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Hints & Solutions
1. (d) Cu2+ interfere in the sperm movement,
which suppress the sperm motility and
fertilising capacity of sperms.
2. (d) Amniocentesis (also referred to as
amniotic fluid test or AFT) is a medical
procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of
chromosomal abnormalities and fetal
infections, and also used for sex determination
in which a small amount of amniotic fluid,
which contains fetal tissues, is sampled
from the amniotic sac. Cleft palate is a
developmental abnormality which can only
be detected by sonography.
3. (d) Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for
male sterilization or permanent contraception.
During the procedure, the male vas deferens
are severed and then tied or sealed in a
manner so as to prevent sperm from entering
into the seminal stream (ejaculate) and
thereby prevent fertilization.
4. (d) A hysterectomy is a surgery in which
woman’s uterus is removed. It is adopted for
the treatment of uterine fibroids and cancer
of uterine zone.
5. (a) Tubectomy also referred to as tubal
sterilization is a surgical procedure done
on women as a permanent method of
contraception. In this method fallopian
tubes are blocked so that the ova or eggs
are prevented from travelling to the uterus
from the ovary. This prevents any future
pregnancies to occur after the surgical
procedure.
Fallopian tubes
Ovary
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
BIOLOGY
6. (b) An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small
contraceptive device, often ‘T’-shaped, often
containing either copper or levonorgestrel,
which is inserted into the uterus. They
are one form of long-acting reversible
contraception which is the most effective
types of reversible birth control. The LNG-20
is so-called because it releases 20 micrograms
of levonorgestrel per 24 hours, compared with
30 micrograms of levonorgestrel in some
mini-Pills.
7. (c) Jaundice cannot be detected in a
developing foetus by amniocentesis. It is
a foetal sex determination test based on
chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid
surrounding the developing embryo. It is now
legally ban in India.
8. (d) Medical termination of pregnancy
(MTP) or induced abortion become legal in
India from 1971 with some strict conditions
to avoid its misuse. Such restrictions are
important to check indiscriminate and illegal
female foeticides which are reported to be
high in India. All the other options are of
natural methods of contraception.
9. (c) Oxytocin is birth hormone and acts
on the smooth muscles of our body and
stimulates their contraction. Vasopressin acts
mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption
of water and electrolytes and reduces loss of
water through urine. Hence, it is also called
as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
10. (c) The figure shows the tubectomy. This
is a surgical method to prevent pregnancy
in women. In tubectomy small part of the
fallopian tube is removed or tied through a
small cut in the abdomen or through vagina.
It is very effective method but reversibility is
very poor.
11. (d) Intra uterine device (IUD) is a method of
contraception in India. The IUD is inserted
in the woman’s uterus through the cervix.
Reproductive Health
12. (c) Cu ions released by copper releasing intra
uterine devices suppresses sperm motility.
Intra-uterine devices are inserted by
doctors in the uterus through vagina. They are
available as the non-medicated IUDs, copper
releasing IUDs and hormone­releasing IUDs.
13. (a) A. The pill — Prevents ovulation
B. Condom — Prevents sperm
reaching cervix
C. Vasectomy — Semen contains no
sperms
D. Copper-T — Prevent
implantation.
14. (a) Copper ‘T’ is an intrauterine device
which prevents the fertilized egg becoming
implanted in the wall of the womb.
15. (b) Infertility cases due to inability of
the male partner to inseminate the female
or due to very low sperm count in the
ejaculates, could be corrected by using
artificial insemination (AI) technique. In this
procedure semen is injected directly into the
vagina or uterus.
16. (a) In ectopic pregnancies, the implantation
of embryo does not occur in uterus but at
other site.
17. (b) IVF (In vitro Fertilization) is the process
of fertilization by manually combining an
egg and sperm in a laboratory dish. The
process involves monitoring and stimulating
a woman’s ovulatory process, removing
ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman’s
ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a
fluid medium in a laboratory. The fertilised
egg (zygote) is cultured for 2-6 days in a
growth medium and is then transferred to
the mother’s uterus with the intention of
establishing a successful pregnancy.
18. (a) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer)
is a technique helping to have a child.
19. (b) In Artificial Insemination (AI) tech-
nique, the semen collected either from the
husband or a healthy donor is artificially
introduced either into the vagina or into the
uterus (IUI – intrauterine insemination) of
the female.
20. (a) STDs are more common in 15-24
years age group. Gonorrhoea, syphilis,
genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts,
285
trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and AIDS are
some of the common STDs. Haemophilia is
sex-linked recessive disease, which show its
transmission from unaffected carrier female to
some of male progeny. Sickle cell anaemia is
an autoimmune linked recessive trait in which
both the partners are carrier for the gene.
21. (d) In Intra-Uterine Transfer (IUT) embryo
with more than 8-blastomeres stage (morula)
is used for transfer into the uterus.
22. (d) Test tube baby programme employs
zygote intrafallopion transfer (ZIFT)
technique. In this technique fusion of ovum
and sperm is done outside the body of woman
to form zygote which is allowed to divide
forming 8 blastomeres, then it is transfered
the fallopion tube of the woman.
23. (b) Medical termination of pregnancy
is considered safe up to twelve weeks of
pregnancy.
24. (a) Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) is
recommended for those females who cannot
produce an ovum. In this process, the eggs
of the donor woman are removed and in a
form of mixture with sperm transferred into
fallopian tube of another woman who cannot
produce ovum, but can provide suitable
environment for fertilization. Thus in GIFT,
site of fertilization is fallopian tube, not
laboratory.
25. (c) Statements i and iii are correct.
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(MTP) during first trimester is generally
safe.
- Intrauterine device like copper-T are
effective contraceptives.
26. (d) Amniocentesis involves prenatal
diagnosis of metabolic error and other genetic
abnormalities.
27. (c) In test tube baby, fertilization of the sperm
and the ova is carried out in lab conditions
(in vitro) and when the embryos have reached
the 32-celled stage, it is implanted back into
the uterus of the mother.
28. (b) Amniocentesis is the most widely used
method for prenatal detection of many
genetic disorders. It is also a technique used
for determining the sex of the foetus.