CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The mud crab, Scylla serrata are large, highly sought after

Portunidae. They are usually found in mangrove environments across the

Indo-Pacific region, where they typically sustain small-to moderate-sized

coastal fisheries (Bonine et al., 2008, Brown, 1993, Lee, 1991). One of the

most traded aquaculture products is mud crabs The aquaculture in ponds of

China has been using mud crab for at least a century, and for more than 30

years in Asian nations (C. P. Balasubramanian et al., 2016). The mud crabs

are tough, they are able to survive for a long time out of the water at lower

temperatures, making them a good species for live export to other countries

(Lalramchhani et al., 2019). Scylla serrata represent a valuable component of

smallscale coastal fisheries in many countries in tropical and subtropical Asia,

for which there has been a general trend of increased exploitation in recent

years (Angell 1992; Keenan 1999). They are successfully cultivated in

Southeast Asian countries.

Various natural feed ingredients such as coconut meat, mud clam, and

squash have been explored for their potential as alternative or supplementary

sources of nutrition in mud crab diets. Coconut, in particular, is rich in macro

and micronutrients, making it a valuable protein and fiber source for animal

feed (Christia & Baltar, 2023). Mud clams have been studied for their effects

on the growth performance and nutritional quality of mud crabs, showing

significant impacts on amino acid and carotenoid contents in crab tissues

(Ardi et al., 2023). Additionally, research on mud crabs' feeding preferences

revealed that they accepted all tested feeds, with a significant preference

towards agar-based diets, indicating the potential utilization of such feeds in

aquaculture settings (Khairiyah et al., 2022). These natural ingredients offer a

diverse array of essential nutrients like proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

crucial for the growth and development of mud crabs.

Understanding how mud crabs utilize and metabolize nutrients from

unconventional feed sources is crucial for enhancing aquafeed formulations

and production practices. Research indicates that mud crabs exhibit

preferences for certain feeds, such as chicken intestines (Annette et al.,

2021), African land snails, and seaweeds like Ulva reticulate and Sargassum

cinctum (Hadijah et al., 2021). Studies have also explored the impact of

adding Crude Fish Oil (CFO) to feeds on fat and energy retention in mud

crabs (Muhammad et al., 2020). Furthermore, the fatty acid composition in the

hepatopancreas and gonads of mud crabs is influenced by factors like water

flow velocity, with implications for nutrient reserves and reproduction (Sumara

et al., 2020). By analyzing these aspects, aquaculture practitioners can refine

feed formulations to optimize nutrient utilization, growth performance, and

overall production efficiency in mud crab farming.

This study aims to elucidate the current knowledge regarding the

growth response of mud crab (Scylla serrata) fed with coconut meat, mud

clam, and squash-based diets. By synthesizing findings from relevant studies,

researchers seek to elucidate the potential benefits, challenges, and future

research directions in utilizing these natural feed ingredients to enhance mud

crab culture.
Objectives of the Study

The purpose of the study will be to evaluate the growth response and

survival rate of mud crab (Scylla serrata) reared in storage boxes and fed with

squash, coconut meat, and mud clam.

1. Determine which of the four (4) diets gain highest weight and carapace

length of mud crab (Scylla serrata).

2. Evaluate the survival rates of mud crab (Scylla serrata) fed with

different diets over a specified experimental period.

3. Determine the physio-chemical parameters of the water (temperature,

pH, and salinity).

4. Evaluate the economic viability of each treatment.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of this study revolves around understanding

the relationship between the independent variables, which are the feed

sources used in feeding mud crab (coconut meat, mud clam, and squash),

and the dependent variables, which are the growth response and survival rate

of mud crab (Scylla serrata) in cultivation.

 Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Different Natural Feeds

T 1 Mud clam Growth response and
T 2 Squash Survival rate of Mud
Crab (Scylla serrata)
T 3 coconut meat

Figure 1. Variables involve in this study.

