VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY BELGAUM-560018

TECHNICAL SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“HAWK-EYE”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
For the academic year 2023 - 24
Submitted by

AMISHA KUMARI

1GD20EC003
Under the guidance
of Dr KRISHNA
KUMAR
Associate Professor
Department of ECE, GCEM,
Bangalore

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

GOPALAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
BANGALORE-560049
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical Seminar, entitled “HAWK EYE” carried out by Ms.
AMISHA KUMARI bearing USN: 1GD20EC003, a bonafide student of VTU in partial
fulfillment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINNERING in ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING of the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY, Belgaum during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the department library the technical seminar has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of Technical Seminar work prescribed for the said degree.

Signature of CO ORDINATOR Signature of HOD

Dr.KRISHNA KUMAR Dr. S ANANTHA PADMANABHAN

Assoc. Professor Dept. of ECE Dept. of ECE

GCEM, Bangalore GCEM, Bangalore

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any achievement, be it scholastic or even otherwise doesn’t depend solely on the efforts but on
the guidance, encouragement co-operation of intellectual elders and friends. I would take this
opportunity to thank our institution, Gopalan college of Engineering & Management, Bangalore.

I would like to express my heart full thanks to Principal Dr ARUN VIKAS SINGH, Gopalan
College of Engineering and Management who have given the opportunity to successfully
complete the seminar.

I am grateful to the HOD, Dr ANANTHAPADMANABHAN, for his kind support, guidance and
motivation during the course of the seminar.

I am also grateful to the guide, Dr KRISHNA KUMAR , for her kind support, guidance during
the course of the seminar.

I would like to thank my beloved parents for their blessings, love and encouragement to successfully
complete the task by meeting all the requirements.

- AMISHA KUMARI
 ABSTRACT

In many sports there are many decisions which cannot be determined by human interfaces. So we
need to use different types of technologies to determine the decisions perfectly. one of most
prominently used technology is HAWK-EYE technology. It is used in sports like cricket, tennis,
snookers and in some games. It is a technology where we can determine speed, deviation of ball
from actual track etc. Hawk-Eye as the most innovative technology provider in sports broadcasting
and is a development that will reinforce the group's presence and influence. It is primarily used by
the majority of television networks to track the trajectory of balls in flight.

The discussion encompasses HAWK EYE’S sophisticated algorithms and sensors systems ,
highlighting its role in officiating , player performance analysis, and enhancing viewer engagement.
 2022-2023

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 01

2. IMPORTANCE OF SMART GRIDS 02

3. CONCEPT OF SMART GRIDS 04

4. COMPONENTS 05

5. FEATURES 10

6. ADVANTAGES 15

7. DISADVANTAGES 16

8. FUTURE OF SMART GRIDS 17

9. CONCLUSION 18

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis, snookers and other sports to visually track
the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image.

Hawk-Eye is a computer system used in cricket, tennis, snookers and other sports to visually track
the path of the ball and display a record of its most statistically likely path as a moving image.
Hawk-Eye as the most innovative technology provider in sports broadcasting and is a development
that will reinforce the group's presence and influence.

It is primarily used by the majority of television networks to track the trajectory of balls in flight.
It was developed by engineers at Roke Manor Research Limited of UK in 2001. A patent was
submitted by Dr Paul Hawkins and David Sherry.

Hawk-Eye as the most innovative technology provider in sports broadcasting and is a development
that will reinforce the group’s presence and influence.

Hawk-Eye can track any type of bounce , spin , swing and movement of the ball . It is also
used for referring decisions to the third umpire in LBW.

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 CHAPTER 2

IMPORTANCE OF HAWK EYE

Hawk-Eye enhances the precision of officiating in sports, providing referees and umpires with
a reliable tool to make accurate decisions in real-time. Whether it's determining the trajectory of
a tennis ball on the line or adjudicating LBW (Leg Before Wicket) calls in cricket, Hawk-Eye’s
instant playback and analysis offer a level of clarity that was previously unattainable through human
judgment alone. By reducing the margin for error, Hawk-Eye instills confidence in the fairness
of outcomes, ensuring that matches are decided based on merit rather than subjective interpretation.

Moreover, Hawk-Eye plays a pivotal role in player performance analysis and development. Athletes
can leverage the wealth of data generated by Hawk-Eye to gain insights into their strengths ,
weaknesses, and strategic tendencies. From tracking serve speed and placement in tennis to
analyzing batting techniques in cricket, Hawk-Eye empowers athletes and coaches with invaluable
information to optimize training regimens and refine competitive strategies. This data-driven
approach not only fosters individual improvement but also contributes to the evolution of the sport
as a whole.

