Age (Years) No.

of Operators (f)
11-15 10
16-20 5
21-25 7
26-30 12
31-35 6
Totals 40
 Age Upper Class No. of Cumulative
(Years) Boundary Operators (f) frequency
11-15 15.5 10 10
16-20 20.5 5 15
21-25 25.5 7 22
26-30 30.5 12 34
31-35 35.5 6 40
Totals 40
Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5 35.5
Upper Class boundaries
The Symmetric Curve

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝑥ҧ = 𝑥෤ = 𝑥ො
Positively/Right Skewed Curve

𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

Negatively/Left Skewed Curve

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒

Empirical Rule
The Empirical Rule
a) Approximately 68% of the measurements will fall within 1 standard
deviation of the mean, i.e., within in the interval
𝑥ҧ − 𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 𝑆
b) Approximately 95% of the measurements will fall within 2 standard
deviations of the mean, i.e., within the interval
𝑥ҧ − 2𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 2𝑆
c) Approximately 100% (practically ALL) of the measurements will fall within 2
standard deviations of the mean, i.e., within the interval
𝑥ҧ − 3𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 3𝑆
Example: The 50 companies’ percentages of revenues spent
R&D (i.e. Research and Development) are:
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

Calculate the proportions of these measurements that lie within the

intervals 𝑥ҧ ± 𝑆, 𝑥ҧ ± 2𝑆, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥ҧ ± 3𝑆, and compare the results with the
theoretical values.

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ = 8.49 𝑆. 𝐷 = 1.98

 Solution:
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ = 8.49 𝑆. 𝐷 = 1.98

Hence
𝑥ҧ − 𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 𝑆 =
 Solution:
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ = 8.49 𝑆. 𝐷 = 1.98

Hence
𝑥ҧ − 𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 𝑆 = 8.49 − 1.98, 8.49 + 1.98
 Solution:
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑥ҧ = 8.49 𝑆. 𝐷 = 1.98

Hence
𝑥ҧ − 𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 𝑆 = 8.49 − 1.98, 8.49 + 1.98 = 6.51, 10.47
Solution:
Similarly, the interval

𝑥ҧ − 2𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 2𝑆 = 8.49 − 2(1.98), 8.49 + 2(1.98)

= 8.49 − 3.96, 8.49 + 3.96 = (4.53, 12.45)
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

Contains 47 of the 50 measurements, i.e. 94% of the data-values.

Solution:
The 3-Standard deviation interval around 𝑥,ҧ i.e.,

𝑥ҧ − 3𝑆, 𝑥ҧ + 3𝑆 = 8.49 − 3(1.98), 8.49 + 3(1.98)

= 8.49 − 5.94, 8.49 + 5.94 = (2.55, 14.43)
13.5 9.5 8.2 6.5 8.4 8.1 6.9 7.5 10.5 13.5
7.2 7.1 9.0 9.9 8.2 13.2 9.2 6.9 9.6 7.7
9.7 7.5 7.2 5.9 6.6 11.1 8.8 5.2 10.6 8.2
11.3 5.6 10.1 8.0 8.5 11.7 7.1 7.7 9.4 6.0
8.0 7.4 10.5 7.8 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.5 6.8 9.5

Contains all, or 100%, of the measurements.

Interesting relationship between S.D & Range
(Approximately Symmetric)

𝑥ҧ

𝑥ҧ − 3𝑆 𝑥0 𝑥𝑚 𝑥ҧ + 3𝑆
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Five-Number Summary
Five-Number Summary
Five-number summary consists of

𝑥0 , 𝑄1 , 𝑥,
෤ 𝑄3 , 𝑥𝑚
 Ordered Array:
𝒙𝟎 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟎 14.3 14.9 15.2 15.2 15.4 15.6 16.4 17.0 𝒙𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏

Median and Quartiles for this data:

1. The Median for this data comes out to be 15.30 thousand dollars.
2. The first Quartile comes out to be 14.90 thousand dollars, and
3. The third Quartile comes out to be 16.40 thousand dollars.

Five-Number Summary
𝒙𝟎 𝑸𝟏 ෥
𝒙 𝑸𝟑 𝒙𝒎
𝟏𝟑. 𝟎 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟎 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟎 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏
Box and Whisker Plot
Whiskers
Box and Whisker Plot
• A box-and-whisker plot provides a graphical representation of the
data THROUGH its five-number summary.