Significance of the Study

This study will be essential to the growth and development of small-

scale crab farming, potentially improving the economic circumstances of

underprivileged coastal communities or providing them with much-needed

livelihood options. By identifying effective feed sources and management

practices that enhance the growth and survival of mud crabs, this research

has the potential to empower local communities to engage in sustainable

aquaculture activities.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study of mud crab (Scylla serrata) fattening in a storage box will be

conducted at the brackish water Fish Farm of the North Eastern Mindanao

State University – Lianga Campus. Fifteen (15) lean mud crabs (100-200

grams) will be used as experimental species. The performance of Scylla

serrata reared in storage boxes will be assessed, with the crabs being fed

with trash fish, mud clam, squash, and coconut meat for 45 days, excluding

the installation of the experimental set-up.

Definition of Terms

Coconut Meat A type of tropical fruit found in the Philippines used for

feeding the mud crab.

Diets the kind and amount of food prescribed for a person or

animal for a special reason.

Fattening causing or tending to cause an increase in body fat.

Growth the gain of individual mud crab’s length or weight with

time.

Mud Clam A type of bivalve that is usually found in the mud area

and used as food for mud crab.

Mud crab a species that used in the experimental study.

Squash A vegetable used in feeding the mud crab.

Survival Rate interval divided by initial number the number of crab’s

alive after specified time.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Taxonomy of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

The mud crab, scientifically known as Scylla serrata, belongs to the

family Portunidae. Here's a basic taxonomy breakdown:

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Malacostraca

Order: Decapoda

Family: Portunidae

Genus: Scylla

Species: Scylla serrata

Figure 2. Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

Biology of Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

The mud crab, scientifically known as Scylla serrata, is a significant

species found in the Indo-Pacific region, particularly in mangrove habitats,

estuaries, and shallow coastal waters (Samar et al., 2023). These crabs play

crucial roles in the ecosystem, being involved in the food chain, bioturbation

structure formation, and supporting fisheries harvest (Saha et al., 2023).

Studies have shown that the behavior of Scylla serrata is influenced by

environmental factors like water temperature and tidal cycles, with foraging

activities being linked to specific environmental conditions (Johan et al.,

2023).

Molting in mud crabs, like Scylla serrata and Scylla paramamosain, is a

critical process for growth and development, involving the shedding of the

exoskeleton to accommodate body size changes. Factors such as diet

composition, specifically the fishmeal/soy protein concentrate ratio, influence

growth rates during postmolt (PMolt) and intermolt (IMolt) stages (Darwin et

al., 2022). The timing of molting is influenced by tidal cycles, with a higher

occurrence during high tide, especially at night, due to rheotactic responses

aiding in air and water filling during molting (Ngoc et al., 2022). Additionally,

molting triggers dynamic changes in microbiota, immune responses, and

digestive enzyme activities, impacting the host-microbiome homeostasis in

mud crabs (Ming et al., 2021). These findings highlight the vulnerability of

crabs during molting and the multifaceted influences of environmental and

physiological factors on their growth and survival.

Habitat of Mud Crab

Scylla serrata, also known as the mud crab or mangrove crab, is

naturally found on mud or sandy-mud bottoms in mangroves and estuaries. Its

habitat ranges from South Africa to Japan and from Australia to Micronesia,

with a distribution in the Indo-Pacific region. These crabs prefer living in

estuaries and mangroves, where they can be found in shallow areas below

the low tide mark, burying themselves in the mud during the day and

emerging at night to forage for food (Kibenge, 2022).

These crabs are known for their burrowing habits, where they bury

themselves in the mud during the day and emerge at night to forage for food.

In terms of movement, Scylla serrata is a highly mobile species, with

individuals traveling long distances in search of food and suitable habitats.

They are also known to migrate between different habitats, such as

mangroves and estuaries, depending on the season and availability of food.

Scylla serrata is a social species, often found in groups or aggregations,

which may help them in foraging, predator avoidance, and reproduction. They

are also known to exhibit territorial behavior, with males defending their

burrows and females guarding their eggs (Alberts-Hubatsch et al., 2016).

