SIN 324: Formulas and Tables for EC2

(EN1992) 2019

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 1. Material Properties
Steel:

Concrete:

25 kN/m3

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 2. Limit state design

3. Analysis and design for flexure

Steel:

Concrete:

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Relationship between strain and neutral axis:

Singly reinforced rectangular sections:

s=0.8x

When I 0.45
=

-> ↓
Doubly reinforced rectangular sections: (when )
Max BH

x= 0.45d s=0.8x

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 4. Shear design

Design process:

1. Determine ultimate design shear force (VEf at face of support and VEd at distance d from the
face of support).
2. Check crushing strength of concrete compression strut (VRd,max):

With Θ = 22o ; cotΘ=2.5; tanΘ=0.4

If VRd,max ≥ VEf : go to step 3

If VRd,max < VEf : Θ > 22o and must be calculated:

With VEf = shear at the face of the support

If θ > 45o: resize beam or increase concrete strength

3. Calculate bent-up bars required (optional and < 50% of shear reinforcement):

With Asw = the cross sectional area of bent-up bar and s the spacing ( )

4. Calculate shear links required:

With Asw = the cross sectional area of the link legs and s the spacing of links (s ≤ 0.75d)

The shear resistance of the links can be calculated:

5. Calculate minimum links required (nominal links):

6. Calculate the additional longitudinal tensile force caused by shear:

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The shear capacity of concrete without stirrups:

With a minimum value of:

Where:

5. Torsion design

a) Determine ultimate design torsional moment (T Ed ).

b) Check the maximum torsional moment that can be carried by the section (TRd, max):

Where:

tef = total cross-section area/outer circumference

Ak is the area enclosed within the centre line of hollow section.

c) Calculate the torsional reinforcement required:

Where Asw is the area of one leg of a link

d) Calculate the additional longitudinal reinforcement (Asl) required:

e) For combined torsion and shear:

f) For complex shapes:

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St Venant’s torsional constant K
hmax/hmin K hmax/hmin K
1.0 0.14 3.0 0.26
1.2 0.17 4.0 0.28
1.5 0.20 5.0 0.29
2.0 0.23 10.0 0.31
2.5 0.25 >10 0.33

6. Footing design
Shear force at column face <

where

7. Anchorage bond
Design values for bond stresses fbd (MPa)
fck
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
(MPa)
fbd
2.3 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7
(MPa)

8. Serviceability, durability and stability

Exposure classes: Minimum concrete cover (mm)

Conditions of exposure
Mild Moderate Severe Very severe Extreme
20 30 40 50 60

Minimum dimensions for fire resistance:

Fire Minimum dimensions(mm)
rating Simply supported Continuous
R60 bmin= 120 160 200 300 120 200
a= 40 35 30 25 25 12
R90 bmin= 150 200 300 400 150 250
a= 55 45 40 35 35 25
R120 bmin= 200 240 300 500 200 300 450 500
a= 65 60 55 50 45 35 35 30
R240 bmin= 280 350 500 700 280 500 650 700
a= 90 80 75 70 75 60 60 50
Where: a is the minimum concrete cover to the main bar axis and
bmin is the minimum width of the beam.
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Minimum reinforcement:

Tension reinforcement in beams:

where bt is the mean width of the tension zone and

fctm is the tensile strength of concrete.
Secondary reinforcement: 20% of main reinforcement

Longitudinal reinforcement in columns:

Maximum reinforcement:

Maximum bar diameters for 0.3 mm crack widths:

Steel stress Maximum bar

(MPa) size (mm)
160 32
200 25
240 16
280 12
320 10
360 8
400 6
450 5

Span-effective depth ratios:

Structural system l/d ratio

Simply supported beam 20
End span of continuous beam 26
Interior span of continuous beam 30
Cantilever 8

Mean 28 day tensile strength and modulus of elasticity

Strength class
C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45 C40/50 C45/55 C50/60
fctm
2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1
(MPa)
Ecm
30 31 33 34 35 36 37
(GPa)
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 9. Effective span lengths:

10. Simplified analysis for continuous beams

Conditions for the use of the simplified method:
a. LL ≤ 1.25 DL;
b. Substantially uniformly distributed loads;
c. Beam must have 3 or more spans;
d. Span lengths must not vary by more than 15% of longest span.

Ultimate design bending moments and shear forces:

11.Flanged beams

Where:

is the distance between zero moments (0.7l in continuous

beams)

is the clear distance between webs of adjacent beams

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12.Simplified curtailment of bars

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13 Short vs Slender Columns
The slenderness ( ) of a column is defined be the ratio of the effective height (length) to the
dimension of the section perpendicular to the axis of bending consideration. A column is slender if:

or

Where:
• M and M are the smaller end moment about the z and y axes
1z 1y
• M and M are the larger end moment about the z and y axes
2z 2y
• l and l are the effective length about the z and y axes
oz oy
• b and h are the width and depth of the column (see sketch)
• N is the compressive axial force applied to the column
Ed

14 Moment – Axial Force Interaction Diagrams

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 s

Horizontal equilibrium:

Moment equilibrium: (take moments about N)

1 Short Columns
When ≤ i.e. when non-slender (or stocky), the design bending moment in a column is:
lim

Design moment M = Max {M , e N }

Ed 02 0 Ed

e = Max{h/30,20mm}
0

M = M + eN
02 i Ed

Where:
M = max moment from first order analysis (M2
e = eccentricity due to imperfections = l /2
i i 0

(For columns in braced systems e = l /400

i 0

= inclination used to represent imperfections

l = effective length of column
0

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1 Reinforcement areas (mm2/m) Onlyin UK
DON'T use!!

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1 Reinforcement areas (mm2)