Beyond its impact on officiating and player development, Hawk-Eye enhances the overall viewing
viewing experience for audiences worldwide. Through immersive replays, dynamic graphics, and
insightful commentary, Hawk-Eye brings fans closer to the action, fostering a deeper appreciation
for the athleticism and skill on display. Whether watching from the comfort of home or in the stands,
spectators are treated to a heightened sense of engagement and understanding, thanks to Hawk-Eye's
ability to dissect pivotal moments with unparalleled clarity.

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Overall, Hawk-Eye keeps sports fair, helps players get better, and makes watching games more
enjoyable. It's all about accuracy, fairness, and making sports more awesome for everyone involved.
And as technology keeps getting better, Hawk-Eye will keep making sports even cooler in the future!

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 CHAPTER 3

CONCEPT OF HAWK - EYE

The concept of Hawk-Eye revolves around using advanced technology, including high-speed

cameras and computer algorithms, to track and analyze the movement of objects, typically in
sports like tennis, cricket, and soccer.

At its core, Hawk-Eye employs multiple cameras strategically positioned around the playing area
to capture high-resolution footage of the action. These cameras continuously record the trajectory
of the ball with precision, capturing its movement from various angles. Once the footage is collected
sophisticated computer algorithms come into play. These algorithms process the video data to
precisely determine the trajectory, speed, and spin of the ball. By comparing multiple camera angles
and applying complex mathematical calculations, Hawk-Eye can accurately reconstruct the path of
the ball in three-dimensional space.

The reconstructed ball trajectory is then used for various purposes, such as assisting referees and
umpires in making accurate decisions, providing real-time analysis for coaches and players, and
enhancing the viewing experience for fans through interactive replays and graphics.

In short, the concept of Hawk-Eye combines advanced camera technology with sophisticated
computer algorithms to track and analyze the movement of objects, primarily in sports, with the aim
of improving officiating, player performance analysis, and viewer engagement.

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 CHAPTER 4

COMPONENTS

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) is a two-

way communication system to collect detailed metering information throughout a utility's service
industry. The AMM concept was the base for all actual AMI solutions. Fast decision-making is
essential because utilities and electricity providers must cope with increased operational pressure.
AMI, or advanced metering infrastructure, enables utilities to adjust to shifting consumer demand,
such as widely distributed power resources and rapidly rising usage of electric cars.
Upcoming communication technologies are allowing assessment of metering- and grid issues by
streaming data, which can digest and interpret millions of messages in real-time. These
developments contribute to a faster grid modernization process, which opens up new utility
operations opportunities and improves customer satisfaction.

To acquire data from nodes like domestic or industrial customers as well as from the grid
distribution, electronic energy meters with communication modules are needed. Given the lifespan
of the meters and the quick pace of technological progress, it is preferable that these modules be
exchangeable. Currently, the most widely used channels of communication include:

 Power Line Communication (PLC)

 Radio Frequency (RF) Mesh

 Hybrid RF & PLC

 Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN)

 Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT)

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Distribution Management System (DMS): The distribution management systems for smart grid
include several functions for manipulating legacy voltage control devices and distributed energy
resources through closed-loop volt/var control, leading to wide-area regulation of voltages in the
presence of fluctuating power.

The following functions are implemented as part of the software infrastructure of DMS. The choice
of the underlying algorithm is primarily motivated by the need for high-performance
implementations.

 Distribution system power flow (DSPF). Real-time DSPF (RT-DSPF) computes the voltage
phasors at the network nodes from the knowledge of the grid parameters and power
injections, representing generation and loads. RTDSPF uses the forward/backward sweep
for radial networks and the current injection method for meshed networks.
 Short-term prosumer forecasting (STPF). In the smart grid context, the prosumer can be
either a producer or a consumer of power. STPF uses historical load profiles, weather
related information, energy values from automatic meter readings (AMR), and the newer
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). The forecasted energy values are computed using
probabilistic modeling techniques or neural networks.
 Distribution system state estimation (DSSE). DSSE estimates the state vector of distribution
networks by applying a weighted least-squares approach on a redundant set of
measurements. A current or power balancing method is commonly adopted in industrial
implementations to achieve high-performance computation. Given that many of the
measurements originate from STPF, i.e., pseudo measurements, DSSE is also referred to as
load estimation.

 Optimal feeder reconfiguration (OFR). OFR solves an optimization problem that

reconfigures the structure of the distribution network to result in load balancing amongst
feeders or minimum loss operation. The reconfigured network should satisfy some preset
operation constraints. Due to the complexity of the underlying optimization problem, a
commonly adopted method is the switch exchange heuristic, which is extended in to cover
for particular scenarios emerging from distributed energy resource (DER) integrations.

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  Distribution system short-circuits computation (DSSCC). DSSCC runs short-circuit
calculation screening to check the capability of a circuit breaker or fuse in the maximal
current mode and then check the relay sensitivity under the minimal current faults. The
DSSCC engine can operate using either phase or Fortes cue coordinates, and it is extended
to cover power-electronics-based distributed generation (DG).

Demand Response (DR) Systems: Demand response involves shifting or shedding electricity
demand to provide flexibility in wholesale and ancillary power markets, helping to balance the
grid.

Demand response provides an opportunity for consumers to play a significant role in the
operation of the electric grid by reducing or shifting their electricity usage during peak periods
in response to time-based rates or other forms of financial incentives. Demand response
programs are being used by some electric system planners and operators as resource options for
balancing supply and demand. Such programs can lower the cost of electricity in wholesale
markets, and in turn, lead to lower retail rates. Methods of engaging customers in demand
response efforts include offering time-based rates such as time-of-use pricing, critical peak
pricing, variable peak pricing, real time pricing, and critical peak rebates. It also includes direct
load control programs which provide the ability for power companies to cycle air conditioners
and water heaters on and off during periods of peak demand in exchange for a financial
incentive and lower electric bills.

The electric power industry considers demand response programs as an increasingly valuable
resource option whose capabilities and potential impacts are expanded by grid modernization
efforts. For example, sensors can perceive peak load problems and utilize automatic switching to
divert or reduce power in strategic places, removing the chance of overload and the resulting power
failure.

One of the goals of the Smart Grid R&D Program is to develop grid modernization technologies,
tools, and techniques to utilize demand response and help the power industry design, test, and
demonstrate integrated, national electric/communication/information infrastructures with the ability
to dynamically optimize grid operations and resources and incorporate demand response and

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Consumer participation. To attain this goal, OE is supporting research, development and
deployment of smart grid technologies, distribution system modeling and analysis, transactive
energy, consumer behavior modeling, and analysis and high speed computational analysis
capabilities for decision support tools.

Energy Storage Systems (ESS): An energy storage system, often abbreviated as ESS, is a device
or group of devices assembled together, capable of storing energy in order to supply electrical
energy at a later time. The main role of this is depends upon the charging and discharging cycle
and the duration of their operation. As I above mentioned that it reduced the cost and improving
the efficiency. Energy storage system useful for the consumer such as industrial user for peak
shaving and minimize the electricity bill and that varies according to their highest power
demand. In modern power distribution system where most of the highest electricity demand is
completed by the renewable energy and the energy storage system is filled out the power
consumption in high peak demand for store the electrical energy.

Basically, the grid energy storage system is collection of the different type of energy storage
which is used when the power fall down and need for the power. The energy storage may be large
scale storage and some time it is short scale storage basically, it depends on the storage system.
Energy storage is capture of the energy which is produced by the different source like wind,
solar, hydro etc. and this energy produced at one time for use for the purpose of reduce the
imbalance energy system between the energy demand and energy production because some
time the energy demand goes high and some time energy demand goes low that time the
energy storage managed this problem.

The development of battery storage is managed this problem to store the energy in peak hour
and this peak hour is indicate to the production peak time and then this storage release that
in peak demand hour. The main work of this energy storage system to store the capacities
that can be obtained by the various source like wind, solar, hydro etc. mostly energy storage
divided to the 4 categories:

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  Device large power (750MWH)

 Storage device (>100MWH)

 Medium power storage (1-50MWH)

 Storage capacities (5-100MWH).

Energy storage system improves the efficiency and reliability of the electric supply in peak load
hour. And as mentioned storage also provide the frequency regulation for maintaining the balance
between the energy in peak load hour. We know that some power electronics equipment is used
to long transmission line for controlling, thus the energy storage and power electronics
hold sustainable promise for the transforming the electric power supply.

Most of the Smart Grid technologies are currently ready to be deployed on existing network
to make them more efficient at better costs.

