SOCIAL

ENGINEERING
UNIT-2
SOCIAL COMPETENCIES
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
• PERSONAL AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY INCLUDES THE SKILLS, STRATEGIES, AND
DISPOSITIONS THAT HELP STUDENTS TO STAY HEALTHY AND ACTIVE, SET GOALS,
MONITOR PROGRESS, REGULATE EMOTIONS, RESPECT THEIR OWN RIGHTS AND THE
RIGHTS OF OTHERS, MANAGE STRESS, AND PERSEVERE IN DIFFICULT SITUATIONS.
STUDENTS WHO DEMONSTRATE PERSONAL AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY
DEMONSTRATE SELF-RESPECT AND EXPRESS A SENSE OF PERSONAL WELL-BEING.
• PERSONAL AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY IS ONE OF THREE INTERRELATED
COMPETENCIES THAT RELATE TO THE BROAD AREA OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL
LEARNING (SEL).
• I. POSITIVE PERSONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY (PPCI)
• II. PERSONAL AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY
• III. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
• POSITIVE PERSONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY (PPCI) : POSITIVE PERSONAL AND CULTURAL
IDENTITY INVOLVES THE AWARENESS, UNDERSTANDING, AND APPRECIATION OF THE FACTORS
THAT CONTRIBUTE TO A HEALTHY SENSE OF ONESELF; IT INCLUDES KNOWLEDGE OF ONE’S
FAMILY BACKGROUND, HERITAGE(S), LANGUAGE(S), BELIEFS, AND PERSPECTIVES IN A
PLURALISTIC SOCIETY.
• POSITIVE PERSONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES ARE VALUED BY THOSE WHO ARE AWARE OF HOW
THEIR PERSONAL AND CULTURAL NARRATIVES HAVE SHAPED WHO THEY ARE. THEY
DEMONSTRATE A STRONG SENSE OF SELF-WORTH, SELF-AWARENESS, AND POSITIVE IDENTITY,
GROWING INTO SELF-ASSURED PEOPLE WHO TAKE PRIDE IN WHO THEY ARE AND WHAT THEY ARE
CAPABLE OF. THEY MAKE POSITIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIETY, THEIR FAMILY, AND THEIR
COMMUNITY IN ADDITION TO THEIR OWN WELL-BEING.
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
• SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS AN ETHICAL THEORY IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE
ACCOUNTABLE FOR FULFILLING THEIR CIVIC DUTY, AND THE ACTIONS OF AN
INDIVIDUAL MUST BENEFIT THE WHOLE OF SOCIETY. IN THIS WAY, THERE MUST BE A
BALANCE BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH, THE WELFARE OF PEOPLE, AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.
• THE THEORY OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS BUILT ON A SYSTEM OF ETHICS, IN
WHICH DECISIONS AND ACTIONS MUST BE ETHICALLY VALIDATED BEFORE
PROCEEDING. IF THE ACTION OR DECISION CAUSES HARM TO SOCIETY OR THE
ENVIRONMENT, THEN IT WOULD BE CONSIDERED TO BE SOCIALLY IRRESPONSIBLE.
• MORAL VALUES THAT ARE INHERENT IN SOCIETY CREATE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN
RIGHT AND WRONG. IN THIS WAY, SOCIAL FAIRNESS IS BELIEVED (BY MOST) TO BE
IN THE “RIGHT”, BUT MORE FREQUENTLY THAN NOT THIS “FAIRNESS” IS ABSENT.
EVERY INDIVIDUAL HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO ACT IN MANNER THAT IS BENEFICIAL
TO SOCIETY AND NOT SOLELY TO THE INDIVIDUAL.
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
THE PERSONAL AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCY PROFILES DESCRIBE AND
ILLUSTRATE STUDENTS’ DEVELOPMENT, FOCUSING ON THE THREE FACETS DESCRIBED
BELOW.
1. SELF-DETERMINATION
HUMANS WHO ARE PERSONALLY AWARE AND RESPONSIBLE HAVE A SENSE OF PERSONAL
EFFICACY AND GROWING CONFIDENCE IN A VARIETY OF SITUATIONS. THEY VALUE
THEMSELVES, THEIR IDEAS, AND THEIR ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THEY ARE ABLE TO EXPRESS
THEIR NEEDS AND SEEK HELP WHEN THEY NEED IT, TO FIND PURPOSE AND MOTIVATION AND
ACT ON IT, AND TO ADVOCATE FOR THEMSELVES.
EXAMPLE:- I CAN SHOW A SENSE OF ACCOMPLISHMENT AND JOY.
I CAN CELEBRATE MY EFFORTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
I CAN ADVOCATE FOR MYSELF AND MY IDEAS.
I CAN IMAGINE AND WORK TOWARD CHANGE IN MYSELF AND THE WORLD.
I TAKE THE INITIATIVE TO INFORM MYSELF ABOUT CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES.
