Reflections on Concepts:

1. Explain the reasons for the following.

a) Why dust comes out of a carpet when it is beaten with a stick?
b) Luggage kept on the roof of a bus is tied with a rope.
c) Why a pace bowler in cricket runs from a long distance before he bowls?
Ans: (a) When a carpet is beaten with a stick, the dust comes out of it because of law of inertia.
Initially the dust particles are at rest along with the carpet. Beating the carpet with the stick makes the carpet move
but the dust particles remain at rest due to inertia of rest, thus the dust gets detached from the carpet.
(b) When the bus accelerates and moves forward, it acquires a state of motion. However, the luggage kept on the
roof, owing to its inertia, tends to remain in its state of rest. Hence, with the forward movement of the bus, the
luggage tends to remain at its original position and ultimately falls from the roof of the bus. To avoid this, it is
advised to tie any luggage kept on the roof of a bus with a rope.
(c) When a blower runs for a long distance before bowling a bowl. He tries to gain some momentum so that the
velocity of the ball increases. As the total momentum of the ball increases total kinetic energy also increases.
2. Illustrate an example of each of the three laws of motion.
Ans: Example of 1st law of motion:
When we are travelling in a bus, our body is also travelling with the velocity equal to that of the bus. If the bus stops
suddenly our body tends to continue in the same state of motion due to inertia and we tend to fall forward.
Example of 2nd law of motion:
When a glass vessel falls from a height on a hard floor, it comes to rest instantaneously (i.e., in a very short time) so
the floor exerts a large force on the vessel and it breaks. If it falls on a carpet (or sand), the time duration in which
the vessel comes to rest, increases and so the carpet (or sand) exerts a less force on the vessel and it does not break.
Example of 3rd law of motion:
When a fish swims in water, the fish pushes the water back and the water pushes the fish with equal force but in
opposite direction. The force applied by the water makes the fish to move forward.
3. Explain the following a) Static Inertia b) Inertia of motion c) momentum d) impulse e)impulsive force
Ans:
(a) Inertia of rest (static inertia) is the fundamental property possessed by a body to oppose any change in its state of
rest.
(b) Inertia of motion: Inertia of motion is the fundamental property possessed by a body to oppose any change in its
motion.
(c) Momentum is the quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity.
Its formula
Momentum = mass × velocity. So it's SI unit is kgm/s.
(d) The product of the magnitude of a force applied on a body and the time for which it is applied, is called impulse
of the force.
(e) The force acting on a body for short interval of time is called impulsive force.
Application of Concepts:
1. Two objects have masses 8 kg and 25 kg. Which one has more inertia? Why?
Ans: The object with mass 25 kg will have more inertia as inertia is directly proportional to the mass of the object.
2. What is the momentum of a 6.0 kg ball bowling with a velocity of 2.2 m/s?
Ans. Given mass of the ball (m) = 6 kg.
Velocity (v) = 2.2 m/s.
Momentum(p) = mass(m) X velocity(v).
p = m X v.
∴ p = 13.2 kgms⁻¹.
Hence, the momentum of the ball is 13.2 kgms⁻¹.
3. Two people push a car for 3 s with a combined net force of 200 N.
(a) Calculate the impulse provided to the car.
(b) If the car has a mass of 1200 kg, what will be its change in velocity?
Ans. (a) Impulse = impulsive force × time of impact
⟹ 200N×3s
⟹ 600N s
(b) Impulse = Change in momentum
= m×(v−u)
⟹1200kg×(v−0)=600Ns
600
⟹ v=
1200
⟹ v=0.5m/s
4. A man of mass 30 kg uses a rope to climb which bears only 450 N. What is the maximum acceleration with which
he can climb safely?
Given data,
Mass=30kg
Force=450N
acceleration=?
as we know,
force= mass × acceleration
450=30×a
450
a= 30
a=15 m/s2
Higher Order Thinking questions:
1. A vehicle has a mass of 1500 kg. What must be the force between the vehicle and the road if the vehicle is to be
stopped with a negative acceleration of 1.7 ms-2?
Ans.
Mass of the automobile vehicle, m = 1500 kg
Final velocity, v = 0 (finally the automobile stops)
Acceleration of the automobile, a = -1.7 m/s2
From Newton's second law of motion:
Force = Mass × Acceleration = 1500 × (-1.7) = -2550 N
Hence, the force between the automobile and the road is -2550 N, in the direction opposite to the motion of the
automobile.
2. Two ice skaters initially at rest, push of each other. If one skater whose mass is 60 kg has a velocity of 2 m/s. What
is the velocity of other skater whose mass is 40 kg?
Ans:
Given, Initial velocity, u1=0 and u2=0
Mass, m1=60kg and m2=40kg
Final Velocity, v1=2ms−1
From conservation of momentum
Final momentum = initial momentum
m1v1+m2v2=m1u1+m2u2
60×2+40 v2=0
v2=−3m/s
Hence, velocity of second skater is −3m/s.
3. If a fly collides with the windshield of a fast-moving bus,
(a) Is the impact force experienced, same for the fly and the bus? Why?
(b) Is the same acceleration experienced by the fly and the bus? Why?
Ans.
(a) According to Newton’s III law of motion, the total momentum before impact and after impact remains
unchanged and as the masses of the fly and car are both constant, the forces are equal but opposite directions.
(b) The accelerations experienced by the fly and the bus are different since the masses of the two bodies are
different but the forces are the same.