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 CHAPTER 5

FEATURES

The smart grid represents the full suite of current and proposed responses to the challenges of
electricity supply. Because of the diverse range of factors there are numerous competing
taxonomies and no agreement on a universal definition. Nevertheless, one possible categorization is
given here:

 Reliability
 Flexibility in network topology
 Efficiency
 Load adjustment/Load balancing
 Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing
 Sustainability
 Market-enabling
 Demand response support
 Platform for advanced services
 Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell the rest

 Reliability:
The smart grid will make use of technologies, such as state estimation, that improve fault
detection and allow self-healing of the network without
the intervention of technicians. This will ensure more reliable supply of electricity, and
reduced vulnerability to natural disasters or attack. Although multiple routes are touted as a
feature of the smart grid, the old grid also featured multiple routes. Initial power lines in the
grid were built using a radial model, later connectivity was guaranteed via multiple routes,
referred to as a network structure. However, this created a new problem: if the current flow
or related effects across the network exceed the limits of any particular network element, it
could fail, and the current would be shunted to other network elements, which eventually
may fail also, causing a domino effect. See power outage. A technique to prevent this is
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 load shedding by rolling blackout or voltage reduction (brownout).
The economic impact of improved grid reliability and resilience is the subject of a number
of studies and can be calculated using a US DOE funded methodology for US locations
using at least one calculation tool.

 Flexibility in network topology:

Next-generation transmission and distribution infrastructure will be better able to handle
possible bi direction energy flows, allowing for distributed generation such as from
photovoltaic panels on building roofs, but also the use of fuel cells, charging to/from the
batteries of electric cars, wind turbines, pumped hydroelectric power, and other sources.
Classic grids were designed for one-way flow of electricity, but if a local sub-network
generates more power than it is consuming, the reverse flow can raise safety and reliability
issues. A smart grid aims to manage these situations.

 Efficiency:
Numerous contributions to overall improvement of the efficiency of energy infrastructure
are anticipated from the deployment of smart grid technology, in particular including
demand-side management, for example turning off air
Conditioners during short-term spikes in electricity price, reducing the voltage when
possible on distribution lines through Voltage/VAR Optimization (VVO), eliminating truck-
rolls for meter reading, and reducing truck-rolls by improved outage management using
data from Advanced Metering Infrastructure systems. The overall effect is less redundancy
in transmission and distribution lines, and greater utilization of generators, leading to lower
power prices.

 Load adjustment/Load balancing:

The total load connected to the power grid can vary significantly over time. Although the
total load is the sum of many individual choices of the clients, the overall load is not a
stable, slow varying, increment of the load if a popular television program starts and
millions of televisions will draw current instantly. Traditionally, to respond to a rapid
increase in power consumption, faster than the start-up time of a large generator, some spare
Generators are put on a dissipative standby mode . A smart grid may warn all individual television

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sets, or another larger customer, to reduce the load temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger
generator) or continuously (in the case of limited resources). Using mathematical prediction
algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby generators need to be used, to reach a certain
failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can only be reduced at the cost of more standby
generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a small portion of the clients may eliminate
the problem.

 Peak curtailment/leveling and time of use pricing:

To reduce demand during the high cost peak usage periods, communications and metering
technologies inform smart devices in the home and business when energy demand is high
and track how much electricity is used and when it is used. It also gives utility companies
the ability to reduce consumption by communicating to devices directly in order to prevent
system overloads. Examples would be a utility reducing the usage of a group of electric
vehicle charging stations or shifting temperature set points of air conditioners in a city.
To motivate them to cut back use and perform what is called peak curtailment or peak
leveling, prices of electricity are increased during high demand periods, and decreased
during low demand periods. It is thought that consumers and businesses will tend to
consume less during high demand periods if it is possible for consumers and consumer
devices to be aware of the high price premium for using electricity at peak periods. This
could mean making trade-offs such as cycling on/off air conditioners or running dishes at 9
pm instead of 5 pm. When businesses and consumers see a direct economic benefit of using
energy at off-peak times, the theory is that they will include energy cost of operation into
their consumer device and building construction decisions and hence become more energy
efficient.

 Sustainability:
The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable
renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of
energy storage. Current network infrastructure is not built to allow for many distributed
feed-in points, and typically even if some feed-in is allowed at the local (distribution) level,
the transmission-level infrastructure cannot accommodate it. Rapid fluctuations in

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 Distributed generation, such as due to cloudy or gusty weather, present significant
challenges to power engineers who need to ensure stable power levels through varying the
output of the more controllable generators such as gas turbines and hydroelectric generators.
Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable
electricity on the grid for this reason.