𝐵𝑜𝑥

𝑊ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑒𝑟s
Steps in Construction of Box and Whisker Plot
Step1:
The variable of interest in represented on the horizontal axis.

Variable of Interest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Steps in Construction of Box and Whisker Plot
Step2:
A Box is drawn in the space above the horizontal axis in such a way that the
left end of the box aligns with the first quartile 𝑄1 and the right end of the
box is aligned with the third quartile 𝑄3 .

Variable of Interest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

𝑄1 𝑄3
Step3:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Variable of Interest
𝑄1 𝑥෤ 𝑄3
Step4:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Variable of Interest
𝑥0 𝑄1 𝑥෤ 𝑄3
Step5:

Variable
of Interest

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
𝑥0 𝑄1 𝑥෤ 𝑄3 𝑥𝑚
f

X
𝑥0 𝑄1 𝑥෤ 𝑄3 𝑥𝑚
The Positively/Right Skewed Curve
f

X
𝑥0 𝑄1 𝑄3 𝑥𝑚
The Negatively/Left Skewed Curve
f

X
𝑥0 𝑄3 𝑄1 𝑥𝑚
Example:
Age of Onset of Asthma: Shortness of
Nervous Asthma in Children of Manual Children of Non- breathiness.
Children (to Nearest Workers Manual Workers Manual Worker: A person
Year) whose jobs involves physical
work.
Age Group 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

0-2 3 3
3-5 9 12
6-8 18 9
9-11 18 27
12-14 9 6
15-17 3 3
Total 60 60
Age of Onset of Nervous Asthma in Children ( to Children of Manual Children of Non-
Nearest Year) Workers Manual Workers

Age Group X 𝑓1 𝑓1 . 𝑋 𝑓1 . 𝑋 2 𝑓2 𝑓2 . 𝑋 𝑓2 . 𝑋 2
0-2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
3-5 4 9 36 144 12 48 192
6-8 7 18 126 882 9 63 441
9-11 10 18 180 1800 27 270 2700
12-14 13 9 117 1521 6 78 1014
15-17 16 3 48 768 3 48 768
Total 51 60 510 5118 60 510 5118

For Manual Worker: Mean = 𝑥ҧ = 8.5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.61 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

For Non-Manual Worker: Mean = 𝑥ҧ = 8.5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.61 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
25 Manual Workers

20

15

10

5
25

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
25 Manual Workers

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
25 Manual Workers

20

15

10

5
25 Manual Workers

20

15

10

5
25 Manual Workers

20

15

10

5
25

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
25

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
25

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
25 Manual Workers

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
KARL PEARSON’S CO-EFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS
Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Skewness:
When distribution is symmetric, the value of skewness should be zero.

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑆𝐾𝑝 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Since in some cases, Mode does not exist, so using empirical relation.
𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 − 2𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

It range between +3 to -3.

Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Skewness:
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 𝐸𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑢𝑙𝑒
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 3𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 − 2𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

Applying Empirical relation between

Mean, median and mode and formula 𝑆𝐾𝑝 > 0
becomes. 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 3𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 − 2𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 0

𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝐾𝑝 < 0
3 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 Example:
Children of Manual Workers Children of Non-Manual Workers
Mean 8.50 years 8.50 years
Median 8.50 years 9.16 years
Standard Deviation 3.16 years 3.16 years

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠:

3 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑛 − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 3 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑛 − 𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑆𝐾𝑝 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 𝑆𝐾𝑝 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3 8.5 − 8.5 3 8.5 − 9.16

𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 𝑆𝐾𝑝 =
3.16 3.16
𝑆𝐾𝑝 = 0 𝑆𝐾𝑝 = −0.55
25 Manual Workers

Non-Manual Workers
20

15

10

5
BOWLEY’S CO-EFFICIENT OF SKEWNESS
Bowley’s Co-efficient of Skewness
𝑄3 − 2𝑄2 + 𝑄1
𝑆𝐾𝐵 = 𝑆𝐾𝐵 > 0
𝑄3 − 𝑄1 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑄2 = 𝑋෨
𝑆𝐾𝐵 = 0
𝑄3 − 2𝑋෨ +𝑄1 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑆𝐾𝐵 =
𝑄3 − 𝑄1
𝑆𝐾𝐵 < 0
𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Its value lies between 0 and ±1.