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
2. SELF-REGULATION
• PEOPLE WHO ARE PERSONALLY AWARE AND RESPONSIBLE TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR
THEIR OWN CHOICES AND ACTIONS. THEY SET GOALS, MONITOR PROGRESS, AND
UNDERSTAND AND REGULATE THEIR EMOTIONS. THEY ARE AWARE THAT LEARNING
INVOLVES PATIENCE AND TIME. THEY ARE ABLE TO PERSEVERE IN DIFFICULT SITUATIONS,
AND TO UNDERSTAND HOW THEIR ACTIONS AFFECT THEMSELVES AND OTHERS.
• FOR EXAMPLE:- I CAN SOMETIMES RECOGNIZE EMOTIONS.
• I CAN USE STRATEGIES THAT HELP ME MANAGE MY FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS.
• I CAN PERSEVERE WITH CHALLENGING TASKS.
• I CAN IMPLEMENT, MONITOR, AND ADJUST A PLAN AND ASSESS THE RESULTS.
• I CAN TAKE OWNERSHIP OF MY GOALS, LEARNING, AND BEHAVIOUR
 PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(PRC)
3. WELL-BEING STUDENTS
• WHO ARE PERSONALLY AWARE AND RESPONSIBLE RECOGNIZE HOW THEIR DECISIONS AND
ACTIONS AFFECT THEIR MENTAL, PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL, COGNITIVE, AND
SPIRITUAL WELLNESS, AND TAKE INCREASING RESPONSIBILITY FOR CARING FOR
THEMSELVES. THEY KEEP THEMSELVES HEALTHY AND PHYSICALLY ACTIVE, MANAGE
STRESS, AND EXPRESS A SENSE OF PERSONAL WELL-BEING. THEY MAKE CHOICES THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO THEIR SAFETY IN THEIR COMMUNITIES, INCLUDING ONLINE INTERACTIONS.
THEY RECOGNIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF HAPPINESS, AND HAVE STRATEGIES THAT HELP
THEM FIND PEACE IN CHALLENGING SITUATIONS.
FOR EXAMPLE:- I CAN PARTICIPATE IN ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT MY WELL-BEING, AND
TELL/SHOW HOW THEY HELP ME.
I CAN TAKE SOME RESPONSIBILITY FOR MY PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING.
I CAN MAKE CHOICES THAT BENEFIT MY WELL-BEING AND KEEP ME SAFE IN MY COMMUNITY,
INCLUDING MY ONLINE INTERACTIONS.
I CAN USE STRATEGIES TO FIND PEACE IN STRESSFUL TIMES.
 PERMA MODEL OF WELLBEING
• THE PERMA MODEL REPRESENTS THE FIVE CORE ELEMENTS OF HAPPINESS AND
WELL-BEING. PERMA BASICALLY STANDS FOR POSITIVE
EMOTION, ENGAGEMENT, RELATIONSHIPS, MEANING, AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS.
• THE PERMA MODEL WAS CREATED BY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AND EDUCATOR MARTIN
SELIGMAN. AS A PSYCHOLOGIST, SELIGMAN IS AWARE OF HOW NORMAL IT IS FOR PEOPLE
TO ALWAYS BE LOOKING FOR WHAT BRINGS THEM HAPPINESS, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR
AGE, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, OR STAGE OF LIFE
 PERMA MODEL OF WELLBEING

1. POSITIVE EMOTION :- FEELING GOOD IS THE ESSENCE OF POSITIVE EMOTION, WHICH IS

UNDOUBTEDLY THE QUICKEST ROUTE TO HAPPINESS. ONE FEELS POSITIVE WHEN THEY ARE
FEELING WELL. BUT SUCH GOOD FEELING GOES BEYOND A PERSON SMILING BROADLY
BECAUSE, REGRETTABLY, ANYONE CAN FAKE A GRIN.
2. ENGAGEMENT :- ENGAGEMENT, OR SOMETHING ONE MAY BECOME ABSORBED IN OR
ENGROSSED IN, IS THE SECOND COMPONENT OF THE PERMA MODEL. MOST PEOPLE HAVE
HAD THE SENSATION OF LOSING THEMSELVES IN A BOOK OR ENTERING "ONE’S OWN
WORLD" DUE TO SOMETHING REALLY CAPTIVATING. IT IS ACTUALLY HIGHLY BENEFICIAL
TO ONE'S INTELLECT, FEELINGS, AND ABILITIES, WHICH IS WHY IT IS APPROPRIATE TO
PERMIT A CHILD WHO IS OCCUPIED WITH BUILDING LEGO STRUCTURES OR STACKING
BLOCKS TO BE LEFT ALONE.
 PERMA MODEL OF WELLBEING
3. RELATIONSHIPS :- AS PER THE PERMA MODEL, RELATIONSHIPS CONSTITUTE THE THIRD COMPONENT OF
PLEASURE AND WELL-BEING. BEING A MEMBER OF A GROUP, WHETHER IT IS A CIRCLE, A SCHOOL ORGANIZATION, OR
A CLIQUE, COMES NATURALLY TO HUMANS. WE WERE HARDWIRED TO REQUIRE LOVE, AFFECTION, CONNECTION,
AND ATTENTION IN ADDITION TO WANTING IT. IT IS FOR THIS REASON THAT PEOPLE SHOULD ESTABLISH TIES WITH
FRIENDS, FAMILY, COWORKERS, AND PEERS; IT IS FROM THESE GROUPS THAT WE CAN DRAW EMOTIONAL SUPPORT
DURING TRYING TIMES.