 Market-enabling:

The smart grid allows for systematic communication between suppliers (their energy price)
and consumers (their willingness-to-pay), and permits both the suppliers and the consumers
to be more flexible and sophisticated in their operational strategies. Only the critical loads
will need to pay the peak energy prices, and consumers will be able to be more strategic in
when they use energy. Generators with greater flexibility will be able to sell energy
strategically for maximum profit, whereas inflexible generators such as base-load steam
turbines and wind turbines will receive a varying tariff based on the level of demand and the
status of the other generators currently operating.
The overall effect is a signal that awards energy efficiency and energy consumption that is
sensitive to the time-varying limitations of the supply. At the domestic level, appliances
with a degree of energy storage or thermal mass (such as refrigerators, heat banks, and heat
pumps) will be well placed to 'play' the market and seek to minimise energy cost by
adapting demand to the lower-cost energy support periods. This is an extension of the dual-
tariff energy pricing.

 Demand response support:

Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in
real time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that
occurs in these spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear
and extends the life of equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low
priority devices to use energy only when it is cheapest.
Currently, power grid systems have varying degrees of communication within control
systems for their high value assets, such as in generating plants, transmission lines,
substations and major energy users. In general information flows one way, from the users
and the loads they control back to the utilities. The utilities attempt to meet the demand and

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 Succeed or fail to varying degrees (brownout, rolling blackout, uncontrolled blackout). The
total amount of power demand by the users can have a very wide probability distribution
which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing
power usage. This one-way flow of information is expensive; the last 10% of generating
capacity may be required as little as 1% of the time, and brownouts and outages can be
costly to consumers.
Latency of the data flow is a major concern, with some early smart meter architectures
allowing actually as long as 24 hours delay in receiving the data, preventing any possible
reaction by either supplying or demanding devices.

 Platform for advanced services:

As with other industries, use of robust two-way communications, advanced sensors, and
distributed computing technology will improve the efficiency, reliability and safety of
power delivery and use. It also opens up the potential for entirely new services or
improvements on existing ones, such as fire monitoring and alarms that can shut off power,
make phone calls to emergency services, etc.

 Provision megabits, control power with kilobits, sell the rest:

The amount of data required to perform monitoring and switching one's appliances off
automatically is very small compared with that already reaching even remote homes to
support voice, security, and Internet and TV services. Many smart grid bandwidth upgrades
are paid for by over-provisioning to also support consumer services, and subsidizing the
communications with energy-related services or subsidizing the energy-related services,
such as higher rates during peak hours, with communications.
Because power and communications companies are generally separate commercial
enterprises in North America and Europe, it has required considerable government and
large-vendor effort to encourage various enterprises to cooperate. Others, such as Silver
Spring Networks or Google, are data integrators rather than vendors of equipment. While
the AC power control standards suggest power line networking would be the primary means
of communication among smart grid and home devices, the bits may not reach the home via
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL) initially but by fixed wireless

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 CHAPTER 6

ADVANTAGES

 ACCURACY: One of the primary advantages of Hawk-Eye is its exceptional accuracy in

tracking the trajectory of objects such as balls. By employing multiple high-speed cameras and
sophisticated computer algorithms, Hawk-Eye can precisely determine the path, speed, and
spin of the ball with minimal margin for error.
 Instant Replay and Analysis: Hawk-Eye enables instant replay and analysis of key moments
during sports events, enhancing the viewing experience for spectators and broadcasters. By
providing dynamic graphics and insightful commentary, Hawk-Eye brings fans closer to the
action and fosters a deeper understanding of critical moments in the game.
 Player Performance Analysis: Athletes and coaches can leverage Hawk-Eye data to gain
insights into player performance and strategic tendencies. From tracking shot placement and
speed in tennis to analyzing batting techniques in cricket, Hawk-Eye empowers athletes with
valuable information to optimize training regimens and refine competitive strategies.
 Enhanced Training and Development: Hawk-Eye's data-driven approach extends beyond
competitive matches to training and development. Coaches can use Hawk-Eye analytics to
identify areas for improvement.
 Increased Engagement: Hawk-Eye enhances viewer engagement by providing immersive
replays, dynamic graphics, and interactive analysis during sports broadcasts. Whether watching
from home or in the stadium, fans are treated to a heightened sense of excitement and
understanding, thanks to Hawk-Eye's ability to dissect pivotal moments with unparalleled
clarity.