Example:
Age of Onset of Asthma: Shortness of
Nervous Asthma in Children of Manual Children of Non- breathiness.
Children (to Nearest Workers Manual Workers Manual Worker: A person
Year) whose jobs involves physical
work.
Age Group 𝒇𝟏 𝒇𝟐

0-2 3 3
3-5 9 12
6-8 18 9
9-11 18 27
12-14 9 6
15-17 3 3
Total 60 60
Age of Onset of Nervous Asthma in Children ( to Children of Manual Children of Non-
Nearest Year) Workers Manual Workers

Age Group X 𝑓1 𝑓1 . 𝑋 𝑓1 . 𝑋 2 𝑓2 𝑓2 . 𝑋 𝑓2 . 𝑋 2
0-2 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
3-5 4 9 36 144 12 48 192
6-8 7 18 126 882 9 63 441
9-11 10 18 180 1800 27 270 2700
12-14 13 9 117 1521 6 78 1014
15-17 16 3 48 768 3 48 768
Total 51 60 510 5118 60 510 5118

For Manual Worker: Mean = 𝑥ҧ = 8.5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.61 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

For Non-Manual Worker: Mean = 𝑥ҧ = 8.5 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 3.61 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Example:
Children of Manual Workers Children of Non-Manual Workers
𝑄1 6.00 years 5.50 years
𝑄2 = 𝑋෨ 8.50 years 9.16 years
𝑄3 11.00 years 10.83 years

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑛 − 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑠:

𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 2𝑋෨ 𝑄1 + 𝑄3 − 2𝑋෨
𝑆𝐾𝐵 = 𝑆𝐾𝐵 =
𝑄3 − 𝑄1 𝑄3 − 𝑄1

6 + 11 − 2(8.5) 5.5 + 10.83 − 2(9.16)

𝑆𝐾𝐵 = 𝑆𝐾𝐵 =
11 − 6 10.83 − 5.5
𝑆𝐾𝐵 = 0 𝑆𝐾𝑝 = −0.37
KURTOSIS
Kurtosis:
Karl Pearson introduce the term KURTOSIS (literally the amount of
hump) for the degree of peakedness or flatness of a unimodal
frequency curve.
When the peak of a curve becomes relatively high then that curve
called Leptokurtic.
When the curve is flatted-topped, then it is called Platykurtic.
Since the normal curve is neither very peaked nor very flat-topped, so
it is taken as a basis for comparison.
The normal curve is called Mesokurtic.
Kurtosis: Leptokurtic
f
Mesokurtic or Normal Curve

Platykurtic

X
MOMENTS
Moments:
A moment designates the power to which deviations are raised before
averaging them.
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Sample Un-grouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚1 =
𝑛

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚2 =
𝑛

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 3
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚3 =
𝑛
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Sample Un-grouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 3
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚3 =
𝑛
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚4 =
𝑛

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑟
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑟 =
𝑛
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Population Un-grouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇1 =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇2 =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 3
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇3 =
𝑁
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Population Un-grouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 3
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇3 =
𝑁
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇4 =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 𝑟
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇𝑟 =
𝑁
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Sample Grouped Data:
σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚1 =
σ𝑓

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚2 =
σ𝑓

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑟
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑟 =
σ𝑓
Central (or Mean) Moments
In mean moments, the deviations are taken from the mean.
For Population Grouped Data:
σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 1
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇1 =
σ𝑓

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇2 =
σ𝑓

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝜇 𝑟
𝑡ℎ
𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝜇𝑟 =
σ𝑓
Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊
45
32
37 σ 𝑥𝑖 360
𝑥ҧ = = = 40
46 𝑛 9
39
36
41
48
36
360
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ 𝟏
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
45
32
37
46
39
36
41
48
36
360
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ 𝟏
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
45 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

32 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

37 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

46 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

39 𝟏
𝟑𝟗 − 𝟒𝟎
36 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

41 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

48 𝟏
𝟒𝟖 − 𝟒𝟎
36 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟏

360
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ 𝟏
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
45 5
32 -8
37 -3
46 6 σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ 𝟏 0
39 -1 𝑚1 = = = 0 marks
𝑛 9
36 -4
41 1
48 8
36 -4
360 ഥ 𝟏 =0
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐

45 5
32 -8
37 -3
46 6
39 -1
36 -4
41 1
48 8
36 -4
360 0
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐

45 5 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

32 -8 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

37 -3 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

46 6 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

39 -1 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

36 -4 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

41 1 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

48 8 𝟐
𝟒𝟖 − 𝟒𝟎
36 -4 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟐

360 0
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐

45 5 25 𝟐
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ 232
32 -8 64 𝑚2 = =
𝑛 9
37 -3 9
46 6 36
39 -1 1 = 25.7778 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 2

36 -4 16
41 1 1
48 8 64
36 -4 16
360 0 ഥ 𝟐 =232
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑

45 5 25
32 -8 64
37 -3 9
46 6 36
39 -1 1
36 -4 16
41 1 1
48 8 64
36 -4 16
360 0 232
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑

45 5 25 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

32 -8 64 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

37 -3 9 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

46 6 36 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

39 -1 1 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

36 -4 16 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

41 1 1 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

48 8 64 𝟑
𝟒𝟖 − 𝟒𝟎
36 -4 16 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟑

360 0 232
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑

45 5 25 125
32 -8 64 -512
37 -3 9 -27
46 6 36 216
39 -1 1 -1
36 -4 16 -64
41 1 1 1
48 8 64 512
36 -4 16 -64
360 0 232 ഥ 𝟑 =186
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ 𝟑 186
= 20.6667 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 3
𝑚3 = =
𝑛 9
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟒

45 5 25 125
32 -8 64 -512
37 -3 9 -27
46 6 36 216
39 -1 1 -1
36 -4 16 -64
41 1 1 1
48 8 64 512
36 -4 16 -64
360 0 232 186
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟒

45 5 25 125 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

32 -8 64 -512 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

37 -3 9 -27 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

46 6 36 216 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

39 -1 1 -1 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

36 -4 16 -64 𝟒
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎
41 1 1 1 𝟒
𝟒𝟏 − 𝟒𝟎
48 8 64 512 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟒𝟎 𝟒

36 -4 16 -64 𝟒
𝟑𝟔 − 𝟒𝟎
360 0 232 186
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟒

45 5 25 125 625
32 -8 64 -512 4096
37 -3 9 -27 81
46 6 36 216 1296
39 -1 1 -1 1
36 -4 16 -64 256
41 1 1 1 1
48 8 64 512 4096
36 -4 16 -64 256
360 0 232 186 σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ 𝟒
=10708
σ 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ 𝟒 10708
= 1189. 7778 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑠 4
𝑚4 = =
𝑛 9
 Moments about Mean
𝒙𝒊 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟏 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟑 ഥ
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝟒

45 5 25 125 625
32 -8 64 -512 4096
37 -3 9 -27 81
46 6 36 216 1296
39 -1 1 -1 1
36 -4 16 -64 256
41 1 1 1 1
48 8 64 512 4096
36 -4 16 -64 256
360 0 232 186 10708
𝑚1 = 0 𝑚2 = 25.7778 𝑚3 = 20.6667 𝑚4 = 1189.7778
Example: (Grouped Data)
Weights Frequency (f)
65-84 9
85-94 10
95-114 17
115-134 10
135-154 5
155-174 4
175-194 5
 Example: (Grouped Data)
Weights 𝒇 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙 𝒊 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟐 ഥ 𝟐
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙

65-84 9 74.5 670.5

85-104 10 94.5 945

105-124 17 114.5 1946.5

125-144 10 134.5 1345

145-164 5 154.5 772.5

165-184 4 174.5 698

185-204 5 194.5 972.5

60 7350

σ 𝑓𝑥 7350
𝑥ҧ = = = 122.5
σ𝑓 60
 Example: (Grouped Data)
Weights 𝒇 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙 𝒊 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟐 ഥ 𝟐
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
65-84 9 74.5 670.5 74.5 − 122.5 9 74.5 − 122.5 74.5 − 122.5 9 74.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
85-104 10 94.5 945 94.5 − 122.5 10 94.5 − 122.5 94.5 − 122.5 10 94.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
105-124 17 114.5 1946.5 114.5 − 122.5 17 114.5 − 122.5 114.5 − 122.5 17 114.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
125-144 10 134.5 1345 134.5 − 122.5 10 134.5 − 122.5 134.5 − 122.5 10 134.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
145-164 5 154.5 772.5 154.5 − 122.5 5 154.5 − 122.5 154.5 − 122.5 5 154.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
165-184 4 174.5 698 174.5 − 122.5 4 174.5 − 122.5 174.5 − 122.5 4 174.5 − 122.5

