Mitosis

1. What is interphase and M phase of the cell cycle?

2. What are the steps in interphase?
3. What are the steps in Mitosis?
4. What are the tubules involved in Mitosis?
5. How do chromosomes align in metaphase?
6. How do chromosomes separate in Anaphase?
7. What are the 2 scenarios in nondisjunction?

Meiosis

1. Describe the steps to go from gametogonia, gametocyte and gametes.

2. What are the steps in Meiosis?
3. How do tetrads/ bivalents form in prophase? (LZPDD)
4. How do homologous chromosomes pair up?
5. What happens to the chromosome and chromatid numbers from meiosis 1 and 2?
6. What are the 2 scenarios in nondisjunction?
7. Why is the error rate higher in female meiosis?
8. Why some cross breeds are infertile?

Discovery of genetic material

DNA, not protein is the genetic material!

1. Compare Griffith, avery, Hershey and chase experiment

2. Explain Gierer and shcramm experiment

Discovering correct structure of DNA

1. Compare Linus pauling, Rosalind Franklin/ Maurice wilkins

2. Explain chargaff vs phoebus levene
3. Explain Watson and crick
3. What are the forms of double helix?
4. What contribute to RNA tertiary structure formation?

DNA replication

1. Explain how conservative, semi conservative and dispersive models look in Meselson and
stahl experiment.
2. Explain initiation in prokaryotes.
3. Explain elongation in prokaryotes
a. Explain DNA polymerase unusual function
b. Explain Okazaki experiment
4. Explain termination in prokaryotes
5. Explain how replication has high fidelity
6. How is replication in Eukaryotes different?
7. Explain how telomeres shorten and how eukaryotes prevent that
a. How cancer happens?

Transcription and RNA modification

1. What is the diff between template and coding strand?

 2. Explain transcription in prokaryotes (initiation – elongationg – termination)
3. How is transcription in eukaryotes different? (DNAP, gene sequences, factors, termination)
4. What are the types of RNA modification?

Translation

1. What are start and stop codons (learn how to read table)
2. Explain universality of genetic code
3. Explain tRNA structure
4. Explain tRNA charging
5. Explain ribosome structure and assembly in translation
6. Compare initiation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
7. Explain elongation in eukaryotes
a. How is proofreading happening?
8. Compare termination in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

Biotech

1. Explain the steps of gene cloning

2. Explain formation of cDNA
3. Explain PCR

Mendel

1. 2 laws
2. Why peas/ c.elegans/ mice used?
3. How to know if pure-breed?
4. What is partial dominance, co-dominance?
5. What is the formula for no. of kinds of gametes/genotype/phenotypes?
6. What are the variations in sex chromosomes in species?
7. What is the formula for factorial calculation?
8. How to test for sex linkage?
9. How does color blind work?
10. How does calico cat work?
11. Penetrance vs expressivity and pleiotropy?
12. Pedigree tutorial qns.

Variations to mendel

Multiple alleles

1. What are the blood groups (ABO and MN)

2. How is ABO determined?
3. How Rh causes death to 2nd offspring?
4. Types of mutations and how do they mutate enzyme structures?

Epistasis

What are the ratios, and mechanisms of…

1. Additive epistasis
2. Dominant
3. Recessive
 4. Complementary (duplicate recessive)
5. Dominant suppression
6. Duplicate genes (cumulative vs non-cumulative)

Lethal genes

1. Dominant
2. Recessive

Non-mendelian inheritance

1. Maternal
2. Uniparental
3. Epigenetics
4. Exceptions

Linkage and mapping

1. How to detect linkage between 2 loci and their ratios? (None, partial)
2. What does 2-point test cross map?
3. How to use polymorphic markers?
4. How to find recombination fraction and genetic distance?

Population Genetics

Populations in equilibrium – H-W equilibrium

1. What is the H-W?

2. What are the evolutionary forces that disrupt it?
3. How to identify from graphs random genetic drift vs selection?

Populations in equilibrium – Gene frequencies

4. Do chi square tut and types

a. Mendel
b. HW – p+q, p+q+r, X linked (pf and pm etc)

Non- random mating

 Assortative vs disassortative mating

Mutation and selection

 What is difference between non recurrent vs recurrent mutation?

 Explain how evolutionary force (mutation back and forth) creates non-HWE and then HWE.
 What is the different effects between 1 way vs 2 way recurrent mutation?
 What is the relationship between fitness and selection pressure?
 Explain degrees of dominance and selection pressure.
 Explain how selection against recessive gene happens (culling of white ppl example).
 Explain overdominance in respect to sickle cell anemia.

Balanced polymorphisms

 What are the mechanisms that cause balanced polymorphisms?