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 CHAPTER 7
18
DISADVANTAGES

 Biggest concern: Privacy and Security

 Some types of meters can be hacked
 Hackers
o May gain control of thousands, even millions, of meters
o Increase or decrease the demand for power
 Not simply a single component
 Various technology components: - software, the power generators, system integrators, etc.
 Expensive in terms of installation

 High Initial Costs: The deployment of smart grids requires significant investment in new
technologies, infrastructure, and workforce training.
 Cyber security Risks: Smart grids rely on digital communication technologies, which can
be vulnerable to cyber attacks.
 Privacy Concerns: Smart grids collect data on energy usage, which may raise concerns
about privacy and data security.
 Potential Job Losses: Smart grids may result in job losses in traditional power generation
and distribution sectors, as the system becomes more automated.
 Compatibility Issues: Smart grid technologies may not be compatible with existing
infrastructure, which may require significant upgrades and modifications.

Overall, the advantages of smart grids outweigh the disadvantages, as they offer a more reliable,
efficient, and sustainable energy system. However, careful planning, investment, and management
are required to ensure that the benefits of smart grids are realized while mitigating their potential
risks and challenges.

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 CHAPTER 8

FUTURE OF SMART GRID

Smart grids are electricity networks that use digital communication technologies to monitor and
control power flows, which allow for efficient and reliable delivery of electricity to consumers.
The future of smart grids is bright, with many exciting developments and innovations on the
horizon. Here are some possible trends that may shape the future of smart grids:
 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): DERs, such as solar panels and wind turbines,
are becoming more affordable and popular, and are being integrated into the power grid.
Smart grids will need to manage the variability of renewable energy sources while
ensuring grid stability and security.
 Energy Storage: Advances in energy storage technologies, such as batteries, will enable
energy to be stored and used when needed, helping to balance supply and demand on the
grid.
 Demand Response: Smart grids will enable consumers to participate in demand
response programs, where they can adjust their energy use during peak demand periods
to help balance the grid.
 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI): AMI will allow for real-time monitoring of
energy consumption and help utilities identify and respond to power outages more
quickly.
 Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI can be used to analyze data collected by smart grids and
help predict energy demand and optimize grid operations.
 Electrification of Transportation: As more vehicles become electric, smart grids will
need to manage the increased demand for electricity and ensure that charging
infrastructure is available where and when it is needed.
Overall, the future of smart grids will be characterized by the integration of renewable energy
sources, energy storage technologies, demand response programs, advanced metering
infrastructure, and artificial intelligence, all of which will help create a more efficient, reliable,
and sustainable electricity system.

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 CHAPTER 9

CONCLUSION

Smart grids are a revolutionary technology that can transform the way we generate, distribute, and
consume electricity.
The future of smart grids is bright, with many exciting developments and innovations on the
horizon, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and the electrification of transportation.
Smart Grid is a concept designed to provide electricity in more efficient way by better allocating
electricity according to consumer’s wants.
It integrated multiple energy sources and avoids over-generation as well.
In foreign countries, namely the UK and USA, started to implement as they see it as a solution of
energy and environment pressure in their own country.
The future of smart grids is bright, with many exciting developments and innovations on the
horizon, such as the integration of artificial intelligence and the electrification of transportation.
As smart grids become more widespread, they will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase
energy efficiency, and improve energy security.
As smart grids become more widespread, they will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase
energy efficiency, and improve energy security.
Overall, smart grids represent a major step forward in the evolution of the electricity system,
providing a foundation for a cleaner, more reliable, and more resilient energy future.

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 REFERANCES

 "Introduction to Smart Grids"(2015) by Mahmoud Pesaran and Jay Giri

 "Smart Grid: Fundamentals of Design and Analysis" (2016) by James Momoh
 "Smart Grids: Infrastructure, Technology, and Solutions"(2017) edited by Stuart Borlase
 "Smart Grid Handbook"(2018) edited by Chen-Ching Liu and Stephen McArthur
 "Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction"(2018) by Alexandra von Meier
 "Smart Grids: Advanced Technologies and Solutions" (2019) edited by Stuart Borlase and
Michael Negnevitsky
 "Smart Grid: Communication-Enabled Intelligence for the Electric Power Grid" (2020) by
Stephen F. Bush

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