𝟏 𝟏 2 2
185-204 5 194.5 972.5 194.5 − 122.5 5 194.5 − 122.5 194.5 − 122.5 5 194.5 − 122.5

60 7350

σ 𝑓𝑥 7350
𝑥ҧ = = = 122.5
σ𝑓 60
 Example: (Grouped Data)
Weights 𝒇 𝒙𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒙 𝒊 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟏 ഥ 𝟐 ഥ 𝟐
𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒙𝒊 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙

65-84 9 74.5 670.5 -48 -432 2304 20736

85-104 10 94.5 945 -28 -282 784 7840

105-124 17 114.5 1946.5 -8 -136 64 1088

125-144 10 134.5 1345 12 120 144 1440

145-164 5 154.5 772.5 32 160 1024 5120

165-184 4 174.5 698 52 208 2704 10816

185-204 5 194.5 972.5 72 360 5184 25920

2
60 7350 ഥ 𝟏 =0
σ 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙 σ 𝒇𝒊 . 𝒙 𝒊 − 𝒙
ഥ = 729601

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 1 σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥ҧ 2
0 72960 2
𝑚1 = = =0 𝑚2 = = = 1216 𝑘𝑔
σ𝑓 9 σ𝑓 60
Moments about (arbitrary) origin
If the deviations are taken from some arbitrary number
′𝛼′ 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 , then moments are called moments about arbitrary
origin ‘𝛼 ′ .
For Ungrouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 −∝ 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝛼 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 −∝ 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
𝑛

For Grouped Data:

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −∝ 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝛼 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −∝ 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
Moments about (zero) the origin
If the deviations are taken from some arbitrary number
′𝛼′ 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 , then moments are called moments about arbitrary
origin ‘𝛼 ′ .
For Ungrouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 − 0 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 − 0 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
𝑛

For Grouped Data:

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 0 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 − 0 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
Moments about (zero) the origin
If the deviations are taken from some arbitrary number
′𝛼′ 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 , then moments are called moments about arbitrary
origin ‘𝛼 ′ .
For Ungrouped Data:
σ 𝑥𝑖 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
𝑁

σ 𝑥𝑖 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
𝑛

For Grouped Data:

σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝜇𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
σ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 𝑟
𝑟 𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 = 𝑚𝑟 ′ =
σ𝑓
Moments about the origin
𝒙𝒊
45
32
37
46
39
36
41
48
36
360
 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟒

45 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟒𝟓 − 𝟎 𝟒

32 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟎 𝟒

37 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑𝟕 − 𝟎 𝟒

46 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟒𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟒

39 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑𝟗 − 𝟎 𝟒

36 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟒

41 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟒𝟏 − 𝟎 𝟒

48 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
𝟒𝟖 − 𝟎 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟎 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟎 𝟒𝟖 − 𝟎
36 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝟑𝟔 − 𝟎 𝟒

360
 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 − 𝟎 𝟒
45 45 2025 91125 4100625
32 32 1024 32768 1048576
37 37 1369 50653 1874161
46 46 2116 97336 4477456
39 39 1521 59319 2313441
36 36 1296 46656 1679616
41 41 1681 68921 2825761
48 48 2304 110592 5308416
36 36 1296 46656 1679616
360 360 14632 604026 25307668
 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 𝟒

