Development length in tension for beams according to ACI 318-19:

‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻃﻮل اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ أﺳﻴﺎخ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ واﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد ا ﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
:‫ﻳﻠﻰ‬
1. The general development length equation (Eq. (25.4.2.4a)):

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+
= ∗ ∗
". " ∗ $ ∗ % &- + / 0 -
, 1
′
&
-

2. The simplified provisions of 25.4.2.3:

Spacing and cover No. 19 and smaller bars No. 22 and larger bars
Clear spacing of bars being
developed or lap spliced not less ?@ ∗ (A ∗ (B ∗ (C ?@ ∗ (A ∗ (B ∗ (C
> H ∗ IJ > H ∗ IJ
than db, clear cover at least db, and D. " ∗ E ∗ %?FG ". S ∗ E ∗ %?FG
stirrups or ties throughout ℓd not Above equation derived based on: Above equation derived based on:
less than the Code minimum.
FJ + L AM FJ + L AM
Or , 1 = ". NO , 1 = ". NO
IJ IJ

Clear spacing of bars being (P =0.8 (P = "

developed or lap spliced at least 2
db and clear cover at least db
?@ ∗ (A ∗ (B ∗ (C ?@ ∗ (A ∗ (B ∗ (C
> H ∗ IJ > H ∗ IJ
". T ∗ E ∗ %?FG ". " ∗ E ∗ %?FG
Above equation derived based on: Above equation derived based on:

Other cases FJ + L AM FJ + L AM
, 1=" , 1="
IJ IJ

(P =0.8 (P =1

:‫ت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬5 ‫وط اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎد‬-.‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ اﻟ‬

• UVB WXYZBP [? % G
& ZPBI A[ FXYFZYXAB IBWBY[\]B^A YB^CAV PVXYY ^[A B_FBBI `. a bcX

% G
& d `. aO efg

• UVB F[^?h^B]B^A ABM] (&- + / 0 )/ - PVXYY ^[A B_FBBI D. N

&- + / 0
, 1 d D. NO
-

• AVB \M[IZFA [? AVB FXPAh^C \[PhAh[^ ?XFA[M X^I B\[_@ ?XFA[M (A (B PVXYY ^[A B_FBBI ". S

( ∗ () d ". SO
Calculate the development length Ld for the un
coated bottom and top beam bars using the
following data:
Jl = aOO ]] A = mOO ]]
nP A[\ = aU"T n P J[AA[] = aUDD

?FG = D` b\X ?@ = TDO b\X

Solution:

Design of development length in bottom tension bars

A. Ld for bottom bars using simplified equation:
ohIB FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP FF" = PhIB FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM = aO + "O = TO ]] = ". `D -

J[AA[] FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP FFD = J[AA[] FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM = TO + "O = NO ]] = D. DS -

Jl − (D ∗ PhIB FYBXM F[WBM) − (D ∗ IJA ) − IJ aOO − mO − DO − DD

pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = = = rr ss
D D
pYBXM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP − IJ = rr − DD = SS ]] = a. NOIJ

oh^FB FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP ≥ IJ X^I FYBXM P\XFh^C ≥ DIJ ZPB Ph]\Yh?hBI BuZXAh[^

! ∗ v ∗ v) ∗ v+
=> H∗ -
". S ∗ $ ∗ % G
&

v = ". O v) = ". O v+ = ". O $ = ". O

! ∗ v ∗ v) ∗ v+ TDO ∗ ". O ∗ ". O ∗ ". O

=> H∗ - =, 1∗ - = TS -
". S ∗ $ ∗ % G
& ". S ∗ ". O ∗ √D`

= TS ∗ DD = "OaT ss > YIA ]h^ = aOO ]] [L

 B. Ld for bottom bars using general equation:

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+
= ∗ ∗
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G & +/ 0 -
& , - 1
-

v = ". O v) = ". O (* = ". O v+ = ". O $ = ". O

Cb is a factor that represents the least of the side cover, the concrete cover to the bar (in both cases
measured to the center of the bar), or one-half the center-to-center spacing.
FJ" = PhIB FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM + O. NIJ = aO + "O + "" = N" ]]
FJD = J[AA[] FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM + O. NIJ = TO + "O + "" = m" ]]
FJa = O. N ∗ pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = O. N ∗ rr = Tr. N ]] F[^AM[YP

Ktr is a factor that represents the contribution of confining reinforcement across potential splitting
planes.
TO ∗ | 0
/0=
*∗}
n = the number of bars being developed or lap spliced along the plane of splitting.
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse bars within Ld.
L AM FXYFZYXABI ?M[] V[Mh•[^AXY P\YhAAh^C (?XhYZMB) \YX^B:
• •
n AM = D ∗ € ‚ ∗ IDJA = D ∗ € ‚ ∗ "OD = "NS ]]D P = "NO ]] ^ = a JXMP
T T
TO ∗ n AM TO ∗ "NS
L AM = = = "a. rm
P∗^ "NO ∗ a
FJ + L AM Tr. N + "a. rm FJ + L AM
= = D. `` > D. NO ZPB = D. NO
IJ DD IJ

L AM FXYFZYXABI ?M[] WBMAhFXY P\YhAAh^C (?XhYZMB) \YX^B:

• •
n AM = € ‚ ∗ IDJA = € ‚ ∗ "OD = S`. N ]]D P = "NO ]] ^ = " JXMP
T T
TO ∗ n AM TO ∗ S`. N
L AM = = = "D. SN
P∗^ "NO ∗ "
FJ + L AM Tr. N + "D. SN FJ + L AM
= = D. `a > D. NO ZPB = D. NO
IJ DD IJ

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+ TDO ". O ∗ ". O ∗ ". O ∗ ". O

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = Dr
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G &- + / 0 -
". " ∗ ". O ∗ √D` D. N - -
& , 1
-

= Dr ∗ DD = ma` ss > sƒ} = aOO ss „/

It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simpli†ication even if transverse reinforcement is present or
required.
‡? L AM hP AXLB^ XP •BM[ XFF[MIh^C A[ np‡ a"` − "r:

FJ + L AM Tr. N + O. O FJ + L AM
= = D. DN < D. NO ZPB = D. DN
IJ DD IJ

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+ TDO ". O ∗ ". O ∗ ". O ∗ ". O

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = aa
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G &- + / 0 -
". " ∗ ". O ∗ √D` D. DN - -
& , 1
-

= aa ∗ DD = SDm ss > sƒ} = aOO ss „/

Results of calculations for development length in tension bottom bars:

ACI 318-19 Equations YIA

Simplified equation 1034 mm

General equation (ktr = calculated) 638 mm

General equation (ktr =0.0) 726 mm

‫ ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮد ا ﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬٣ ‫ﺳﻴﺎخ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﺑـ‬58‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻃﻮل اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ‬

Design of development length in top tension bars

A. Ld for top bars using simplified equation:
ohIB FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP FF" = PhIB FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM = aO + "O = TO ]] = D. `m -

U[\ FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP FFD = U[\ FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM = TO + "O = NO ]] = a. NS -

Jl − (D ∗ PhIB FYBXM F[WBM) − (D ∗ IJA ) − IJ aOO − mO − DO − "T

pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = = = "Oa ss
D D
pYBXM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP − IJ = "Oa − "T = `r ]] = m. amIJ

oh^FB FYBXM F[WBM [? JXMP ≥ IJ X^I FYBXM P\XFh^C ≥ DIJ ZPB Ph]\Yh?hBI BuZXAh[^

! ∗ v ∗ v) ∗ v+
=> H∗ -
D. " ∗ $ ∗ % G
&

v = ". a v) = ". O v+ = ". O $ = ". O

! ∗ v ∗ v) ∗ v+ TDO ∗ ". a ∗ ". O ∗ ". O

=> H∗ - =, 1∗ - = NO -
D. " ∗ $ ∗ % G
& D. " ∗ ". O ∗ √D`

= NO ∗ "T = SOO ss > YIA ]h^ = aOO ]] [L

 A. Ld for top bars using general equation:

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+
= ∗ ∗
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G & +/ 0 -
& , - 1
-

v = ". a v) = ". O (* = O. ` v+ = ". O $ = ". O

Cb is a factor that represents the least of the side cover, the concrete cover to the bar (in both cases
measured to the center of the bar), or one-half the center-to-center spacing.
FJ" = PhIB FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM + O. NIJ = aO + "O + S = TS ]] F[^AM[YP

FJD = A[\ FYBXM F[WBM A[ Yh^LP + Yh^LP IhX]BABM + O. NIJ = TO + "O + S = NS ]]

FJa = O. N ∗ pB^ABM A[ FB^ABM P\XFh^C [? JXMP = O. N ∗ "Oa = N". N ]]
Ktr is a factor that represents the contribution of confining reinforcement across potential splitting
planes.
TO ∗ | 0
/0=
*∗}
n = the number of bars being developed or lap spliced along the plane of splitting.
s = maximum center-to-center spacing of transverse bars within Ld.
L AM FXYFZYXABI ?M[] V[Mh•[^AXY P\YhAAh^C (?XhYZMB) \YX^B:
• •
n AM = D ∗ € ‚ ∗ IDJA = D ∗ € ‚ ∗ "OD = "NS ]]D P = "NO ]] ^ = a JXMP
T T
TO ∗ n AM TO ∗ "NS
L AM = = = "a. rm
P∗^ "NO ∗ a
FJ + L AM TS + "a. rm FJ + L AM
= = T. aN > D. NO ZPB = D. NO
IJ "T IJ

L AM FXYFZYXABI ?M[] WBMAhFXY P\YhAAh^C (?XhYZMB) \YX^B:

• •
n AM = € ‚ ∗ IDJA = € ‚ ∗ "OD = S`. N ]]D P = "NO ]] ^ = " JXMP
T T
TO ∗ n AM TO ∗ S`. N
L AM = = = "D. SN
P∗^ "NO ∗ "
FJ + L AM TS + "D. SN FJ + L AM
= = T. DS > D. NO ZPB = D. NO
IJ "T IJ

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+ TDO ". a ∗ ". O ∗ O. ` ∗ ". O

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = a"
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G & +/ 0 -
". " ∗ ". O ∗ √D` D. N - -
& , - 1
-

= a" ∗ "T = TaT ss > sƒ} = aOO ss „/

It shall be permitted to use Ktr = 0 as a design simpli†ication even if transverse reinforcement is present or
required.

‡? L AM hP AXLB^ XP •BM[ XFF[MIh^C A[ np‡ a"` − "r:

FJ + L AM TS + O. O FJ + L AM
= = a. am > D. NO ZPB = D. N
IJ "T IJ

! ( ∗ () ∗ (* ∗ (+ TDO ". a ∗ ". O ∗ O. ` ∗ ". O

= ∗ ∗ = ∗ ∗ = a"
". " ∗ $ ∗ % G & +/ 0 -
". " ∗ ". O ∗ √D` D. NO - -
& , - 1
-

= a" ∗ "T = TaT ss > sƒ} = aOO ss „/

Results of calculations for development length in tension top bars:

ACI 318-19 Equations YIA

Simplified equation 700 mm

General equation (ktr = calculated) 434 mm

General equation (ktr =0.0) 434 mm

‫ ﻃﺮق ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻮد ا ﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ‬٣ ‫ﺳﻴﺎخ اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺑـ‬58‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻃﻮل اﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ ﻟ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺴﻄﺔ‬