THE ACT OF HIGH SCHOOL LADIES GOING TO THE COMFORT ROOM TOGETHER, EVEN IF ONLY ONE OF THEM NEEDS
TO USE IT, IS A STRAIGHTFORWARD YET STRIKING ILLUSTRATION OF THE YEARNING FOR CONNECTION AND
BELONGING.

4. MEANING:- MANY PEOPLE ARE PERPLEXED AS TO WHY A LARGE NUMBER OF CELEBRITIES WHO OWN
MULTIMILLION-DOLLAR HOMES AND FREQUENTLY TAKE TRIPS TO THE CARIBBEAN AND MALDIVES ULTIMATELY
COMMIT THEMSELVES. THEY FAIL TO REALIZE THAT LIFE IS ABOUT SO MUCH MORE THAN SIMPLY MONEY AND
MATERIAL BELONGINGS. THE PURPOSE ONE FINDS IN LIFE IS ULTIMATELY WHAT DRIVES ONE TO DESIRE TO LIVE.
 PERMA MODEL OF WELLBEING
5. ACCOMPLISHMENTS :- FINALLY, ACCOMPLISHMENTS MAKE UP THE FIFTH COMPONENT OF
THE PERMA MODEL. EVERYBODY IS PROUD OF WHATEVER THEY HAVE DONE OR ACHIEVED.
THESE SUCCESSES ARE WHAT BOOST OUR SELF-WORTH AND ASSURANCE THAT WE ARE
VALUABLE. ACHIEVING SOMETHING MAKES US HAPPY AND INSPIRES US TO WORK HARDER
AND GROW. EVEN VERY YOUNG YOUNGSTERS EXHIBIT IT.
FOR INSTANCE, A LITTLE GIRL LEARNS TO USE THE SPOON AND FORK WHEN EATING AND
WHEN SHE KNOWS HOW PROUD HER MOTHER IS UPON LEARNING THIS, THE CHILD
CONTINUES TO USE HER SPOON AND FORK. SHE ALSO SEEKS NEW THINGS TO LEARN THAT
ARE MORE CHALLENGING THAN WHAT SHE CAN ALREADY DO, SUCH AS POURING WATER
INTO HER GLASS OR PUTTING HER TOYS BACK IN THE CUPBOARD. IN SHORT, THESE
ACCOMPLISHMENTS DRIVE INDIVIDUALS TO ACHIEVE MORE AND MAKE THEM FEEL GOOD.
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(SRC)
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INVOLVES THE ABILITY AND DISPOSITION TO CONSIDER THE
INTERDEPENDENCE OF PEOPLE WITH EACH OTHER AND THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT; TO
CONTRIBUTE POSITIVELY TO ONE’S FAMILY, COMMUNITY, SOCIETY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT;
TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS PEACEFULLY; TO EMPATHIZE WITH OTHERS AND APPRECIATE THEIR
PERSPECTIVES; AND TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS.
PEOPLE WHO DEMONSTRATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ARE ACTIVE, CARING, AND RESPONSIBLE
MEMBERS OF SOCIETY. THEY COLLABORATE EFFECTIVELY WITH OTHERS, DEMONSTRATE A
STRONG SENSE OF COMMUNITY-MINDEDNESS, AND TAKE ACTIONS TO SUPPORT DIVERSITY
AND THE ENVIRONMENT. THEY SHOW RESPECT FOR EVERYONE’S RIGHTS, AND DEMONSTRATE
EMPATHY AND A SENSE OF ETHICAL CARE AS THEY DEVELOP RELATIONSHIPS AND CONSIDER
DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES.
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
(SRC)
THE FOUR FACETS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DESCRIBED, ARE INTERRELATED AND INTERWOVEN
WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH OTHER COMPETENCIES.
1. CONTRIBUTING TO COMMUNITY AND CARING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT:- PEOPLE DEVELOP
AWARENESS AND TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR SOCIAL, PHYSICAL, AND NATURAL
ENVIRONMENTS BY WORKING INDEPENDENTLY AND COLLABORATIVELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF
OTHERS, COMMUNITIES, AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
FOR EXAMPLE:- WITH SOME SUPPORT, I CAN BE PART OF A GROUP.
I CAN PARTICIPATE IN CLASSROOM AND GROUP ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE THE CLASSROOM, SCHOOL,
COMMUNITY, OR NATURAL WORLD.
I CONTRIBUTE TO GROUP ACTIVITIES THAT MAKE MY CLASSROOM, SCHOOL, COMMUNITY, OR
NATURAL WORLD A BETTER PLACE.
I CAN IDENTIFY HOW MY ACTIONS AND THE ACTIONS OF OTHERS AFFECT MY COMMUNITY AND THE
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND CAN WORK TO MAKE POSITIVE CHANGE.
I CAN ANALYZE COMPLEX SOCIAL OR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FROM MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES.
