 12 June

2015

The 2011 Yemeni revolution followed other Arab Spring mass protests in early 2011. The
uprising was initially against unemployment, economic conditions, and corruption, as well as
against the government's proposals to modify the constitution of Yemen so that Saleh's son
could inherit the presidency.

In March 2011, police snipers opened fire on a pro-democracy camp in Sana'a, killing more than
50 people. In May, dozens were killed in clashes between troops and tribal fighters in Sana'a. By
this point, Saleh began to lose international support. In October 2011, Yemeni human rights
activist Tawakul Karman won the Nobel Peace Prize, and the UN Security Council condemned
the violence and called for a transfer of power. On 23 November 2011, Saleh flew to Riyadh, in
neighbouring Saudi Arabia, to sign the Gulf Co-operation Council plan for political transition,
which he had previously spurned. Upon signing the document, he agreed to legally transfer the
office and powers of the presidency to his deputy, Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi.[211]

Hadi took office for a two-year term upon winning the uncontested presidential elections in
February 2012.[212] A unity government—including a prime minister from the opposition—was
formed. Al-Hadi would oversee the drafting of a new constitution, followed by parliamentary and
presidential elections in 2014. Saleh returned in February 2012. In the face of objections from
thousands of street protesters, parliament granted him full immunity from prosecution. Saleh's
son, General Ahmed Ali Abdullah Saleh, continues to exercise a strong hold on sections of the
military and security forces.

AQAP claimed responsibility for a February 2012 suicide attack on the presidential palace that
killed 26 Republican Guards on the day that President Hadi was sworn in. AQAP was also behind
a suicide bombing that killed 96 soldiers in Sana'a three months later. In September 2012, a car
bomb attack in Sana'a killed 11 people, a day after a local al-Qaeda leader Said al-Shihri was
reported killed in the south.

By 2012, there was a "small contingent of U.S. special-operations troops"—in addition to CIA and
"unofficially acknowledged" U.S. military presence—in response to increasing terror attacks by
AQAP on Yemeni citizens.[213] Many analysts have pointed out the former Yemeni government
role in cultivating terrorist activity in the country.[214] Following the election of President
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, the Yemeni military was able to push Ansar al-Sharia back and
recapture the Shabwah Governorate.

Current (November 2021) political

and military control in ongoing
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present).
Controlled by the Government of
Yemen (under the Presidential
Leadership Council since April 2022)
and allies
Controlled by Houthis-led
Supreme Political Council
Controlled by Al-Qaeda (AQAP)
and Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant-affiliated Ansar al-Sharia
Controlled by the UAE-backed
Southern Transitional Council

The central government in Sana'a remained weak, staving off challenges from southern
separatists and Houthis as well as AQAP. The Shia insurgency intensified after Hadi took power,
escalating in September 2014 as anti-government forces led by Abdul-Malik al-Houthi swept into
the capital and forced Hadi to agree to a "unity" government.[215] The Houthis then refused to
participate in the government,[216] although they continued to apply pressure on Hadi and his
ministers, even shelling the president's private residence and placing him under house arrest,[217]
until the government's mass resignation in January 2015.[218] The following month, the Houthis
dissolved parliament and declared that a Revolutionary Committee under Mohammed Ali al-
Houthi was the interim authority in Yemen. Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, a cousin of the acting
president, called the takeover a "glorious revolution". However, the "constitutional declaration" of
6 February 2015 was widely rejected by opposition politicians and foreign governments,
including the United Nations.[27]

Hadi managed to flee from Sana'a to Aden, his hometown and stronghold in the south, on 21
February 2015. He promptly gave a televised speech rescinding his resignation, condemning the
coup, and calling for recognition as the constitutional president of Yemen.[219] The following
month, Hadi declared Aden Yemen's "temporary" capital.[220][221] The Houthis, however, rebuffed
an initiative by the Gulf Cooperation Council and continued to move south toward Aden. All U.S.
personnel were evacuated, and President Hadi was forced to flee the country to Saudi Arabia. On
26 March 2015, Saudi Arabia announced Operation Decisive Storm and began airstrikes and
announced its intentions to lead a military coalition against the Houthis, whom they claimed
were being aided by Iran and began a force buildup along the Yemeni border. The coalition
included the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Egypt, and
Pakistan. The United States announced that it was assisting with intelligence, targeting, and
logistics. After Hadi troops took control of Aden from Houthis, jihadist groups became active in
the city, and some terrorist incidents were linked to them such as Missionaries of Charity attack
in Aden on 4 March 2016. In February 2018, Aden was seized by the UAE-backed separatist
Southern Transitional Council.[222]

Yemen has been suffering from a famine since 2016 as a result of the civil war. More than
50,000 children in Yemen died from starvation in 2017.[223][224] Numerous commentators have
condemned the Saudi-led coalition's military campaign, including its blockade of Yemen, as
genocide.[225][226][227] The famine is being compounded by an outbreak of cholera that has
affected more than one million people.[228] The Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and
blockade of Yemen have contributed to the famine and cholera epidemic.[229][230] The UN
estimated that by the end of 2021, the war in Yemen would have caused over 377,000 deaths,
and roughly 70% of deaths were children under age 5.[231][232]

On 4 December 2017, deposed strongman and former president Ali Abdullah Saleh, accused of
treason, was assassinated by Houthis whilst attempting to flee clashes near rebel-held Sana'a
between Houthi and pro-Saleh forces.[233] After losing the support of the Saudi-led coalition,
Yemen's President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi resigned, and the Presidential Leadership Council
took power in April 2022.[234]
Following the outbreak of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the Houthis began to fire missiles at
Israel and attack ships off Yemen's coast in the Red Sea, which they say is in solidarity with the
Palestinians and aiming to facilitate entry of humanitarian aid into the Gaza Strip.[235][236]

Geografía

A topographic map of Yemen

Agricultural terraces in the Haraz-

Sarat Mountains

Yemen covers 530,000 km2 (204,634 sq mi) and is located at the southern part of the Arabian
Peninsula.[237] It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of
Aden and Guardafui Channel to the south, and Oman to the east.

Several Red Sea islands, including the Hanish Islands, Kamaran, and Perim, as well as Socotra in
the Arabian Sea, belong to Yemen; the largest of these is Socotra. Many of the islands are
volcanic; Jabal al-Tair Island had volcanic eruptions in 1883 and 2007. Although mainland
Yemen is in the southern Arabian Peninsula and thus part of Asia, and its Hanish Islands and
Perim in the Red Sea are associated with Asia, the archipelago of Socotra, which lies east of the
horn of Somalia and is much closer to Africa than to Asia, is geographically and
biogeographically associated with Africa.[238]
Regions and climate

Yemen's Köppen climate

classification map[239] is based on
temperature, precipitation and their
seasonality.

BWh Hot desert

BWk Cold desert
BSh Hot semi-arid
BSk Cold semi-arid
CWb Subtropical highland

Yemen can be divided geographically into four main regions: the coastal plains in the west, the
western highlands, the eastern highlands, and the Rub' al Khali in the east. The Tihamah ("hot
lands" or "hot earth") form a very arid and flat coastal plain along Yemen's entire Red Sea
coastline. Despite the aridity, the presence of many lagoons makes this region very marshy and
a suitable breeding ground for malaria-borne mosquitos. Extensive crescent-shaped sand dunes
are present. The evaporation in the Tihamah is so great that streams from the highlands never
reach the sea, but they do contribute to extensive groundwater reserves. Today, these are heavily
exploited for agricultural use.

Near the village of Madar about 50 km (30 mi) north of Sana'a, dinosaur footprints were found,
indicating that the area was once a muddy flat. The Tihamah ends abruptly at the escarpment of
the western highlands. This area, now heavily terraced to meet the demand for food, receives the
highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidly increasing from 100 mm (3.9 in) per year to about 760 mm
(29.9 in) in Taiz and over 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in Ibb. Temperatures are warm in the day but fall
dramatically at night.

The central highlands are an extensive high plateau over 2,000 m (6,562 ft) in elevation. This
area is drier than the western highlands because of rain-shadow influences, but still receives
sufficient rain in wet years for extensive cropping. Water storage allows for irrigation and the
growing of wheat and barley. Sana'a is in this region. The highest point in Yemen and Arabia is
Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb, at about 3,666 m (12,028 ft).[237][240]

Yemen is the sixth most water

stressed country in the world.

Yemen's portion of the Rub al Khali desert in the east is much lower, generally below 1,000 m
(3,281 ft), and receives almost no rain. It is populated only by Bedouin herders of camels.

Biodiversity

Dracaena cinnabari at Socotra Island

A South Arabian relief from the fifth

century BC, in Walters Art Museum. On
the left side of this relief, a lion attacks
a gazelle, while a rabbit tries to jump
away from the gazelle's forelegs. On
the right, a leopard jumps down from
rocks onto the back of an ibex; a small
rodent flees the hoofs of the ibex. Birds
in the branches of acacia trees observe
the two scenes.

Yemen contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert, Socotra Island
xeric shrublands, Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna, Southwestern Arabian montane
woodlands, Arabian Desert, and Red Sea Nubo-Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert.[241] The
flora is a mixture of the tropical African, Sudanian plant geographical region and the Saharo-
Arabian region. The Sudanian element—characterized by relatively high rainfall—dominates the
western mountains and parts of the highland plains. The Saharo-Arabian element dominates in
the coastal plains, eastern mountain, and the eastern and northern desert plains.

