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1. The diagram shows the structure of a simple transformer.

Rajah menunjukkan struktur sebuah transformer ringkas.

(a) (i) What is the meaning of 'electromagnetic induction'?


Apa yang dimaksudkan dengan 'aruhan elektromagnet”?

[1 mark]
[1 markah]
(ii) List down two differences between a step-up and a step-down transformer.
Senaraikan dua perbezaan antara transformer injak naik dengan transformer
injak turun.
[5 marks]
[5 markah]

(b) The core of a transformer plays an important part in determining the efficiency of the
transformer. The table below shows four different metals P, Q, R and S together with
several characteristics associated with them.
Teras transformer memainkan peranan yang penting dalam penentuan kecekapan
transformer. Jadual di bawah menunjukkan empat jenis logam P, Q, R dan S serta
ciri-ciri yang berkaitan dengan mereka.

Easily oxidized Easily magnetized /


Metals Density/kgm-3 Resistivity/Ωm Mudah demagnetized
-3
Logam Ketumpatan/kgm Kerintangan/Ωm dioksidasi Mudah dimagnetkan/
dinyahmagnetkan
P 8930 5.0 x 10-8 No Yes
Tidak Ya
Q 6500 3.0 x 10-8 No Yes
Tidak Ya
R 10750 4.0 x 10-8 Yes No
Ya Tidak
S 7120 3.0 x 10-8 Yes No
Ya Tidak

1
Explain the suitability of each of the characteristics mentioned in choosing a metal to
be used as the core of a transformer. Finally, which metal would you choose to be
used and why?
Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri yang dinyatakan dalam memilih logam yang
digunakan sebagai teras transformer. Akhirnya, logam manakah anda akan pilih
untuk digunakan dan mengapa?
[5 marks]
[5 markah]

(c) The diagram below shows a transformer with four output terminals. The primary coil
consists of 200 turns connected to a 6V a.c. supply. The number of turns between the
terminals of the secondary coils are as shown below.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan sebuah tansformer dengan empat terminal output.
Gegelung primer mempunyai 200 lilitan dan disambung kepada bekalan 6V a.u.
Bilangan lilitan di antara terminal gegelung sekunder adalah seperti ditunjukkan.

(i) Calculate the output voltage between the terminals


Hitungkan voltan output antara terminal
(a) PQ
(b) PR
(c) QS
(d) RS
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

(ii) If you were to connect a bulb labelled “14W, 12V”, to which pairs of terminals
would you connect the bulb to?
Jika anda dibekalkan dengan sebiji mentol berlabel “14W, 12V”, kepada
pasangan terminal manakah anda akan sambungkan mentol itu?
[2 marks]
[2 markah]

2
1)(a)(i)Theprocess of producing electric current and e.m.f. as a result of relative motion between a
magnetic field and a conductor.
Proses menghasilkan arus elektrik dan d.g.e. hasil gerakan relatif antara medan magnet
dan konduktor.
(ii)
Step-up transformer Step-down transformer
Transformer injak naik Transformer injak turun
Voltage Input voltage < output
Voltan voltage Input voltage > output voltage
Voltan input < voltan Voltan input > voltan output
output
Number of turns Secondary coil has more Primary coil has more turns
in coil turns than primary coil than secondary coil
Bilangan lilitan Gegelung sekunder Gegelung primer mempunyai
dalam gegelung mempunyai lebih lilitan lebih lilitan dari gegelung
daripada gegelung primer sekunder
Current Input current > output Input current < Output current
Arus current Arus input < arus output
Arus input > arus output

(b)
Characteristics Reason
Ciri
Density - low To reduce weight of core / transformer
Ketumpatan - rendah Untuk meringankan teras/transformer
Resistivity - low Reduce loss of energy as heat in core
Kerintangan - rendah Mengurangkan kehilangan haba dalam teras
Not easily oxidized Will not increase the resistance of core and
Tidak mudah transformer can last longer
dioksidasikan Tidak akan naikkan rintangan teras dan
transformer akan tahan lebih lama
Easily magnetized and Magnetic flux through the core can be varied easily
demagnetized making transformer more efficient
Mudah dimagnetkan dan Fluks magnet dalam teras mudah diubah
dinyahmagnetkan menjadikan transformer lebih cekap.

Choice - Metal Q because its density is low, resistivity is low, not easily oxidized and easily
magnetized and demagnetized.
Pilihan - logam Q kerana ketumpatannya rendah, kerintangannya rendah, tidak mudah
dioksidasikan dan mudah dimagnetkan dan dinyahmagnetkan.

(c ) (i) PQ = 3V ; PR = 9V ; QS = 18V ; RS = 12 V.
(ii) RS

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