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Electric Circuits and

Electric Machines
ET EC 2 2 0 42

P R AVEEN WE E R AS INGHE

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Equivalent circuit forms

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Superposition Theorem
Another method for circuit analysis that is used to determine the voltages and currents surrounding a
linear electrical circuit is the superposition theorem. The superposition theorem can be used to
determine the voltage and/or current contribution from each independent source in a circuit that has
one or more. The voltage and/or current values can then be algebraically added to determine the
actual voltage and/or current values at any point throughout the circuit.

That is, because each independent source acts alone to obtain the overall voltage across or current
through a specific circuit element or node, we may use the superposition principle to superimpose or
algebraically add up the voltages and currents surrounding a circuit.

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Superposition Theorem
Superposition theorem has the advantage of simplifying math since it eliminates the need for
determinants, simultaneous equations, and matrix algebra when analyzing an electrical circuit,
as opposed to the more complex mesh analysis or nodal analysis methods. Superposition, then,
is a useful method that we may apply to analyze circuits, both DC and AC, that may have a
variety of active sources.

However, the fact that the superposition theorem only applies to linear circuits is a drawback.
Luckily for us, the passive components of capacitance (C), inductance (L), and resistance (R) all
have linear v, i relationships.

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Superposition Theorem
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY

STEP 1. In a network containing multiple independent sources, each source can be applied
independently with the remaining sources turned off.

STEP 2. To turn off a voltage source, replace it with a short circuit, and to turn off a current source,
replace it with an open circuit.

STEP 3. When the individual sources are applied to the circuit, all the circuit laws and techniques we
have learned, or will soon learn, can be applied to obtain a solution.

STEP 4. The results obtained by applying each source independently

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Superposition Theorem Example No1

Magnitude and Direction of IR3

IR3(1) = VA/R3 = 5.71/40 = 0.143A, or 143mA

I1 = 10/23.33 = 0.429A, and IR2 = 5.71/20 = 0.286A

Therefore: IR3(1) = I1 – IR2 = 0.429 – 0.286 = 0.143A, or 143mA (correct)

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Superposition Theorem Example No1

IR3(2) = VA/R3 = 5.71/40 = 0.143A, or 143mA

Magnitude and Direction of IR3

IR3 = IR3(1) + IR3(2) = 0.143 + 0.143 = 0.286, or 286mA

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Superposition Theorem Example No2

Actual voltage across resistor R1

VR1(1) = I1 x R1 = 2 x 2 = 4 volts

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Superposition Theorem Example No2

VR1(2) = I1 x R1 = 4 x 2 = 8 volts
VR1 = VR1(1) + VR1(2) = 4V + 8V = 12 Volts

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Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

Thévenin’s theorem tells us that we can replace the entire network, exclusive of the load, by an
equivalent circuit that contains only an independent voltage source in series with a resistor in
such a way that the current–voltage relationship at the load is unchanged.

Norton’s theorem is identical to the preceding statement except that the equivalent circuit is an
independent current source in parallel with a resistor.

(a) Thévenin (b) Norton equivalent circuits .

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Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, irrespective of how complex it is, to
an equivalent circuit with a single voltage source and a series resistance.

A Thevenin equivalent circuit is shown in the figure. In the figure, that multiple resistive circuit elements are
replaced by a single equivalent resistance RS and multiple energy sources by an equivalent voltage source Vs.

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Thevenin’s Theorem
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY

STEP 1. Remove the load and find the voltage across the open-circuit terminals, Voc. All the circuit analysis techniques presented here can be used to compute
this voltage.

STEP 2. Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance of the network at the open terminals with the load removed. Three different types of circuits may be
encountered in determining the resistance, RTh.

(a) If the circuit contains only independent sources, they are made zero by replacing the voltage sources with short circuits and the current sources with open
circuits. RTh is then found by computing the resistance of the purely resistive network at the open terminals.

(b) If the circuit contains only dependent sources, an independent voltage or current source is applied at the open terminals and the corresponding current or
voltage at these terminals is measured. The voltagecurrent ratio at the terminals is the Thévenin equivalent resistance. Since there is no energy source, the open-
circuit voltage is zero in this case.

(c) If the circuit contains both independent and dependent sources, the opencircuit terminals are shorted and the short-circuit current between these terminals
is determined. The ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the shortcircuit current is the resistance RTh.

STEP 3. If the load is now connected to the Thévenin equivalent circuit, consisting of Voc in series with RTh, the desired solution can be obtained.

The problem-solving strategy for Norton’s theorem is essentially the same as that for Thévenin’s theorem, with the exception that we are dealing with the
short-circuit current instead of the open-circuit voltage.

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Thevenin’s Theorem Example

VT = VAB = 20 – (20 Ω x 0.33 A) = 13.33 V

or, VAB = 10 + (10 Ω x 0.33 A) = 13.33 V

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Thevenin’s Theorem Example

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Norton’s Theorem
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY

Step 1: Remove the load resistor and replace it with a short circuit.
Step 2: Calculate the Norton current—the current through the short circuit.
Step 3: Replace the power sources. All voltage sources are replaced with short circuits, and all current sources
are replaced with open circuits.
Step 4: Calculate the Norton resistance—the total resistance between the open circuit connection points after all
sources have been removed.
Step 5: Draw the Norton equivalent circuit, with the Norton current source in parallel with the Norton resistance.
The load resistor re-attaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.
Analyze the voltage and current for the load following the rules for parallel circuits.

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Norton’s Theorem Example

Calculate the Norton Current

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Norton’s Theorem Example

Replace the Power Sources

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Problem
Find the unknown voltage 𝑉0 in the circuit.

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References

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yspraveenw@gmail.com

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