Aggregate

CE 310 Transportation Engineering I

Priyansh Singh, PhD

priyansh@iiti.ac.in
www.priyanshsingh.com
January 17, 2024
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Indore
Introduction
Rock Cycle

1
Geological Origins

Sedimentary
Rocks Metamorphic
Limestone (Calcium Rocks
Igneous Rocks Carbonate) Marble (Limestone)
Granite (Intrusive) Marble ( Limestone) Slate (Shale)
Basalt (Extrusive) Shale (Clay) Quartzite
Sandstone (Quartz) (Sandstone)
Gypsum (Calcium Gneiss (Granite)
Sulphate)

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Aggregate Sources
Natural Sand and Gravel Deposits

Figure 2: Sand and Gravel Quarry 3

Gravel

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Crushed Stone

Figure 4: Stone Quarry

5
Stone crushing

Figure 5: Stone Quarry 6

Crushed Stone

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Blast Furnace Slag

Figure 7: Typical Blast Furnace 8

Colling of Blast Furnace Slag

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produced products, the production volume of generated in the ironmaking process, in which
d steel slag products
Cooled in Japan
of Blast follows that
Furnace of
Slag is produced by reducing iron ore in the blast f
d stone, crude steel and cement, and is roughly and steelmaking slag generated in the steelmak
e as production of gasoline2). cess, in which iron is refined in the converter or
Steel produces and sells “Iron and steel slag furnace. Figure 1 shows the production process

Fig. 1 Iron and steel slag processes

Figure 9: Cooled of Blast Furnace Slag
*2
lly published in JFE GIHO No. 40 (Aug. 2017), p. 1−6 Dr. Eng.,
Staff General Manager,
Slag Business Planning & Control Dept.,
JFE Steel
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*1 *3
Pulverized Concrete

Figure 10: Pulverized Concrete

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Recycled Asphalt

Figure 11: Scraped Asphalt

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Recycled Asphalt

Figure 12: Pulverized Recycled Asphalt

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Waste Materials

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Waste Materials

Figure 14: Glass Sand 15

Waste Materials

Figure 15: Glass Aggregate Concrete 16

Aggregate Terms i

Fine aggregate (“sand”)

Aggregate particles that are smaller than 4.75 mm or 3/16” and
largely free of fines

Coarse aggregate (“gravel”)

Aggregate particles that are larger than 4.75 mm or 3/16” and
typically free of cobbles and boulders

Pit run sand / gravel

Aggregate taken from a sand or gravel pit with little or no
processing. Also called bank-run sand/gravel.

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Aggregate Terms ii

Crusher run gravel

Pit gravel that has been run through a crusher to reduce the
particle size and/or provide particles with flat (cleaved) faces so
they interlock better

Crushed stone (crushed rock)

Coarse aggregate produced by crushing bedrock. Unlike gravel,
which is rounded, the particles are angular with flat faces and
sharp edges.

Screenings
The stone chips and dust produced by the crushing of stone for
coarse aggregate.

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Aggregate Terms iii

Manufactured Sand
ine aggregate produced by crushing bedrock. Unlike natural sand,
which is rounded, the particles are angular with flat faces and
sharp edges.

Concrete sand
Sand that has been washed to remove dust and fines (not to
mention sticks, twigs, leaves, etc.).

Fines
Silt, clay, or dust particles smaller than 75 µ m (a No. 200 sieve)
that are usually considered undesirable impurities in aggregate

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Aggregate Terms iv

Mineral filler
A finely pulverized inert mineral or rock that is used to impart
certain useful properties, such as hardness, smoothness, or
strength.

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Important Properties

• Gradation
• Relative density and absorption
• Hardness (resistance to wear)
• Durability (resistance to weathering)
• Shape and surface texture
• Deleterious substances
• Crushing strength
• Soft and lightweight particles

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Aggregate Properties
Gradation Analysis

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Gradation Chart

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Sieve Sizes

Sieve Designation
Traditional Metric
3 in 75 mm
2.5 in 63 mm
2 in 50 mm
1.5 in 37.5 mm
1 in 25.0 mm
3/4 in 19.0 mm
1/2 in 12.5 mm
3/8 in 9.5 mm
No. 4 4.75 mm
No. 8 2.36 mm
No. 16 1.18 mm
No. 30 600 µm
No. 50 300 µm
No. 100 150 µm
No. 200 75 µm 24
Gradation Chart

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Gradation Example

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Uniformly Graded Aggregate

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Uniformly Graded Aggregate

1. Narrow range of sizes

2. Grain-to-grain contact
3. High void content
4. High permeability
5. Low stability
6. Difficult to compact

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Open-Graded Aggregate

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Open-Graded Aggregate

1. Few fine particles

2. Grain-to-grain contact
3. High void content
4. High permeability
5. High stability
6. Difficult to compact

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Gap-Graded Aggregate

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Gap-Graded Aggregate

1. Missing middle sizes

2. No grain-to-grain contact
3. Moderate void content
4. Moderate permeability
5. Low stability
6. Easy to compact

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Dense-Graded Aggregate

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Dense-Graded Aggregate

1. Wide range of sizes

2. Grain-to-grain contact
3. Low void content
4. Low permeability
5. High stability
6. Difficult to compact

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Fuller’s Curve

Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. “The laws of proportioning

concrete,” Transactions of the ASCE, v. 159, 1907.

percentage passing from i th sieve

opening size of i th sieve

  0.50
di
Pi =  
D

maximum particle size

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Maximum Density Curve

In 1962 FHWA published a modified version of Fuller’s equation

with a different exponent.

percentage passing from i th sieve

opening size of i th sieve

  0.45
di
Pi =  
D

maximum particle size

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Maximum density curve

Curve corresponding to cumulative percentage passing of different

sizes of aggregate which results in maximum density.
  0.45
di
Pi =  
D
equation

0.45
Pi = C × d i = m×X
constant

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Maximum Density Curve (MDC)

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Dense-Graded Aggregate

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Dense-Graded Aggregate

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Aggregate Sampling
Aggregate Stockpiles

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Aggregate Sampling

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Nominal Aggregate Sizes

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Sample Quartering

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Sample Splitting

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Gradation as per MDC

• It is very difficult to obtain particle as per MDC.

• Single natural or quarried material not enough
• Economical to combine natural and process materials

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The slides are licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives

4.0 International License and as per the academic policy of IIT Indore.

cbna
https://priyanshsingh.com

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