A high percentage of Yemen plants belong to tropical African plants of Sudanian regions.
Among the Sudanian element species, the following may be mentioned: Ficus spp., Acacia
mellifera, Grewia villosa, Commiphora spp., Rosa abyssinica, Cadaba farinosa and others.[242]
Among the Saharo-Arabian species, these may be mentioned: Panicum turgidum, Aerva javanica,
Zygophyllum simplex, Fagonia indica, Salsola spp., Acacia tortilis, A. hamulos, A. ehrenbergiana,
Phoenix dactylifera, Hyphaene thebaica, Capparis decidua, Salvadora persica, Balanites aegyptiaca,
and many others. Many of the Saharo-Arabian species are endemic to the extensive sandy
coastal plain (the Tihamah).[243]

Among the fauna, the Arabian leopard, which would inhabit the mountains, is considered rare
here.[244]

Política
Yemen is a republic with a bicameral legislature. Under the 1991 constitution, an elected
president, an elected 301-seat Assembly of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member
Shura Council share power. The president is the head of state, and the prime minister is the head
of government. In Sana'a, a Supreme Political Council (not recognized internationally) forms the
government.

The 1991 constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two
candidates endorsed by at least 15 members of the Parliament. The prime minister, in turn, is
appointed by the president and must be approved by two-thirds of the Parliament. The
presidential term of office is seven years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is six
years. Suffrage is universal for people aged 18 and older, but only Muslims may hold elected
office.[245]

President Ali Abdullah Saleh became the first elected president in reunified Yemen in 1999
(though he had been president of unified Yemen since 1990 and president of North Yemen since
1978). He was re-elected to office in September 2006. Saleh's victory was marked by an election
that international observers judged was "partly free", though the election was accompanied by
violence, violations of press freedoms, and allegations of fraud.[246] Parliamentary elections
were held in April 2003, and the General People's Congress maintained an absolute majority.
Saleh remained almost uncontested in his seat of power until 2011, when local frustration at his
refusal to hold another round of elections, as combined with the impact of the 2011 Arab Spring,
resulted in mass protests.[212] In 2012, he was forced to resign from power, though he remained
an important factor in Yemeni politics, allying with the Houthis during their takeover in the mid-
2010s.[247]

The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal
codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme
Court based in Sana'a. Sharia is the main source of laws, with many court cases being debated
according to the religious basis of law and many judges being religious scholars as well as legal
authorities. The Prison Authority Organization Act, Republican decree no. 48 (1981), and Prison
Act regulations, provide the legal framework for management of the country's prison system.[248]
Foreign relations

Former Yemeni President Ali Abdullah

Saleh at the Pentagon, 8 June 2004

Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation, and also participates in the nonaligned movement. Yemen has acceded to the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

Ousted Yemeni President Abdrabbuh

Mansur Hadi with U.S. Secretary of
State John Kerry, 7 May 2015

Protest against Saudi blockade of

Yemen, New York City, 2017

Since the end of the 1994 civil war, tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in
restoring normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi
Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50-year-old dispute over the location of
the border between the two countries.[249] Yemen's northern border had been undefined; the
Arabian Desert prevented any human habitation there. The Saudi – Yemen barrier was
constructed by Saudi Arabia against an influx of illegal immigrants and against the smuggling of
drugs and weapons.[250] The Independent headed an article with "Saudi Arabia, one of the most
vocal critics in the Arab world of Israel's "security fence" in the West Bank, is quietly emulating
the Israeli example by erecting a barrier along its porous border with Yemen."[251]

In March 2020, the Trump administration and key U.S. allies, including Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates, cut off tens of millions of dollars for health care programs and other aid to
the United Nations' appeal for Yemen. As a result of funding cuts, the United Nations Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated that the UN agencies were forced to either close
or reduce more than 75 per cent of its programs that year alone, affecting more than 8 million
people. Saudi Arabia had been leading a Western-backed military coalition, including the United
Arab Emirates as a key member, which intervened in Yemen in 2015, in a bid to restore the
government ousted from power by the Houthi movement. The United Nations described the
situation in Yemen, where the war killed tens of thousands of people and left millions on the
brink of famine, as the world's worst humanitarian crisis.[252]

In January 2024, President Joe Biden announced that the United States, Britain and allies
Australia, Bahrain, Canada and the Netherlands had launched a military assault on Houthi
militant targets in Yemen.[253]

Military

Soldiers of the Yemeni Army in 2011.

The armed forces of Yemen include the Yemen Army (includes Republican Guard), Navy
(includes Marines), Yemeni Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawwiya al Yamaniya; includes Air Defense
Force). A major reorganization of the armed forces continues. The unified air forces and air
defenses are now under one command. The navy has concentration in Aden. Total armed forces
manning numbers about 401,000 active personnel, including moreover especially conscripts.