I CAN TAKE THOUGHTFUL ACTIONS TO INFLUENCE POSITIVE, SUSTAINABLE CHANGE
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES (SRC)
2. SOLVING PROBLEMS IN PEACEFUL WAYS
PEOPLE IDENTIFY AND DEVELOP AN APPRECIATION OF DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON ISSUES;
THEY GENERATE, USE, AND EVALUATE STRATEGIES TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS.
FOR EXAMPLE:- I CAN SOLVE SOME PROBLEMS MYSELF AND CAN IDENTIFY WHEN TO ASK FOR
HELP.
I CAN IDENTIFY PROBLEMS AND COMPARE POTENTIAL PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGIES.
I CAN CLARIFY PROBLEMS, CONSIDER ALTERNATIVES, AND EVALUATE STRATEGIES.
I CAN CLARIFY PROBLEMS OR ISSUES, GENERATE MULTIPLE STRATEGIES, WEIGH
CONSEQUENCES, COMPROMISE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF OTHERS, AND EVALUATE ACTIONS
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMPETENCIES
3. VALUING DIVERSITY
(SRC)
PEOPLE VALUE DIVERSITY, DEFEND HUMAN RIGHTS, ADVOCATE FOR OTHERS, AND ACT WITH A SENSE OF
ETHICS IN INTERACTIONS, INCLUDING ONLINE.
FOR EXAMPLE:- WITH SOME DIRECTION, I CAN DEMONSTRATE RESPECTFUL AND INCLUSIVE BEHAVIOR.
I CAN EXPLAIN WHEN SOMETHING IS UNFAIR.
I CAN ADVOCATE FOR OTHERS.
I TAKE ACTION TO SUPPORT DIVERSITY AND DEFEND HUMAN RIGHTS, AND CAN IDENTIFY HOW DIVERSITY IS
BENEFICIAL FOR MY COMMUNITY, INCLUDING ONLINE.
4. BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS
STUDENTS DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN DIVERSE, POSITIVE PEER AND INTERGENERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN A
VARIETY OF CONTEXTS. FOR EXAMPLE:- WITH SOME SUPPORT, I CAN BE PART OF A GROUP.
I AM KIND TO OTHERS, CAN WORK OR PLAY CO-OPERATIVELY, AND CAN BUILD RELATIONSHIPS WITH PEOPLE
OF MY CHOOSING.
I CAN IDENTIFY WHEN OTHERS NEED SUPPORT AND PROVIDE IT.
I AM AWARE OF HOW OTHERS MAY FEEL AND TAKE STEPS TO HELP THEM FEEL INCLUDED.
I BUILD AND SUSTAIN POSITIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH DIVERSE PEOPLE, INCLUDING PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT
 WHAT IS AN NGO
AN ORGANIZATION THAT OPERATES OUTSIDE OF ANY GOVERNMENT IS KNOWN AS A
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO). USUALLY, IT IS NOT FOR PROFIT. NGOS, OFTEN
KNOWN AS CIVIL SOCIETY GROUPS, ARE FOUNDED AT THE LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL
LEVELS TO ADVANCE SOCIAL OR POLITICAL OBJECTIVES LIKE ENVIRONMENTAL
PRESERVATION OR HUMANITARIAN CAUSES.
FOR EXAMPLE, NGOS MIGHT FOCUS ON ACTIVITIES IN AREAS INVOLVING HEALTH OR
HEALTH EMERGENCIES, EDUCATION, INFRASTRUCTURE, ADVOCACY OF MINORITY RIGHTS,
SUPPORT OF THE POOR, AND THE REDUCTION OF CRIME.
THE TERM NGO IS GENERALLY ACCEPTED TO REFER TO USUALLY NON-PROFIT, PRIVATE
ORGANIZATIONS THAT OPERATE OUTSIDE OF GOVERNMENT CONTROL. SOME NGOS RELY
PRIMARILY ON VOLUNTEERS WHILE OTHERS SUPPORT A PAID STAFF. THE WORLD
BANK IDENTIFIES TWO BROAD GROUPS OF NGOS:
• OPERATIONAL NGOS:- WHICH FOCUS ON THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
• ADVOCACY NGOS:- WHICH DEFEND OR PROMOTE A SPECIFIC CAUSE AND SEEK TO
 TYPES OF NGO
THE BASIC TYPES OF NGOS OPERATING IN THE COUNTRY CLASSIFIES INTO TWO BROAD
SEGMENTS BASED ON ORIENTATION AND LEVEL OF OPERATION:
BASED ON ORIENTATION
THESE ARE SOME NGO CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON THEIR ORIENTATIONS:
1. CHARITY
THE TERM "CHARITABLE ORIENTATIONS" DESCRIBES PATERNALISTIC EFFORTS IN WHICH
BENEFICIARIES HAVE LITTLE SAY. IT COMPRISES NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOS) THAT ORGANIZE CAMPAIGNS TO ADDRESS THE NECESSITIES OF THE IMPOVERISHED,
INCLUDING CLOTHING, MEDICINE, FOOD, SHELTER, EDUCATION, AND TRANSPORTATION.
FOLLOWING NATURAL DISASTERS, THESE NGOS ACTIVELY ASSIST THOSE IN NEED. THESE
ORGANIZATIONS ARE VITAL TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF DEVELOPMENT. THEY OFTEN RECEIVE
FUNDING FROM THE GOVERNMENT, BUT THEY MAY ALSO OBTAIN CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE
GENERAL PUBLIC.
 TYPES OF NGO
2. SERVICE
ORGANIZATIONS WITH A SERVICE ORIENTATION INCLUDE THOSE THAT SPEARHEAD CAMPAIGNS TO
IMPROVE HEALTHCARE, EDUCATION, AND FAMILY PLANNING. THESE KINDS OF ACTIVITIES ARE
GROUPED INTO PROGRAMS THAT REQUIRE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION FROM PARTICIPANTS IN ORDER
TO ENSURE EFFICIENT OPERATION. THESE ORGANIZATIONS MAY RECEIVE FUNDING FROM THE
GOVERNMENT OR FROM PRIVATE CITIZENS.
3. PARTICIPATION
PARTICIPATORY SELF-HELP PROJECTS INCLUDE THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN MANY ASPECTS OF
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION, SUCH AS FINANCIAL, LABOR, MATERIAL, OR OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS. A
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT'S PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION PHASES ARE WHEN
PARTICIPATION BEGINS, WHEN NEEDS ARE IDENTIFIED. IN COOPERATIVES, PARTICIPATORY
ORIENTATION IS TYPICAL.
4. EMPOWERMENT
THE GOAL OF EMPOWERING ORIENTATIONS IS TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE ABILITY
THAT THOSE LIVING IN POVERTY HAVE TO BETTER THEIR OWN CIRCUMSTANCES. ADDITIONALLY, IT
HELPS THEM COMPREHEND THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
THEM BETTER. IN CERTAIN SITUATIONS, THESE ORGANIZATIONS CAN FORM NATURALLY AROUND A
 TYPES OF NGO
BASED ON LEVEL OF OPERATION
THESE ARE SOME CLASSIFICATIONS OF NGOS BASED ON THEIR LEVEL OF OPERATION:
1. COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANISATIONS
INDIVIDUAL INITIATIVES LEAD TO THE FORMATION OF COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS,
OR CBOS. CBOS INCLUDE, AMONG OTHERS, WOMEN'S GROUPS, SPORTS TEAMS,
NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATIONS, AND EDUCATIONAL OR RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENTS.
THESE ORGANIZATIONS TAKE ON A VARIETY OF SHAPES; SOME ARE SUPPORTED BY
BILATERAL OR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL NGOS, OR
BOTH, WHILE OTHERS FUNCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF OUTSIDE FUNDING.
2. CITY-WIDE ORGANISATIONS
NGOS THAT FOCUS ON THE ENTIRE CITY INCLUDE CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE AND
INDUSTRY, ASSOCIATIONS OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, COALITIONS OF BUSINESS, AND
ALLIANCES OF EDUCATIONAL OR ETHNIC ORGANIZATIONS. THESE ORGANIZATIONS ARE
FOUNDED BY PEOPLE WITH THE INTENTION OF AIDING THE UNDERPRIVILEGED. AS ONE OF
ITS MAIN GOALS, SOME OF THEM MIGHT ALSO STRIVE TO ASSIST INDIVIDUALS IN NEED.
 TYPES OF NGO
3. NATIONAL NGOS
NATIONAL NGOS ARE NGOS THAT FUNCTION ACROSS A NATION. THE RED CROSS AND
YMCAS OR YWCAS ARE EXAMPLES OF NATIONAL NGOS. SOME OF THEM HELP NEARBY
NGOS AND HAVE STATE AND DUTY-BASED BRANCHES.
4. INTERNATIONAL NGOS
INTERNATIONAL NGOS ENGAGE IN A VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES, NOTABLY BY PROVIDING
FUNDING FOR REGIONAL NGOS, INSTITUTIONS AND PROJECTS. THEY ARE ALSO
RESPONSIBLE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INITIATIVES THEMSELVES. EXAMPLES OF
INTERNATIONAL NGOS INCLUDE SAVE THE CHILDREN ORGANISATIONS, CARE AND OXFAM.
 FUNCTIONS OF NGO
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS) HAVE BECOME AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE
GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT LANDSCAPE, PLAYING A CRUCIAL ROLE IN PROMOTING SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE WORLD. NGOS OPERATE INDEPENDENTLY OF THE
GOVERNMENT AND ARE TYPICALLY SET UP TO ADDRESS A PARTICULAR SOCIAL OR POLITICAL
ISSUE.
THEY ARE INVOLVED IN PROVIDING AID AND SUPPORT, ADVOCATING FOR AND RAISING
AWARENESS ABOUT SPECIFIC SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ISSUES, CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPING POLICIES, EMPOWERING AND BUILDING THE CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND
COMMUNITIES, AND FACILITATING NETWORKING AND COLLABORATION BETWEEN VARIOUS
GROUPS.
 FUNCTIONS OF NGO
1. PROVIDING AID AND SUPPORT :- ONE OF THE PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF NGOS IS TO PROVIDE
AID AND SUPPORT TO PEOPLE IN NEED. NGOS ARE OFTEN INVOLVED IN DISASTER RELIEF,
PROVIDING FOOD AND SHELTER, AND MEDICAL ASSISTANCE. THEY WORK TO ADDRESS
POVERTY, HUNGER, AND HEALTH ISSUES.
