Pendulum Experiment

Equipment used: a string, a protractor, a ball attached to the end of the string, a stopwatch, a stand and clamp to
attach the string to, and 2 pieces of wood to hold the string.

First set up the apparatus with the string with the mass at length 0.2m and make sure the pendulum is at
equilibrium. Next pull the pendulum from its origin by less than 10 degrees. Start the stopwatch when the
pendulum is released and stop the time when the pendulum has completed 10 full oscillations, Calculate the
mean by dividing the time by the number pf oscillations. Slowly increase the length until you have 10 values.
Draw a graph with Time/T as the y-axis and square root Length as the x-axis, the gradient is 2π x square root G.
However due to the possibility of errors in our final value of g, we must account for the reaction time taken in
measuring the time, the amount of error can be reduced by using a reaction time test, multiple times, and using a
mean to account for the error in the calculations for G.

Lengt Tim Root Time

h (M) e (s) length ^2 Gradient
3.995190
1.04 1.9 1.020 3.96 598
1.86
0.91 6 0.954 3.46
1.82
0.795 2 0.892 2.924
1.80
0.735 6 0.857 2.723
To calculate G, rearrange T=4pi^2G and solve for g which 0.68 1.69 0.825 2.434 gets
you a value of 9.881 which can be reduced by counting in 1.56
errors and become closer to the actual value of G which is 0.575 8 0.758 2.161
9.81. To reduce the percentage error, repeat the experiment for
more values or repeat the experiment more times for each value and use the mean value for each point, or use a
reaction time tester and account for the reaction time when measuring the time taken.

Mass Spring Experiment.

Equipment used: a spring, a set of suspendable masses, a ruler and a stand

Set up the apparatus, start with no masses hanging on the spring, using a ruler measure the length the spring at
equilibrium, afterwards, increase the amount of mass hanging off the spring in increments of 100 grams
(0.1KG) and measure the extension from the original length, in metres, do this until 6 values have been recorded
then multiply the masses hanging off the springs by 9.81 to find the weight in Newtons hanging off the spring.
Mas Extensio Forc
s n e Gradient
0.98 25.455240
0.1 0.022 1 7
1.96
0.2 0.063 2
2.94
0.3 0.100 3
3.92
0.4 0.134 4
On the graph, keep force as the Y-axis, the extension of the
4.90
spring on the X-axis and have the gradient as K.
0.5 0.174 5
5.88
0.6 0.218 6
2nd Mass Spring Experiment.

Equipment used: a spring, a set of suspendable masses, a ruler, a stand and clamp, and a stopwatch.

Set up the apparatus, with the 100g mass hanging on the spring on the clamp to begin with. Pull the mass
vertically down and let go and the mass will begin to oscillate. Start the stopwatch as soon as the mass is
released and stop the stopwatch after 20 complete oscillations and record this time and take the mean by
dividing the time by 20 to get the time period. Add a 100 g mass to the hanger and repeat the steps until you
have 6 readings. Make sure the mass is pulled down by the same amount before each reading. On the table, you
must record the mass and time taken to complete a set number of
Mass (Kg) Time T^2/s^2
oscillations which must remain constant throughout the experiment (in this
case its 20 complete oscillations). On the x axis you record the time 0.1 9.08 82.4464 taken
squared and on the Y axis you record the mass of the weights being 0.2 10.99 120.7801 hanged
off the spring.
0.3 13.08 171.0864
0.4 15.02 225.6004
0.5 15.27 223.1729
0.6 18.81 353.8161

The gradient will be equal to 4pi2/k and to solve for K and find the spring constant, divide 4pi2 by the gradient
which will give you a final answer of 25.124, and since we have already derived k to be equal to 25.46 there is
small percentage error, the likely source of this percentage error is human error when measuring the time or
rounding error.