The number of military personnel is relatively high; in sum, Yemen has the second largest
military force on the Arabian Peninsula after Saudi Arabia. In 2012, total active troops were
estimated as follows: army, 390,000; navy, 7,000; and air force, 5,000. In September 2007, the
government announced the reinstatement of compulsory military service. Yemen's defense
budget, which in 2006 represented approximately 40 percent of the total government budget, is
expected to remain high for the near term, as the military draft takes effect and internal security
threats continue to escalate. By 2012, Yemen had 401,000 active personnel.

Human rights
Corruption in Yemen is such that it ranked 176 out of 180 countries in the 2022 Corruption
Perceptions Index.[254] The government and its security forces have been responsible for torture,
inhumane treatment, and extrajudicial executions. There are arbitrary arrests of citizens,
especially in the south, as well as arbitrary searches of homes. Prolonged pretrial detention is a
serious problem, and judicial corruption, inefficiency, and executive interference undermine due
process. Freedom of speech, the press, and religion are all restricted.[255] Journalists critical of
the government are often harassed and threatened by the police.[173] Homosexuality is illegal,
punishable by death.[256]

Yemen is ranked last of 135 countries in the 2012 Global Gender Gap Report.[257] Human Rights
Watch reported on discrimination and violence against women as well as on the abolition of the
minimum marriage age of 15 for women. The onset of puberty (interpreted by some to be as low
as the age of nine) was set as a requirement for marriage instead.[258] Publicity about the case
of ten-year-old Yemeni divorcee Nujood Ali brought the child marriage issue to the forefront
worldwide.[259][260][261]
In 2017, the UN Human Rights Council voted to create a team of experts to investigate
suspected breaches of humanitarian law and human rights in Yemen.[262] In December 2021,
The Guardian revealed, Saudi Arabia used "incentives and threats" as part of a pressure
campaign to end a UN inquiry into human rights infringements in Yemen.[263] In June 2020, a
human rights group revealed the scale of torture and deaths in Yemen's unofficial detention
centres. UAE and Saudi forces were responsible for some of the most shocking treatment of
prisoners, including being hung upside down for hours and sexual torture such as the burning of
genitals.[264]

According to 2020 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates, 6.1 million girls and
women were in need of gender-based violence services. The UNFPA also reported a rise in
gender-based violence cases amid COVID-19 pandemic, increase in rate of child marriages,
most acutely among internally displaced persons (IDPs). One in five girls aged 10 to 19 were
married in IDP camps, compared to 1 in 8 in host communities.[265]

The United States Department of State 2013 Trafficking in Persons report classified Yemen as a
Tier 3 country,[266] meaning that its government does not fully comply with the minimum
standards against human trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so.[267] Yemen
officially abolished slavery in Yemen in 1962,[268] but it is still being practiced.[269] On 22 June
2020, Human Rights Watch wrote an open letter to the UN Secretary-General on "Children and
Armed Conflict" report to improve the protection of children in Yemen and in Myanmar.[270]
Amnesty said, United Nations Security Council must urgently fix its monitoring and reporting
mechanism for children impacted by armed conflict.[271] On 14 September 2020, Human Rights
Watch demanded an end to the interference caused by Houthi rebels and other authorities in
Yemen aid operations, as millions of lives dependent on the aid operations were being put at
risk.[272]
Administrative divisions

Map of the Federal Regions of Yemen

Yemen is divided into twenty governorates (muhafazat – the latest being Raymah Governorate,
which was created during 2004) plus one municipality called "Amanat Al-Asemah" (the latter
containing the constitutional capital, Sana'a).[273] An additional governorate (Soqatra
Governorate) was created in December 2013 comprising Socotra Island, previously part of
Hadramaut Governorate.[274] The governorates are subdivided into 333 districts (muderiah),
which are subdivided into 2,210 sub-districts, and then into 38,284 villages (as of 2001).

In 2014, a constitutional panel decided to divide the country into six regions—four in the north,
two in the south, and capital Sana'a outside of any region—creating a federalist model of
governance.[275] This federal proposal was a contributing factor toward the Houthis' subsequent
coup d'état against the government.[276][277][278]

Governorates of Yemen

1 S d
 1. Saada
2. Al Jawf
3. Hadhramaut
4. Al Mahrah
5. Hajjah
6. 'Amran
7. Al Mahwit
8. Amanat Al Asimah
(Sana'a City)
9. Sana'a
10. Ma'rib
11. Al Hudaydah
12. Raymah
13. Dhamar
14. Ibb
15. Dhale
16. Al Bayda
17. Shabwah
18. Taiz
19. Lahij
20. Abyan
21. Aden
22. Socotra