They are also known for their aggressive behavior, with males trapping

females under their chests and holding them with their chelipers, forming a

mating position.

The major prey groups for S. serrata include burrowing bivalves,

attached bivalves, and small crabs In the study area, the crab's diet consisted
of bivalves (21%), detritus (12%), and gastropods (5%) (Hill, 1979). The

feeding behavior of S. serrata varies seasonally, with higher active feeding

during July until September and inactive feeding during April until June (Paul

et al., 2018).

Life Cycle of Mud Crab

The growth pattern of Scylla serrata, the mud crab, is characterized by

a process called molting or ecdysis. Unlike humans, mud crabs do not grow

continuously; instead, they must undergo molting to grow. During molting, the

crab sheds its exoskeleton to accommodate growth. The size of a mud crab is

determined by the size of its exoskeleton, and the molting process involves

the removal of the shell to allow for growth (Heng, 2020).

GROWTH

The diet and environmental conditions also play a crucial role in the

growth and development of mud crabs. Studies have shown that factors like

salinity levels can impact the growth and survival of mud crabs, with optimal

salinity levels contributing to better growth rates (Eddiwan et al., 2021).

Additionally, gender-specific growth patterns have been observed in estuarine

mud crabs like Scylla olivacea, with females being significantly heavier than

males and showing different growth patterns in body weight and carapace

length (Mwaluma & Kaunda-Arara, 2021).

The molting process of Scylla serrata, commonly known as the mud

crab, plays a crucial role in its growth pattern. Molting is essential for the crab

to grow because it allows them to shed their old exoskeleton and develop a

new, larger one. During molting, the crab absorbs water to expand its
exoskeleton, cracks it at certain points to facilitate shedding, and then sheds

the old shell to reveal a soft body underneath (Suyono, 2020). In addition to

Suyono, 2020, The molting process is energetically demanding for mud crabs

and requires significant resources accumulated during the intermolt period.

After shedding their old exoskeleton, mud crabs remain soft and continue to

absorb water to inflate their bodies while mineralizing their new exoskeleton.

The duration before the new exoskeleton hardens depends on mineral

availability in the water.

The reproduction of S. serrata typically occurs in the warmer months,

from November to March. Females release pheromones into the water

column to attract males for mating. After mating in brackish habitats, females

migrate offshore to spawn. The eggs hatch into zoeae, which then develop

into megalopae (Meynecke & Richards, 2014).

The sex ratio of male to female S. serrata is typically 3:1, with 75.2%

being male. S. serrata is a protandrous hermaphrodite, starting as a male and

potentially changing into a female later in life (Khaksari, Safaie, & Salarzadeh,

2022).

The hatching success rate of Scylla serrata's eggs can vary

significantly in different environments due to factors such as temperature,

salinity, and photoperiod. In captive environments, hatching success rates

have been reported to be as high as 84% However, in natural environments,

hatching success rates can be lower due to various factors, including

predation, disease, and environmental stressors (Churchill, 2003).

Culturing Mud Crab

 To culture Scylla serrata, or mud crab, successful methods involve

using wild seed stock for grow-out in Southeast Asia. Survival rates range

from 30% to 85% based on stocking density and feed under pen culture

systems (David, 2009). This aquaculture industry has rapidly expanded,

producing 85,000 tons of crabs in 2005 valued at US $281 million. Different

farming systems like polyculture, fattening, and soft-shell crab farming are

utilized for farming Scylla serrata.

Feeding Scylla serrata in culture involves various strategies depending

on the growth stage and farming system. Maturation diets for mud crab

broodstock typically consist of fish meal, soya cake, wheat flour, and squilla,

with variations based on protein and fat content (Azra & Ikhwanuddin, 2016).

