History Of Sudan

The history of Sudan includes that of both the territory that composes Republic of the

Sudan, South Sudan as well as that of a larger region known by the term "Sudan". The term
is derived from Arabic: ‫بالد السودان‬ bilād as-sūdān, or "land of the black people", and can be
used more loosely of West and Central Africa in general, especially the Sahel.
The modern Republic of Sudan was formed in 1956 and inherited its boundaries from Anglo-
Egyptian Sudan, established in 1899. For times predating 1899, usage of the term "Sudan"
for the territory of the Republic of Sudan was somewhat anachronistic, and may have referred
to the more diffuse concept of the Sudan.
The early history of the Kingdom of Kush, located along the Nile region in what is now
northern Sudan, is intertwined with the history of ancient Egypt, with which it was politically
allied over several ruling periods. By virtue of its proximity to Egypt, the Sudan participated in
the wider history of the Near East, with the most popular episodes being the 25th dynasty and
the Christianization of the three Nubian kingdoms Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia in the sixth
century. As a result of Christianization, the Old Nubian language stands as the oldest
recorded Nilo-Saharan language (earliest records dating to the eighth century) in an
adaptation of the Coptic alphabet). While Islam was already present in the Sudanese Red
Sea coast and the adjacent territories since the 7th century, the Nile Valley did not undergo
formal Islamization until the 14th-15th century, following the decline of the Christian kingdoms.
The kingdoms were succeeded by the Sultanate of Sennar in the early 16th century, which
controlled large parts of the Nile Valley and the Eastern Desert, while the kingdoms
of Darfur controlled the western part of Sudan. Two small kingdoms arose in the southern
regions, the Shilluk Kingdom of 1490, and Taqali of 1750, near modern-day South Sudan, but
both northern and southern regions were soon seized by Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the
1820s. Resentment toward the oppressive rule of Muhammad Ali and his immediate
successors is credited for stirring up resentment toward the Turco-Egyptian rulers that
contributed to the Sudanese struggle for independence led by Muhammad Ahmad in 1881.
Since its independence in 1956, the history of Sudan has been plagued by internal conflict,
viz. the First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972), the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005),
culminating in the secession of South Sudan on 9 July 2011, and the War in Darfur (2003–
2010)
 History Of Yemen
ْ
Yemen (/ ˈjɛmən /; Arabic: ‫ٱل َي َمن‬, romanized: al-Yaman), officially the Republic of
ْ ْ
ِ ‫ٱل ُج ْمه‬, romanized: al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah, literally "Yemeni
Yemen (Arabic: ‫ُوريَّة ٱل َي َم ِنيَّة‬
Republic"), is a country at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is the
second-largest Arab in the peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres (203,850 square
miles). The coastline stretches for about 2,000 kilometres (1,sovereign state200 miles). It is
bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of
Aden and Guardafui Channel to the south, and the Arabian Sea and Oman to the east.
Yemen's territory encompasses more than 200 islands, including Socotra, one of the largest
islands in the Middle East.
Yemen is a member of the Arab League, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement and
the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.Yemen's constitutionally stated capital is the city
of Sana'a, but the city has been under Houthi rebel control since February 2015. Yemen is
a developing country and the most corrupt country in the Arab world. In 2019, the United
Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid
with 24.1 million people in need.
In ancient times, Yemen was the home of the Sabaeans, a trading state that flourished for
over a thousand years and included parts of modern-day Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 275 CE, the
region came under the rule of the later Jewish-influenced Himyarite
Kingdom. Christianity arrived in the fourth century. Islam spread quickly in the seventh century
and Yemenite troops were crucial in the early Islamic conquests. 
Administration of Yemen has long been notoriously difficult. Several dynasties emerged from
the ninth to 16th centuries, the Rasulid dynasty being the strongest and most prosperous. The
country was divided between the Ottoman and British empires in the early twentieth century.
The Zaydi Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was established after World War I in North
Yemen before the creation of the Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. 
South Yemen remained a British protectorate known as the Aden Protectorate until 1967
when it became an independent state and later, a Marxist-Leninist state.
The two Yemeni states united to form the modern Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūrīyah al-
Yamanīyah) in 1990. President Ali Abdullah Saleh was the first president of the new republic
until his resignation in 2012.
His rule has been described as a kleptocracy.Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state
of political crisis starting with street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and
president Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit,
in effect making him president for life. 
President Saleh stepped down and the powers of the presidency were transferred to Vice
President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was formally elected president on 21 February 2012
in a one-candidate election.
The total absence of central government during this transition process exacerbated several
clashes on-going in the country, like the armed conflict between the Houthi rebels of Ansar
Allah militia and the al-Islah forces, as well as the al-Qaeda insurgency.
In September 2014, the Houthis took over Sana'a with the help of the ousted president
Saleh, later declaring themselves the national government after a coup d'état; Saleh was shot
dead by a sniper in Sana'a in December 2017. This resulted in a new civil war and a Saudi-
led military intervention aimed at restoring Hadi's government. At least 56,000 civilians and
combatants have been killed in armed violence in Yemen since January 2016.
The conflict has resulted in a famine affecting 17 million people. The lack of safe drinking
water, caused by depleted aquifers and the destruction of the country's water infrastructure,
has also caused the largest, fastest-spreading cholera outbreak in modern history, with the
number of suspected cases exceeding 994,751. Over 2,226 people have died since the
outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017.