Economía

Historical GDP per capita

development
Since its unification in 1990, Yemen has been one of the poorest countries in the Middle
East.[279] As of 2013 Yemen had a GDP (PPP) of US$61.63 billion, with an income per capita of
$2,500. Services are the largest economic sector (61.4% of GDP), followed by the industrial
sector (30.9%), and agriculture (7.7%). Of these, petroleum production represents around 25% of
GDP and 63% of the government's revenue.[4] After the start of the civil war in 2014, its GDP
dropped rapidly by over 50%,[280][281] thanks to the blockade led by Saudi Arabia and an effective
embargo on oil exports imposed by the Houthis.[282]

Agriculture

A coffee plantation in Yemen

Principal agricultural commodities produced include grain, vegetables, fruits, pulses, qat, coffee,
cotton, dairy products, fish, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), and poultry.[4] Most Yemenis
are employed in agriculture. However, the role of agricultural sector is limited by the relatively
low share of the sector in GDP and the large share of net food-buying households (97%).[283]
Sorghum is the most common crop. Cotton and many fruit trees are also grown, with mangoes
being the most valuable.

A big problem in Yemen is the cultivation of Khat (or qat), a psychoactive plant that releases a
stimulant when chewed, and accounts for up to 40 percent of the water drawn from the Sana'a
Basin each year, and that figure is rising. Some agricultural practices are drying the Sana'a Basin
and displaced vital crops, which has resulted in increasing food prices. Rising food prices, in
turn, pushed an additional six percent of the country into poverty in 2008 alone,[284] and led to
food riots starting in 2008 in poorer cities.[285] Efforts are being made by the government and
Dawoodi Bohra community at northern governorates to replace qat with coffee plantations.[286]
Industry
The industrial sector is centred on crude oil production and petroleum refining, food processing,
handicrafts, small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods, aluminum products,
commercial ship repair, cement, and natural gas production. In 2013, Yemen had an industrial
production growth rate of 4.8%.[4] It also has large proven reserves of natural gas.[287] Yemen's
first liquified natural gas plant began production in October 2009.

Export and import

In 2013, exports totaled $6.694 billion. The main export commodities are crude oil, coffee, dried
and salted fish, liquefied natural gas. These products were mainly sent to China (41%), Thailand
(19.2%), India (11.4%), and South Korea (4.4%). Imports totaled $10.97 billion. The main
imported commodities are machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, livestock, and chemicals.
These products were mainly imported from the EU (48.8%), UAE (9.8%), Switzerland (8.8%),
China (7.4%), and India (5.8%).[4]

State budget

Drilling for oil using a land rig

As of 2013, the government's budget consisted of $7.769 billion in revenues and $12.31 billion in
expenditures. Taxes and other revenues constituted roughly 17.7% of the GDP, with a budget
deficit of 10.3%. The public debt was 47.1% of GDP. Yemen had reserves of foreign exchange
and gold of around $5.538 billion in 2013. Its inflation rate over the same period based on
consumer prices was 11.8%. The external debt totaled $7.806 billion.[4]

Water supply and sanitation

A key challenge is severe water scarcity, especially in the Highlands, prompting The Times, in
2009, to write "Yemen could become first nation to run out of water."[288] A second key challenge
is a high level of poverty, making it difficult to recover the costs of service provision. Access to
water supply sanitation is low. Yemen is both the poorest country and the most water-scarce
country in the Arab world. Third, the capacity of sector institutions to plan, build, operate and
maintain infrastructure remains limited. Last but not least the security situation makes it even
more difficult to improve or even maintain existing levels of service.

The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year (101 gallons per day)
for all uses, while the Middle Eastern average is 1,000 m3/yr, and the internationally defined
threshold for water stress is 1,700 cubic meters per year.[289] Groundwater is the main source of
water in the country, but the water tables have dropped severely leaving Yemen without a viable
source of water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 metres (98 feet) below surface in
the 1970s but had dropped to 1,200 metres (3,900 feet) below the surface by 2012. The
groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments.[290]

Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by
experts who worried that Yemen would be the first country to run out of water.[291] In part due to
the 2015 Yemeni civil war, the infrastructure required to build better access to water has been
delayed in construction. It is estimated that as many as 80% of the population struggles to
access water to drink and bathe. Bombing has forced many Yemenis to leave their homes for
other areas, leaving wells in the new areas under increasing demands.[292]

Together with partners, UNICEF has advanced its efforts and provided access to safe and
sustained drinking water to 8.8 million people (5.3 million children). It scaled up its emergency
WASH assistance in Yemen to ensure sustainable WASH services through capacity building of
local WASH authorities, solarisation of water systems and rainwater harvesting.[293]

Demografía

Population density (2022)

Yemen's population is 33 million by 2021 estimates,[294][295] with 46% of the population being
under 15 years old and 2.7% above 65 years. In 1950, it was 4.3 million.[296][297] By 2050, the
population is estimated to increase to about 60 million.[298] Yemen has a high total fertility rate,
at 4.45 children per woman.[299] Sana'a's population has increased rapidly, from roughly 55,000 in
1978[300] to nearly 1 million in the early 21st century.[301]
People