In nursery culture, feeding strategies include using Artemia nauplii, boosted

Artemia, dried shrimp (Acetes spp.), and dried mud worm (Marphysa spp.) to

rear mud crab megalopa to crablet stages (Syafaat et al., 2021). While natural

diets like trash fish, cuttlefish, and shelled prawn can be beneficial for

broodstock fecundity, formulated diets offer advantages such as known

nutrient content and the ability to administer drugs orally (Azra & Ikhwanuddin,

2016).

The ideal water conditions for culturing Scylla serrata, or mud crab,

involve maintaining specific salinity levels for optimal growth and survival. The

ideal salinity for the growth of mangrove crabs like Scylla serrata ranges

between 10 ppt and 20 ppt, with maximum growth achieved at these levels.

Growth rates decrease at salinities above 25 ppt, indicating a preference for

brackish waters within this range (FAO, 2024). Mud crabs cultured at salinities

of 25 ppt have shown a daily growth rate of 1% with a survival rate of 50%,
while at 15 ppt, the growth rate decreases to 0.4% with a survival rate of 15%.

Salinity directly affects the life of organisms, influencing growth rates, feed

consumption, feed conversion values, and overall viability of aquatic biota like

mud crabs (Suyono, 2021). The quality of culture water, especially

temperature and salinity, significantly impacts the metabolism and

physiological conditions of mud crabs.

A reovirus disease has been reported in cultured mud crabs, causing

aggressiveness, weakness, lack of appetite, and no response to treatment

(Weng et al., 2007). Several bacterial diseases have been reported in Scylla

spp., including chitinolytic bacteria like Aquimarina hainanensis, which can

cause high mortality in larvae. Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae

has also been associated with diseases in Scylla serrata. Shell disease

syndrome and red sternum syndrome are examples of bacterial diseases that

can affect the cuticle and shell of mud crabs (Coates & Rowley, 2022).

Hematodinium sp. is a parasite that can cause acute epizootic diseases in

cultured mud crabs, known as 'milky disease' (Li et al., 2008).

Mud Clam as Feed

Mud clams, like Geloina coaxans, are being explored for various

purposes. In Sri Lanka, mud clam meat is used to produce clam sauce

through an accelerated fermentation method, creating a value-added product

with specific nutritional content (Wijerathna et al., 2021). Mud clams mainly

feed on phytoplankton, unicellular plants, algae, and organic detritus, which

does not negatively impact other aquatic farming activities. Additionally, mud

crabs are commonly fed shellfish like cockles, marsh clams, and mussels,
along with other feeds such as trash fish, formulated feed, squid, and natural

food sources to promote growth and health in aquaculture settings. The diet of

mud clams in subtropical mangrove forests includes fatty acids from various

sources (Zainudin Bachok et al., 2003).

Mud clams are a good source of protein, which is essential for the

growth and development of other animals. They also contain other nutrients

like lipids, minerals, and vitamins (Wijerathna et al., 2021). Additionally,

feeding mud clams to other animals can help maintain good water quality,

which is crucial for the health and growth of aquatic animal. Formulated feeds

and squid, which are often used to feed mud crabs, are sterilized, reducing

the risk of the spread of diseases. Mud clams and related shellfish can be a

cost-effective feed option for other animals, especially when compared to

other protein sources like fish meal (RAS Aquaculture, 2020).

Squash as Feeds

Tromboncino squash can be a valuable winter feed crop for animals

due to its nutritional benefits and versatility. It can serve as a meal for pigs

and provide protein and fat for laying hens. Additionally, squash plants are

easy to grow and can provide food for both humans and animals throughout

the winter (Dougherty, 2022).

Squash holds potential as a valuable feed source for both humans and

animals (Ortiz-Grisales & Valdés-Restrepo, 2019). Studies have identified

squash genotypes with high nutritional value in terms of ether extract, crude

protein, fibers, and energy content in both whole seed meal (WSM) and

defatted seed meal (DSM) (Valencerina, 2018). Additionally, squash products

like cookies, tarts, butterscotch, and "puto" formulated with squash were well-

liked in sensory evaluations and showed good stability without preservatives

(Juliana et al., 2017). Furthermore, incorporating squash flour in broiler diets

can enhance skin pigmentation without affecting productive parameters,

making it a beneficial alternative feed ingredient for poultry (Blake et al.,

2003). Overall, utilizing squash as feed presents opportunities to enhance

nutrition, productivity, and value addition in agricultural systems.

Coconut Meat as Feeds

Coconut meat waste shows promise as a valuable component in

animal feed. Research indicates that incorporating coconut meat waste

supplemented with thermophilic bacteria and mannanase can enhance broiler

performance, gut histomorphology, and microbiota, with optimal benefits seen

at 20% inclusion level (Robi et al., 2022). Additionally, fermented coconut pulp

in chicken feed can increase carcass weight and meat fat content while

reducing abdominal fat in broilers, with up to 50% inclusion level being

effective (Siti et al., 2022). Furthermore, studies on giant gourami show that

different formulations containing coconut products significantly impact

aquafeed nutrition, growth coefficient, and body indices, with diets rich in

amino acids leading to improved growth (Hafrijal, et al., 2023). Coconut, with

its rich nutrient profile, is being explored as an alternative ingredient in

livestock feed, offering benefits such as reduced feed costs and enhanced

production in various sectors (Khairiyah et al., 2022).

Related Studies
 Mud clams, specifically Polymesoda erosa, have been suggested as a

main ingredient in the diet formulation for mud crabs, such as Scylla serrata

However, there is no direct information available in the search results about

the use of mud clams as food for Scylla serrata. The search results mainly

focus on the nutritional properties of mud crabs and their dietary

requirements, but they do not specifically mention the consumption of mud

clams by Mud crab (Aaqillah-Amr et al., 2022).

The nutrient content of mud clams, specifically Polymesoda erosa, is

highly beneficial. Clams are a super nutrient-dense food, with a Nutrivore

Score of 1046, making them an excellent addition to the diet. Protein: 16.9

grams, Net Carbohydrates: 4.1 grams, Calories: 99, Total Fat: 1.1 grams,

Dietary Fiber: 0.0 grams. Moreover, clams are rich in various essential

vitamins and minerals per serving; Iron: 14.0 mg (78% RDI), Selenium: 24.3

mcg (35% RDI), Manganese: 0.5 mg (25% RDI), Phosphorus: 169 mg (17%

RDI), Copper: 0.3 mg (17% RDI), Zinc: 1.4 mg (9% RDI), Potassium: 314 mg

(9% RDI), Calcium: 46.0 mg (5% RDI). Clams are particularly noteworthy for

being an exceptional source of Vitamin B12, offering an impressive 824% of

the reference daily intake per 100 grams. (Joseph, 2022).

The growth response of mud crab (Scylla serrata) fed with coconut

meat was assessed in a study that focused on the growth and survival of mud

crabs in brackish water environments with supplemental feeds. The research

found that female mud crabs performed better when fed with grated coconut,

showing significant differences in weight and length compared to other

supplemental feeds (Maria et al., 2016). Additionally, the study highlighted the

potential of natural feeds for sustainable aquaculture of mud crabs, with

African land snail feed demonstrating the highest growth performance and a

promising return on investment (Himu et al., 2021). These findings suggest

that coconut meat can be a viable feed option for enhancing the growth of

mud crabs, particularly for female individuals, in aquaculture settings.

One study focused on the impact of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA)

levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism

(Savithri, 2022). Another study evaluated the potential of natural feeds like

African land snail for mud crab aquaculture, showing high growth performance

and a promising return on investment (Nivas et al., 2023). Additionally,

research on processed wet feeds found that feeding mud crabs with chicken

intestine resulted in better growth and economic performance compared to

other feed types. Furthermore, a study incorporating Fitoimun® into crab feed

showed improved growth parameters, although not significantly different from

the control group (Wanda et al., 2022). Lastly, adding Crude Fish Oil to trash

fish feed significantly affected the growth of mud crabs, with higher carapace

growth observed in certain treatments (Kemala et al., 2020).