• NGOS ALSO PROVIDE SUPPORT TO REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS, ENSURING THAT
THEY HAVE ACCESS TO BASIC NECESSITIES SUCH AS FOOD, WATER, AND SHELTER. THEY
ALSO PROVIDE SUPPORT TO VULNERABLE GROUPS, SUCH AS WOMEN AND CHILDREN, WHO
ARE OFTEN MARGINALIZED IN SOCIETY.
2. ADVOCACY AND AWARENESS :- NGOS ARE INVOLVED IN ADVOCATING FOR AND RAISING
AWARENESS ABOUT SPECIFIC SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ISSUES. THEY AIM TO BRING ATTENTION
TO ISSUES THAT ARE OFTEN NEGLECTED OR OVERLOOKED BY GOVERNMENTS AND
MAINSTREAM MEDIA.
• NGOS WORK TO PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, GENDER
EQUALITY, AND SOCIAL JUSTICE. THEY USE VARIOUS METHODS SUCH AS LOBBYING,
CAMPAIGNING, AND COMMUNITY ORGANIZING TO BRING ABOUT CHANGE.
 FUNCTIONS OF NGO
3. EDUCATION AND TRAINING:- NGOS ALSO FOCUS ON EDUCATION AND TRAINING,
PARTICULARLY IN AREAS SUCH AS HEALTH, AGRICULTURE, AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT.
THEY AIM TO PROVIDE PEOPLE WITH THE SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE THEY NEED TO IMPROVE
THEIR LIVES AND COMMUNITIES.
NGOS WORK TO IMPROVE ACCESS TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING, PARTICULARLY FOR
MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES, INCLUDING GIRLS AND WOMEN.
4. RESEARCH AND POLICY DEVELOPMENT
NGOS ALSO PLAY A ROLE IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPING POLICIES THAT
ADDRESS SPECIFIC SOCIAL OR POLITICAL ISSUES. THEY CONDUCT RESEARCH TO UNDERSTAND
THE ROOT CAUSES OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND USE THIS KNOWLEDGE TO
DEVELOP POLICIES THAT CAN ADDRESS THESE ISSUES.
NGOS WORK TO INFLUENCE POLICY-MAKING AT THE LOCAL, NATIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL
LEVELS, AIMING TO BRING ABOUT POSITIVE CHANGE.
 FUNCTIONS OF NGO
5.NETWORKING AND COLLABORATION :- NGOS FACILITATE NETWORKING AND
COLLABORATION BETWEEN VARIOUS GROUPS, SUCH AS GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, BUSINESSES,
AND CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS, TO ADDRESS COMMON GOALS. THEY WORK TO BUILD
PARTNERSHIPS THAT CAN BRING ABOUT GREATER IMPACT IN PROMOTING SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
NGOS ALSO WORK TO CREATE PLATFORMS FOR DIALOGUE AND EXCHANGE, BRINGING
TOGETHER PEOPLE WITH DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS AND EXPERIENCES TO SHARE KNOWLEDGE
AND BEST PRACTICES.
6. EMPOWERMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING :- NGOS WORK TO EMPOWER AND BUILD THE
CAPACITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND COMMUNITIES, PARTICULARLY THOSE WHO ARE
MARGINALIZED OR VULNERABLE. THEY AIM TO ENABLE PEOPLE TO TAKE CONTROL OF THEIR
LIVES AND COMMUNITIES, AND TO BECOME ACTIVE AGENTS OF CHANGE.
NGOS PROVIDE TRAINING AND RESOURCES TO DEVELOP SKILLS SUCH AS LEADERSHIP,
ADVOCACY, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP. THEY WORK TO PROMOTE COMMUNITY-LED
DEVELOPMENT, ENCOURAGING PEOPLE TO TAKE OWNERSHIP OF DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES.
 APPROACHES OF NGO
GRASSROOT DEVELOPMENT:-
• TARGET DISADVANTAGED GROUPS THROUGH SMALL, LOCAL PROJECTS.
• INVOLVE TRAINING AND EDUCATION.
HUMANITARIAN/ EMERGENCY RELIEF:-
• FOCUSES ON RELIEF IN TIME OF DISASTER AND WAR SITUATION.
ADVOCACY:-
• TO DRAW PUBLIC ATTENTION TO AN ISSUE AND INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT POLICY EITHER IN
BEHALF OF, OR ALONGSIDE, A PARTICULAR COMMUNITY INTEREST GROUP.
• DIFFERENT NGO TARGET SPECIFIC COMMUNITIES, GROUP OR SECTORS IN THEIR ADVOCACY
WORK.
VOLUNTEER:-
• PROGRAMS RUN BY NGOS FACILITATES SENDING VOLUNTEERS OVERSEAS TO OFFER
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROJECT SUPPORT AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN A VARIETY OF
SECTORS SUCH AS NURSING, EDUCATION, ENGINEERING AND AGRICULTURE.