Yemen's tribal areas and Shia/Sunni regions. Shia

Muslims predominant in the green area of Yemen's
West, with the rest of Yemen being Sunni Muslims

When the states of North and South Yemen were established, most resident minority groups
departed.[302] Yemen is a largely tribal society.[303] There are also hereditary caste groups in
urban areas such as Al-Akhdam.[304] There are also Yemenis of Persian origin. According to
Muqaddasi, Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century.[305][306]

Yemenite Jews once formed a sizable minority with a distinct culture from other Jewish
communities in the world.[307] Most emigrated to Israel in the mid-20th century, following the
Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries and Operation Magic Carpet. An estimated
100,000 people of Indian origin are concentrated in the southern part of the country, around
Aden, Mukalla, Shihr, Lahaj, Mokha and Hodeidah.[308]

Most of the prominent Indonesians, Malaysians, and Singaporeans of Arab descent are
Hadhrami people with origins in southern Yemen in the Hadhramaut coastal region.[309] Today
there are almost 10,000 Hadramis in Singapore.[310] The Hadramis migrated to Southeast Asia,
East Africa and the Indian subcontinent.[311]
The Maqil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes of Yemeni origin who migrated westwards via
Egypt. Several groups of Yemeni Arabs turned south to Mauritania, and by the end of the 17th
century, they dominated the entire country. They can also be found throughout Morocco and in
Algeria as well as in other North African countries.[312]

Yemen is the birthplace of the Arabs and the language; Qahtanite Arabs —the original Arabs —
originated in Yemen. According to Arab tradition, Ishmael son of Abraham married a woman
from the Jurhum tribe.[313]

Yemen is the only country in the Arabian Peninsula that is signatory to two international accords
dating back to 1951 and 1967 governing the protection of refugees.[314] Yemen hosted a
population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 124,600 in 2007. Refugees
and asylum seekers were predominantly from Somalia (110,600), Iraq (11,000), Ethiopia
(2,000),[315] and Syria.[316] Additionally, more than 334,000 Yemenis have been internally
displaced by conflict.[314] The Yemeni diaspora is largely concentrated in neighbouring Saudi
Arabia, where between 800,000 and 1 million Yemenis reside,[317] and the United Kingdom, home
to between 70,000 and 80,000 Yemenis.[318]

Languages
Modern Standard Arabic is the official language, while Yemeni Arabic is used as the vernacular.
In al Mahrah Governorate in the far east and the island of Socotra, several non-Arabic languages
are spoken.[319][320] Yemeni Sign Language is used by the deaf community.

Yemen is part of the homeland of the South Semitic languages. Mehri is the largest South
Semitic language spoken in the nation, with more than 70,000 speakers. The ethnic group is
called Mahra. Soqotri is another South Semitic language, with speakers on the island of Socotra
isolated from the pressures of Arabic on the Yemeni mainland. According to the 1990 census,
the number of speakers was 57,000.[321] Yemen was home of the Old South Arabian languages.
The Razihi language appears to be the only remaining Old South Arabian language.

English is the most important foreign language, being widely taught and spoken mostly in the
south, a former British protectorate.[322]
Religion

Religion in Yemen[323]

Sunni Islam 56.36%

Zaidiyyah (Shia Islam) 42.1%
Others 1.54%

Islam is the state religion. Religion in Yemen consists primarily of two Islamic religious groups.
According to a UNHCR report, the Shia "Zaydis make up about 45 percent of the population,
Sunnis 53 percent and there are also tiny minorities of other Shia groups—the Ismaili and
Twelver communities."[324] Sunnis are primarily Shafi'i but also include significant groups of
Malikis and Hanbalis. Shias are primarily Zaydi and also have significant minorities of Ismaili[325]
and Twelver[325][326] Shias.

The Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast which traditionally have less
population. The Zaidis/Shias are predominantly in the north and northwest where the vast
majority of the Yemeni population traditionally lives whilst the Ismailis are in the main centres
such as Sana'a and Ma'rib. There are mixed communities in the larger cities. [327][328]According
to WIN/Gallup International polls, Yemen has the highest share of the population identifying as
religious among Arab countries, and one of the highest in the world.[329]

About .05 percent of Yemenis are non-Muslim—adhering to Christianity, Judaism, or Hinduism or

having no religious affiliation. Yemen is number five on Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List, an
annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.[330]
Estimates of the number of Christians in Yemen range from 25,000[331] to 41,000.[332] A 2015
study estimates 400 Christians from a Muslim background reside in the country.[333] There are
approximately 50 or fewer Jews left in Yemen. Some 200 Yemeni Jews were brought to Israel by
the Jewish Agency c. 2016.[334] According to a 2020 estimate, as few as 26 Jews remain in
Yemen.[335] However, in 2022 it was estimated that only one Yemeni Jew remained according to
a United Nations report about the treatment of religious minorities in conflict zones; however,
there are reportedly a handful of "hidden Jews" who have converted to Islam but secretly
continue to practice Judaism.[336]

Education

Literacy rate of the population aged

15 or older (1995–2015) by UNESCO
Institute of Statistics

The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 64%.[337] The government has committed to reduce illiteracy
to less than 10% by 2025.[338] Although the government provides for universal, compulsory, free
education for children ages six through 15, the U.S. Department of State reports that compulsory
attendance is not enforced. The government developed the National Basic Education
Development Strategy in 2003 that aimed at providing education to 95% of children between the
ages of six and 14 years and also at decreasing the gap between males and females in urban
and rural areas.[339]

A seven-year project to improve gender equity and the quality and efficiency of secondary
education, focusing on girls in rural areas, was approved by the World Bank in March 2008.
Following this, Yemen has increased its education spending from 5% of GDP in 1995 to 10% in
2005.[173]

According to the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, the top-ranking universities in the
country are the Yemeni University of Science & Technology (6532nd worldwide), Al Ahgaff
University (8930th) and Sanaa University (11043rd).[340] Yemen was ranked 131st in the Global
Innovation Index in 2021, down from 129th in 2019.[341][342][343][344]

Health

A Yemeni doctor examines an infant

in a USAID-sponsored health care
clinic

Despite the significant progress the government has made to expand and improve its health
care system over the past decade, the system remains severely underdeveloped. Total
expenditures on health care in 2002 constituted 3.7 percent of GDP.[345] In that same year, the
per capita expenditure for health care was very low, as compared with other Middle Eastern
countries—US$58 according to United Nations statistics and US$23 according to the World
Health Organization.

According to the World Bank, the number of doctors rose by an average of more than 7 percent
between 1995 and 2000, but as of 2004, there were still only three doctors per 10,000 persons.
In 2003, Yemen had only 0.6 hospital beds available per 1,000 persons.[345] Health care services
are particularly scarce in rural areas. Only 25 percent of rural areas are covered by health
services, as compared with 80 percent of urban areas. Emergency services, such as ambulance
service and blood banks, are non-existent.[345]
Cultura

The National Museum in Sana'a

Typical Yemeni house

Dance in Sa'dah, northwestern Yemen

Media
Radio broadcasting in Yemen began in the 1940s.[346] After unification in 1990, the government
reformed its corporations and founded some additional radio stations that broadcast locally.
However, it drew back after 1994, due to destroyed infrastructure resulting from the 1994 civil
war.
Television is the most significant media platform. Given the low literacy rate in the country,
television is the main source of news. There are six free-to-air channels currently headquartered
in Yemen, of which four are state-owned.[347] The Yemeni film industry is in its early stages; only
eight Yemeni films have been released as of 2023.

Theatre
Yemeni theatre dates to the early 20th century. Both amateur and professional (government-
sponsored) theatre troupes perform in the country's major urban centres. Many significant poets
and authors, like Ali Ahmed Ba Kathir, Muhammad al-Sharafi, and Wajdi al-Ahdal, have written
dramatic works; poems, novels, and short stories by Yemeni authors like Mohammad Abdul-Wali
and Abdulaziz Al-Maqaleh have also been adapted for the stage.

There have been Yemeni productions of plays by Arab authors such as Tawfiq al-Hakim and
Saadallah Wannous and by Western authors, including Shakespeare, Pirandello, Brecht, and
Tennessee Williams. Historically speaking, Aden is the cradle of Yemeni theatre; in recent
decades Sana'a has hosted numerous theatre festivals, often in conjunction with World Theatre
Day.

Sport
Football is the most popular sport. The Yemen Football Association is a member of FIFA and
AFC. The Yemeni national football team participates internationally. The country also hosts
many football clubs. They compete in the national and international leagues.

Yemen's mountains provide many opportunities for outdoor sports, such as biking, rock
climbing, trekking, hiking, and other more challenging sports, including mountain climbing.
Mountain climbing and hiking tours to the Sarawat Mountains, including peaks of 3,000 m
(9,800 ft) and above, particularly that of An-Nabi Shu'ayb,[237][240] are seasonally organized by
local and international alpine agencies. The coastal areas and Socotra provide many
opportunities for water sports, such as surfing, bodyboarding, sailing, swimming, and scuba
diving. Socotra is home to some of the best surfing destinations in the world.

Camel jumping is a traditional sport that is becoming increasingly popular among the Zaraniq
tribe on the west coast. Camels are placed side to side and victory goes to the competitor who
leaps, from a running start, over the most camels. Tribesmen (women may not compete) tuck
their robes around their waists for freedom of movement while running and leaping.[348]

Yemen's biggest sports event was hosting the 20th Arabian Gulf Cup in Aden and Abyan in 2010.
Yemen was defeated in the first three matches of the tournament.[349]

World Heritage sites

High-rise architecture at Shibam, Wadi Hadhramaut‌

Among its natural and cultural attractions are four World Heritage sites.[350][351] The Old Walled
City of Shibam in Wadi Hadhramaut, inscribed by UNESCO in 1982, two years after Yemen joined
the World Heritage Committee, is nicknamed "Manhattan of the Desert" because of its
skyscrapers. Surrounded by a fortified wall made of mud and straw, the 16th-century city is one
of the oldest examples of urban planning based on the principle of vertical construction.[352]

The Old City of Sana'a, at an altitude of more than 2,100 metres (7,000 ft), has been inhabited for
over two and a half millennia, and was inscribed in 1986. Sana'a became a major Islamic centre
in the seventh century, and the 103 mosques, 14 hammams (traditional bathhouses), and more
than 6,000 houses that survive all date from before the 11th century.[353]

Close to the Red Sea coast, the historic town of Zabid, inscribed in 1993, was Yemen's capital
from the 13th to the 15th century, and is an archaeological and historical site. It played an
important role for many centuries because of its university, which was a centre of learning for
the whole Arab and Islamic world.[354]

The latest addition to Yemen's list of World Heritage Sites is the Socotra Archipelago. Mentioned
by Marco Polo in the 13th century, this remote and isolated archipelago consists of four islands
and two rocky islets delineating the southern limit of the Gulf of Aden. The site has a rich
biodiversity. Nowhere else in the world do 37% of Socotra's 825 plants, 90% of its reptiles and
95% of its snails occur. It is home to 192 bird species, 253 species of coral, 730 species of
coastal fish, and 300 species of crab and lobster,[355] as well as the Dragon's Blood Tree
(Dracaena cinnabari).[356] The cultural heritage of Socotra includes the unique Soqotri language.

Ver también

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Notas

a. The area of Yemen including the area

ceded by Saudi Arabia is 555,000 square
kilometers.[5] However, due to the Saudi-
Yemen barrier, Yemen is often considered
to still be 530,000 square kilometers.

b. (Arabic: ‫ٱْلُج ْم ُه وِرَّي ُة ٱْلَي َم ِن َّي ُة‬, romanized: al-

Jumhūriyya l-Yamaniyya (ALA-LC: al-
Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), lit. 'the Yemeni
Republic')

1. Constitutional capital under Houthi

movement control

2. Claimed by the Presidential Leadership

Council as its provisional capital[1]
 3. Disputed by Mahdi al-Mashat of the
Supreme Political Council. Despite not
holding an official position in the
government, Houthi movement leader
Abdul-Malik al-Houthi controls the SPC.

4. Disputed by Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour of the

Supreme Political Council

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86372-401-9.

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533693-1.

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533693-1.

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533693-1.

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89. Gerhard Lichtenthäler Political Ecology and

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90. J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver The

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93. Farhad Daftary The Isma'ilis: Their History

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94. Fatima Mernissi The Forgotten Queens of

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‫السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو‬
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‫السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدو‬
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‫السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول‬
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‫السياسية ومظاهر الحضارة في اليمن في عهد الدول‬
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enlaces externos

Couto, Diogo do; Yemen

Observações sobre as at Wikipedia's
sister projects
principais causas da
decadência dos Definitions
portugueses na Ásia (in from
Wiktionary
Portuguese) Media from
Commons
Official website (http:// News from
Wikinews
www.yemen.gov.ye/) Quotations
of the Government of from
Wikiquote
Yemen (in Arabic) Texts from
Wikisource
Yemen Government (ht Textbooks
tps://web.archive.org/ from
Wikibooks
web/2009032909111
Resources
3/http://yemenparliam from
Wikiversity
ent.org/) – official
Travel
portal (At the Wayback information
from
Machine, March 2009)
Wikivoyage
(in Arabic)
Yemen (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-f
actbook/countries/yemen/) . The World
Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Yemen (http://ucblibraries.summon.seri
alssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&
q=yemen) web resources provided by
GovPubs at the University of Colorado
Boulder Libraries
Yemen (https://curlie.org/Regional/Midd
le_East/Yemen) at Curlie
Yemen profile (https://www.bbc.co.uk/n
ews/world-middle-east-14704852)
from the BBC News
Müller, David Heinrich (1888). "Yemen"
(https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclo
p%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/
Yemen) . Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. XXIV (9th ed.). p. 738–741.
 Wahab, Robert Alexander (1911).
"Yemen" (https://en.wikisource.org/wik
i/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/
Yemen) . Encyclopædia Britannica.
Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 913-914.
Wikimedia Atlas of Yemen
Diogo do Couto, o português da Índia há
500 anos (https://observador.pt/2016/1
2/16/diogo-do-couto-o-portugues-da-ind
ia-ha-500-anos/)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Yemen&oldid=1219223768"
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