Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
ACTIVITY II
(Additional Activity for Conditional Probability)
We define conditional probability as follows:

Conditional Probability
For any two events A and B with P(B)>0, the conditional probability of A given that B has occurred is
defined by
P( A ∩ B)
P( A∨B)=
P( B)
When two events, A and B, are dependent, the probability of both events occurring is
P( A∧B)=P(B) P( A∨B). Also , P (A∧B)=P( A) P(B∨ A).

Here:
 P (A | B) = The probability of A given B (or) the probability of A which happens after B
 P (B | A) = The probability of B given A (or) the probability of B which happens after A
 P (A ∩ B) = The probability of happening of both A and B
 P(A) = The probability of A
 P(B) = The probability of B

Sample Problem:
A mathematics teacher gave her class two tests. Twenty-five percent of the class passed both tests and
forty-two percent of the class passed the first test. What percent of those who passed the first test also passed
the second test?
Solution:
This problem involves a conditional probability since it asks for the probability that the second test was
passed given that the first test was passed.

P( First∧Second )
P(Second∨First )=
P(First )
0.25
¿
0.42
25
¿
42
¿ 0.60∨60 %
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
DIVISION OF ORIENTAL MINDORO

Consider the situation and answer the questions that follow.

A proficiency examination for certain technical skills was given to 100 employees of a manufacturing firm.
The breakdown of the examination results of the employees are shown in the table below.

Male (M) Female (F) Total

Pass (P) 24 36 60
Fail (F) 16 24 40
40 60 100

Suppose that an employee is selected at random from among the 100 employees who took the examination.

1. Are the events P and M independent? Explain.

2. Are the events P and F independent? Explain.
3. Find the probability that the employee passed the exam, given that he was a male.
4. Find the probability that the employee was male, given that a passing grade was received.
5. Find the probability that the employee was a female, given that a passing grade was received.

Answer the following questions:

1. The probability of a student passing in science is ⅘ and the of the student passing in both science and
math is ½. What is the probability of that student passing in math knowing that he passed in science?
2. In a survey among few people, 60% read Hindi newspaper, 40% read English newspaper and 20% read
both. If a person is chosen at random and if he already reads English newspaper find the probability that
he also reads Hindi newspaper.
3. A fair coin is tossed twice such that E: event of having both head and tail, and F: event of having at most
one tail. Find P(E), P(F) and P(E|F)
4. In a class, 40% of the students like Mathematics and 25% of students like Physics and 15% like both the
subjects. One student selects at random, find the probability that he likes Physics if it is known that he
likes Mathematics.
5. Two dice are rolled, if it is known that at least one of the dice always shows 4, find the probability that the
numbers appeared on the dice have a sum 8.

“Copy the questions and answer in a 1 whole sheet of paper. Make sure that it is neatly written and shows
the solution.”