 WHAT IS NPO
A NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION (NPO) IS ONE THAT PRIORITIZES ITS COMMITMENT TO A
PARTICULAR CAUSE OVER PROFIT, WITH ALL PROCEEDS GOING TOWARD SUPPORTING THE
GROUP'S OPERATIONS.
AS A RESULT, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GRANTS NPOS TAX-EXEMPT STATUS, WHICH SPARES
THEM FROM PAYING INCOME TAX.
RELIGIOUS, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ADVOCACY GROUPS, TRUSTS, COOPERATIVES, AND
CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS FREQUENTLY USE NONPROFIT ENTITIES. NEARLY ALL
NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS RELY ON VOLUNTEERS, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL HAVE PAID
MANAGERS.
NPOS, IN CONTRAST TO FOR-PROFIT COMPANIES, ARE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS WITH NO
SHAREHOLDERS. ANY EARNINGS LEFT OVER AFTER RUNNING COSTS ARE REINVESTED IN THE
ORGANIZATION TO ACHIEVE ITS OBJECTIVES RATHER THAN BEING DIVIDED AMONG ITS STAFF
OR MEMBERS.
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN NPO
AND NGO?

• THE TERMS NPO AND NGO (NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION) ARE ALSO OFTEN USED
INTERCHANGEABLY BUT THEY HAVE SOME KEY DIFFERENCES.
• NGOS ARE SEPARATE FROM THE GOVERNMENT AND REQUIRE NO GOVERNMENT COUNCIL
BUT DEPEND ON THE GOVERNMENT FOR FUNDING BY MEANS OF GOVERNMENT GRANTS.
• HOWEVER, MOST NGOS ARE ALSO NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS AND THUS HAVE
NONPROFIT STATUS.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN
NPO AND NGO?
 WHAT IS CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
(CSR)
• A SELF-POLICING BUSINESS CONCEPT KNOWN AS "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY"
(CSR) ASSISTS AN ORGANIZATION IN BEING HELD SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BY THE PUBLIC,
ITS STAKEHOLDERS, AND ITSELF. COMPANIES CAN BE AWARE OF THEIR IMPACT ON THE
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACETS OF SOCIETY BY ENGAGING IN
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, OFTEN KNOWN AS CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP.
• WHEN A FIRM PRACTICES CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR), IT MEANS THAT IT
OPERATES IN A WAY THAT BENEFITS SOCIETY AND THE ENVIRONMENT RATHER THAN
DETRACTING FROM THEM.
• CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IS A BROAD CONCEPT THAT CAN TAKE MANY
FORMS DEPENDING ON THE COMPANY AND INDUSTRY. THROUGH CSR PROGRAMS,
PHILANTHROPY, AND VOLUNTEER EFFORTS, BUSINESSES CAN BENEFIT SOCIETY WHILE
BOOSTING THEIR BRANDS.
• A FIRM MUST BE ACCOUNTABLE TO ITS INVESTORS AND TO ITSELF BEFORE IT CAN BE
CONSIDERED SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE. BUSINESSES THAT PARTICIPATE IN CSR INITIATIVES
FREQUENTLY HAVE DEVELOPED TO THE POINT WHERE THEY ARE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE TO
THE COMMUNITY. AS A RESULT, BIG BUSINESSES USUALLY EMPLOY CSR AS A STRATEGY.
 TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
IN GENERAL, THERE ARE FOUR MAIN TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY. A
COMPANY MAY CHOOSE TO ENGAGE IN ANY OF THESE SEPARATELY, AND LACK OF INVOLVEMENT
IN ONE AREA DOES NOT NECESSARILY EXCLUDE A COMPANY FROM BEING SOCIALLY
RESPONSIBLE.
• ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY :- ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY IS THE PILLAR OF
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ROOTED IN PRESERVING MOTHER NATURE. THROUGH
OPTIMAL OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OF RELATED CAUSES, A COMPANY CAN ENSURE THAT IT
LEAVES NATURAL RESOURCES BETTER THAN BEFORE ITS OPERATIONS. A COMPANY CAN
PURSUE ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP THROUGH:
• LOWERING EMISSIONS, WASTE, POLLUTION, AND THE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES DURING
THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS.
• RECYCLING RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS AT EVERY STAGE OF COMPANY OPERATIONS,
INCLUDING ENCOURAGING CUSTOMERS TO REUSE PRODUCTS.
• REDUCING ADVERSE EFFECTS BY RESTOCKING NATURAL RESOURCES OR ASSISTING
ORGANIZATIONS THAT CAN LESSEN THE INFLUENCE OF THE BUSINESS. A MANUFACTURER
WHO DEFORESTS, FOR INSTANCE, MIGHT PROMISE TO PLANT AN EQUAL OR GREATER AMOUNT.
• DISTRIBUTING PRODUCTS RESPONSIBLY BY SELECTING TECHNIQUES THAT MINIMIZE
EMISSIONS AND POLLUTION.
• DEVELOPING PRODUCT LINES THAT UPHOLD THESE PRINCIPLES. A COMPANY THAT SELLS GAS
 TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY:- THE CORNERSTONE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
IS ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITY, WHICH IS BASED ON BEHAVING MORALLY AND FAIRLY.