 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental Area

The study will be conducted in the Brackish Fish farm of Northeastern

Mindanao State University – Lianga Campus, located at Purok 1 Tagago,

Poblacion, Lianga, Surigao del Sur. The Brackish water Fish farm had a total

land area of 27 hectares in which there are approximately 5 hectares if it is

fully developed excluding the Aquasilviculture area.

Figure 3. Experimental site of this study.

Duration of the Study

The study on the growth response and survival rate of mud crab

(Scylla serrata) will be feed with four kinds of natural foods: coconut meat,

squash, and mud clam: that nurture in storage box and will be conducted
within 45 days culture period from June-July, 2024. This includes the

preparation and installation of experimental set-up in the Fish farm area and

the conditioning of experimental species of days.

Experimental Species, Transport and Conditioning

Scylla serrata lean weighed 100-200 grams will be purchased from

Surigao del Sur. The crabs will be checked for any loss of appendages to

ensure to have only a healthy crabs. The crabs will be tied to prevent any

movement behavior and place in the pails filled with brackish water and

transported to the experimental area.

Treatments

Treatments of the study in different diets which are the natural feeds

composed of T 1 coconut meat, T 2 Mud clam, and T 3 Squash. Each treatment

was replicated by 3.

Experimental Set-up

Nine (9) units of color blue containers with a volume of 20 liters will be

used. Each storage box will be covered with fine-meshed netting during the

study to prevent the escape of crabs. The experimental design will consist of

three (3) treatments in three (3) replicates, which will be arranged in a

randomized manner.
 Container

Mud Crab

Water

Figure 4. layout of the ecperiment

Experimental Design and Statistical Test

This will be utilized the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)

AT One-way ANOVA to determine the significance difference of the growth

and survival rate.

Stocking

After collecting chosen crabs will be placed in their designated storage

box. After stocking, initial sampling will be follow to determine the initial

carapace length and weight measurement of the crabs. After the sampling,

the crabs will be released back to their respective plastic container with either

Treatment I, II, and III respectively throughout the duration of the study.,

Feed and Feeding

Different natural feedings will be provided to the mud crab samples.

They will be manually fed with trash fish, mud clam, squash, and chicken liver

twice a day at 7:00 in the morning and 5:00 in the afternoon. Mud clam will be

collected at NEMSU Brackish Water Fishpond, while squash and coconut

meat will be purchased at the public market. The remaining feed will be kept

in the refrigerator to prevent immediate deterioration of the mud crab food.

Growth Monitoring and Sampling

Growth monitoring will be conducted every 15 days to evaluate the

performance and health condition of the experimental species. This will

involve removing the crab to their storage box and weighing them using a

digital weighing scale. Additionally, a plastic ruler (in centimeters) will be used

to record the weight and measure the length increment of the crab.

Growth and Survival

Growth and survival of the experimental crabs will be determined using

the following formula:

1. Growth increment

a. Weight increment = W 2 - W 1

b. Length increment = L2 – L1

2. Growth Rate (GR) or percent (%) gain in weight and length

¿ W 2−W 1
a. Weight GR = x 100
W1

¿ L2−L1
b. Length GR = x 100
L1

3. Survival rate (SR)

Final number of live crabs

a. SR = X 100
Total number of crabs

4. Total production (TP) = final no. of survival x final body weight

Where:

W 1 = Initial Weight (g)

 W 2 = Final Weight (g)

L1 = Initial Length (cm)

L2 = Final Length (cm)

Harvesting

After the fattening period, crabs will be harvested manually by hand.

They were secured with either straw or string to facilitate convenient handling

Cost and Return Analysis

Cost and return analysis through the assumption of each treatment will

be computed to determine the economic feasibility and profitability of the

culture scheme. Among on important economic equations are as follows:

Net income = gross sales – production cost

Return on investment (ROI) = net income/production cost x 100

Benefit- cost ratio (BCR)= Gross income/total cost of production

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