45
32
37
46
39
OR
36
41
48
36
360
 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 𝟒
45 2025 91125 4100625
32 1024 32768 1048576
37 1369 50653 1874161
46 2116 97336 4477456
39 1521 59319 2313441
OR
36 1296 46656 1679616
41 1681 68921 2825761
48 2304 110592 5308416
36 1296 46656 1679616
360 14632 604026 25307668
 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 𝟒
σ 𝑥𝑖 1
45 2025 91125 4100625 𝑚1′ = = 40
𝑛
32 1024 32768 1048576 2
σ 𝑥𝑖
37 1369 50653 1874161 𝑚2′ = = 1625.7778
𝑛
46 2116 97336 4477456
σ 𝑥𝑖 3
39 1521 59319 2313441 𝑚3′ = = 67114
𝑛
36 1296 46656 1679616
4
41 1681 68921 2825761 𝑚4′ =
σ 𝑥𝑖
= 2811963
𝑛
48 2304 110592 5308416
36 1296 46656 1679616
360 14632 604026 25307668
Conversion of Moments
• Sample Moments about Mean in terms of Moments about arbitrary
origin.
𝑚1 = 𝑚1′ − 𝑚1′ = 0
𝑚2 = 𝑚2′ − 𝑚1′ 2

𝑚3 = 𝑚3′ − 3𝑚2′ 𝑚1′ + 2 𝑚1′ 3

𝑚4 = 𝑚4′ − 4𝑚3′ 𝑚1′ + 6𝑚2′ 𝑚1′ 2 − 3 𝑚1′ 2

Conversion of Moments
• Population Moments about Mean in terms of Moments about origin.
𝜇1 = 𝜇1′ − 𝜇1′ = 0
𝜇2 = 𝜇2′ − 𝜇1′ 2

𝜇3 = 𝜇3′ − 3𝜇2′ 𝜇1′ + 2 𝜇1′ 3

𝜇4 = 𝜇4′ − 4𝜇3′ 𝜇1′ + 6𝜇2′ 𝜇1′ 2 − 3 𝜇1′ 2

 Moments about zero
𝒙𝒊 𝟏 𝒙𝒊 𝟐 𝒙𝒊 𝟑 𝒙𝒊 𝟒
σ 𝑥𝑖 1
45 2025 91125 4100625 𝑚1′ = = 40
𝑛
32 1024 32768 1048576 2
σ 𝑥𝑖
37 1369 50653 1874161 𝑚2′ = = 1625.7778
𝑛
46 2116 97336 4477456
σ 𝑥𝑖 3
39 1521 59319 2313441 𝑚3′ = = 67114
𝑛
36 1296 46656 1679616
4
41 1681 68921 2825761 𝑚4′ =
σ 𝑥𝑖
= 2811963.11
𝑛
48 2304 110592 5308416
36 1296 46656 1679616
360 14632 604026 25307668
Moments about Mean:
• First Moment about Mean:
𝑚1 = 𝑚1′ − 𝑚1′
𝑚1 = 40 − 40 = 0
• Second Moment about Mean:
𝑚2 = 𝑚2′ − 𝑚1′ 2
𝑚2 = 1625.7778 − 40 2 = 25.7778
• Third Moment about Mean:
𝑚3 = 𝑚3′ − 3𝑚2′ 𝑚1′ + 2 𝑚1′ 3
𝑚3 = 67114 − 3 1625.7778 40 + 2 40 3 = 20.66
• Fourth Moment about Mean:
𝑚4 = 𝑚4′ − 4𝑚3′ 𝑚1′ + 6𝑚2′ 𝑚1′ 2 − 3 𝑚1′ 4
𝑚4 = 2811963.11 − 4 67114 40 + 6 1625.7778 40 2 − 3 40 4
= 1189.99
Moment Ratios
Ratios involving moments are called moment-ratios.
Most common ratios are defined as:
𝑚3 2 𝑚4
𝑏1 = 3
, 𝑏2 =
𝑚2 𝑚2
Since these are ratios and hence have no units.
For symmetric distributions, 𝑏1 is equal to zero. So it is used as a measure of
Skewness.
𝑏2 is used to explain the shape of the curve and it is measure of peaked Ness
(Kurtosis).
For Population data, moment ratios can be similarly defined as.
𝜇3 2 𝜇4
𝛽1 = 3, 𝛽2 =
𝜇2 𝜇2
Advantages of Moments
• The first moment is called the mean which describes the center of the
distribution.
• The second moment is the variance which describes the spread of the
observations around the center.
• Other moments describe other aspects of a distribution such as how
the distribution is skewed from its mean or peaked.
 Instructor:
M. Sulaman
Course: Probability and Statistics
Sir Syed C@SE Institute of Technology