WELDING & NDT SERVICES, SU MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING FORMULAE AND DATA 1.Longitudinal magnetization i) For relatively uniform cross sections A. For Low fill factor coils (cross sectional area of the coil is ten or more times the cross sectional area of the test part) For parts positioned to the side of the coil: NI= 45000 (L/D) where N = number of turns in the coil I=current (A) D = length-to-diameter ratio of the part to be magnetized For parts positioned in the centre of the coil: NI= 43000 R/[(6L/D)—5] where N = number of turns in the coil I=current [A] R= radius of coil [in.] D = Iength-to-diameter ratio of the part to be magnetized The above formulae hold only if L/D is greater than 2 and less than 15. If L/D is less than 2, pole pieces (pieces of ferromagnetic material with the same diameter as the part being tested) are placed on each end of the part to effectively increase L/D to 2 or greater. If L/D is greater than 15, the value of 15 shall be substituted for L/D.B. For High fill factor coils or Coil wrap [the cross sectional area of the coil is less than twice the cross sectional area of test part (including hollow portions)] N I= 35000/ [(L/D) + 2] (10%) C. For Intermediate fill factor coils (cross sectional area of the coil is between 2 and 10 times the cross sectional area of test part) NI= (N Dn [(10-r) / 8] + (N Dh: [(r-2)/ 8)] where (N I)i = value of NI calculated for low fill factor coils (N Dp = value of NI calculated for high fill factor coils r= ratio of the cross sectional area of the coil to the cross sectional area of the part (ii). For oddly shaped uniform cross sections or 1=(P/3.14) x 1000 where P = perimeter of cross section [in.] I =current [A] iii) Calculating the L/D ratio for a hollow or cylindrical part When calculating the L/D ratio for a hollow or cylindrical part, D shall be replaced with an effective diameter, Des, calculated using: A) Hollow Piece Deir =[(Ar An) / 3.14]!? where A‘ total cross sectional area of the part [in.”] Ai= cross sectional area of the hollow portion of the part [in.2] B) Cylindrical Piece Dew=[ OD? — ID? ]'2 where OD = outside diameter of the cylinder ID = inside diameter of the cylinder2.0=B/H where jt = magnetic permeability [H/m] B=magnetic flux density [T] H= magnetizing force [A/m] 3. Prod [Circular magnetization] I= 90-110A per inch of prod spacing, if part thickness < 19 mm. I= 125 A per inch of prod spacing, if part thickness >19 mm. 4, Fill factor (q) in Longitudinal magnetization using coil 1) = Cross sectional area of test part/ Cross sectional area of coil =n di? / m do? T-di2/ do? where di = diameter of testing part d= diameter of coil 5, Inverse square law of photometry E=1/@ where I = source illuminance E = surface illuminance d = distance between the point and source Tid)? = Ind2? where I) = illuminance of light at distance di Iz = illuminance of light at distance d2ja do / di? Wi fai?! do" D2 = [(lh) dey? Di =([ (yh) d2?]!2 6. In Longitudinal magnetization to obtain the same strength of magnetization Nil=Nehb where Ni = number of turns in the coil at current I, N2 = number of turns in the coil at current In h=Ni l/ No No=Ni l/h 7. pte= Who where jr = relative permeability Ho = permeability of space 8B=F/A where F = magnetic flux [Wb] B, = magnetic flux density [Wb/ m2] ‘A= area perpendicular to the flux [m2] 9. Circular magnetization When magnetizing by passing direct current (DC) directly through the part (i.e. head shots): T= 800 to 1000 A per inch of part diameter or cross section. For material with higher j: higher current (1000 A) is required. When magnetizing by passing alternative current (AC) directly through the part: I= 500 to 600 A per inch of part diameter or cross section. For material with higher 1 higher current (1000 A) is required. 10. The magnetic flux leakage strength decreases with distance (d) from the defect surface, which is approximately proportional to 1/d?