BUSINESSES FREQUENTLY ESTABLISH THEIR OWN STANDARDS, BUT OUTSIDE FACTORS
LIKE CUSTOMER DEMANDS CAN ALSO INFLUENCE MORAL OBJECTIVES. EXAMPLES OF
MORAL OBLIGATION INCLUDE:
• EQUAL TREATMENT FOR ALL CLIENTELE, IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR AGE, ETHNICITY,
CULTURE, OR SEXUAL PREFERENCE.
• KIND TREATMENT OF EVERY EMPLOYEE, INCLUDING COMPETITIVE SALARY AND
BENEFITS ABOVE LEGALLY REQUIRED MINIMUMS. THIS IS TREATING EVERY APPLICANT
EQUALLY WHEN HIRING, REGARDLESS OF PERSONAL PREFERENCES.
• EXPANSION OF VENDOR UTILIZATION TO INCLUDE MORE VENDORS WITH VARYING
RACIAL, GENDER, VETERAN, OR SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS.
• OPERATING CONCERNS SHOULD BE PROMPTLY AND RESPECTFULLY DISCLOSED TO
INVESTORS IN AN HONEST AND OPEN WAY. ALTHOUGH IT'S NOT ALWAYS NEEDED, A
BUSINESS MAY DECIDE TO HANDLE ITS RELATIONSHIPS WITH OUTSIDE PARTIES IN A
 TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSIBILITY :- THE CORNERSTONE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY, PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSIBILITY QUESTIONS A COMPANY'S BEHAVIOR
AND SOCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS. TO PUT IT SIMPLY, PHILANTHROPIC RESPONSIBILITY IS THE
USE OF A COMPANY'S RESOURCES TO IMPROVE THE WORLD. THIS COMPRISES:
• WHETHER A BUSINESS GIVES ITS PROFITS TO WORTHY CAUSES OR CHARITABLE
ORGANIZATIONS.
• WHETHER A BUSINESS EXCLUSIVELY TRANSACTS WITH VENDORS OR SUPPLIERS WHO
SHARE ITS CHARITABLE VALUES.
• WHETHER AN EMPLOYER OFFERS TIME OFF OR MATCHES EMPLOYEE DONATIONS IN
SUPPORT OF THEIR CHARITABLE EFFORTS.
• WHETHER A BUSINESS PARTICIPATES IN COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROGRAMS OR
SPONSORS FUNDRAISING ACTIVITIES.
 TYPES OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY :- THE CORNERSTONE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY THAT UNITES THE AFOREMENTIONED THREE ASPECTS IS FINANCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY. A BUSINESS MAY DECIDE TO FOCUS ON BECOMING MORE ETHICAL,
CHARITABLE, AND ECOLOGICALLY CONSCIOUS; NEVERTHELESS, IT MUST SUPPORT
THESE INTENTIONS FINANCIALLY THROUGH DONATIONS, INITIATIVES, OR PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT. THIS COVERS THE FOLLOWING EXPENSES:
• DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PRODUCTS THROUGH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT THAT
PROMOTE SUSTAINABILITY.
• BRINGING IN A VARIETY OF TALENT TO GUARANTEE A VARIED STAFF.PROGRAMS THAT
TEACH STAFF MEMBERS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS, OR DEI.
• PROCEDURES THAT COULD COST MORE BUT PRODUCE BETTER CSR OUTCOMES.
• MAKING SURE FINANCIAL REPORTING IS TIMELY, TRANSPARENT, AND INCLUDES EXTERNAL
AUDITS.
 BENEFITS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) HAS EQUAL VALUE FOR A CORPORATION AS IT
DOES FOR THE SOCIETY. CSR INITIATIVES CAN STRENGTHEN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WORKERS AND BUSINESSES, IMPROVE MORALE, AND HELP BOTH PARTIES FEEL MORE A PART
OF THE WORLD. THESE ARE SOME FURTHER JUSTIFICATIONS FOR WHY COMPANIES PURSUE
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY, IN ADDITION TO THE BENEFITS TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
BRAND RECOGNITION:- CONSUMERS ARE MORE INCLINED TO BEHAVE FAVORABLY
TOWARD A COMPANY THAT HAS TAKEN STEPS TO HELP ITS CUSTOMERS THAN TOWARD
ORGANIZATIONS THAT HAVE PROVEN THEIR ABILITY TO PRODUCE HIGH-QUALITY
GOODS, PER A STUDY PUBLISHED IN THE JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY. THE
CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY SOCIETY. "GOOD GUYS CAN FINISH FIRST: HOW BRAND
REPUTATION AFFECTS EXTENSION EVALUATIONS."
CONSUMERS ARE STARTING TO RELY THEIR PURCHASING DECISIONS ON A COMPANY'S
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) PRACTICES AS THEY BECOME MORE
CONSCIOUS OF THE EFFECTS THAT BUSINESSES CAN HAVE ON THEIR COMMUNITIES. AN
ORGANIZATION IS MORE LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE POSITIVE BRAND RECOGNITION THE
MORE CSR IT PARTICIPATES IN.
BENEFITS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITY