Benha University 3rd Year (Mechanical Power)

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra 2014/2015

Mechanical Engineering Department Sheet (2)
Measurements & Measuring Instrumentations

1. Define the error of the measurement and its types.

2. Synthesis the following terms as applied to measurement system: Hysteresis, linearity

error, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, uncertainty, range,
mean reading, and deviation.

3. A temperature-measuring device consists of a transducer, an amplifier and a pen

recorder. Their static sensitivities are:
Temperature transducer 𝐊 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝐦𝐕⁄℃
Amplifier gain 𝐊 = 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐕⁄𝐦𝐕
Recorder 𝐊 = 𝟓 𝐦𝐦⁄𝐕
How much displacement will be shown by the recorder for a 𝟏℃ change in temperature?

4. A thermometer is used for range of 𝟓𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃ and its accuracy is 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓%. What does this
means in terms of temperature?

5. A force measurement system (weight scale) has the following specifications:

Range: 0 to 1000 N
Linearity error: 0.10% FSO
Hysteresis error: 0.10% FSO
Sensitivity error: 0.15% FSO
Zero drift: 0.20% FSO
Estimate the overall instrument uncertainty for this system based on available
information.

6. A micrometer screw gauge was used to measure certain physical length and the following
observations were noted in mm 1.41, 1.45, 1.63, 1.54, 1.49, 1.51, 1.6, 1.55, 1.47, and 1.65.
Find (i) the arithmetic mean, (ii) standard deviation, and (iii) variance.

7. The resistance of a resistor is measured 10 times and behaves the values determined are
100, 100.9, 99.3, 99.9, 100.1, 100.2, 99.9, 100.1, 100, and 100.5. Calculate the uncertainty
in the resistance.

8. A certain length measurement is made with the following results:

Results 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x, cm 49.36 50.12 48.98 49.24 49.26 50.26 49.18 49.18 49.33 49.39

Calculate the standard deviation, mean reading and the uncertainty.

9. A temperature device is calibrated against a standard thermometer at boiling water

temperature at atmospheric pressure. The relative errors in output signal readings are
1.4, 0.4, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, −0.1, 1.2, 0.0, 0.4, and 0.6 in percentage. Make statistical analysis of
measurement data to describe the calibration of the device for certain measurement
process arithmetic.
7. Solution
∑ 𝐑 𝐢 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗
𝛚𝐑 = ±√∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 ̅
𝐝𝐢 = 𝐑 𝐢 − 𝐑 ̅=
𝐑 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 
𝐍 𝟏𝟎

𝐍𝐢 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝐑𝐢 100 100.9 99.3 99.9 100.1 100.2 99.9 100.1 100 100.5
𝐝𝐢 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 0.81 −𝟎. 𝟕𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 0.01 0.11 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 0.01 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 0.41

∴ ∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟏 ∴ 𝛚𝐑 ± √∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 = ±√𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟏 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟑 

8. Solution

∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢
𝛅𝐱 = √ 𝛚𝐱 = ±√∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢
𝐍−𝟏

∑ 𝐗 𝐢 𝟒𝟗𝟒. 𝟑
̅
𝐝𝐢 = 𝐗 𝐢 − 𝐗 ̅=
𝐗 = = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟒𝟑 𝐜𝐦
𝐍 𝟏𝟎

𝐍𝐢 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝐱𝐢 49.36 50.12 48.98 49.24 49.26 50.26 49.18 49.18 49.33 49.39
𝐝𝐢 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 0.69 −𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 0.83 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒

∴ ∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 ≅ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟒

∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟒
∴ 𝛅𝐱 = √ =√ ≅ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟐 𝐜𝐦
𝐍−𝟏 𝟗

∴ 𝛚𝐱 ± √∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 = ±√𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟒 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝐜𝐦

9. Solution:
𝐀𝐭 𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐨𝐬𝐩𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐛𝐨𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐗 𝐭 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎℃

Also,
𝛆𝐢 = 𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓𝐭 = 𝐓𝐢 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∴ 𝐓𝐢 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝛆𝐢

𝛆𝐢 𝛆𝐢,𝐑 (%) ∗ 𝐓𝐭 𝛆𝐢,𝐑 (%) ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝛆𝐢,𝐑 (%) = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∴ 𝛆𝐢 = = = 𝛆𝐢,𝐑 (%)
𝐓𝐭 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝐍𝐢 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝛆𝐢 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.8 −𝟎. 𝟏 1.2 0 0.4 0.6
𝐓𝐢 101.4 100.4 100.2 100.5 100.8 99.9 101.2 100 100.4 100.6

Also,
∑ 𝐓𝐢 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟓. 𝟒
̅
𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐝𝐢 = 𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓 ̅=
𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝐓 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟒℃
𝐍 𝟏𝟎

Therefore,
𝐍𝐢 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝐝𝐢 0.86 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 0.26 −𝟎. 𝟔𝟒 0.66 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟒 −𝟎. 𝟏𝟒 0.06

∑|𝐝𝐢 | ∑|𝐝𝐢 |
𝐀𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝐃 = = ≅≅ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟖℃
𝐍 𝟏𝟎

∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟒
𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐃𝐞𝐯𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = 𝛅 = √ =√ ≅ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟒℃
𝐍−𝟏 𝟗

𝐕𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 = 𝛅𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟒𝟐 ≅ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟒℃

𝐔𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐲 = 𝛚𝐓 = ±√∑ 𝐝𝟐𝐢 = ±√𝟐. 𝟏𝟎𝟒 ≅ ±𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟏℃