Organic Chemistry

CDSGA - BS Criminology
Name: Date:
Course, Year & Section: Faculty: PCPT CAMILLE A BORJA, RCh

LAB ACTIVITY No. 1

Basic Laboratory Equipment
Objective: To have knowledge on basic laboratory equipment inside the laboratory and know the
functions of each laboratory equipment/apparatus found in a typical chemistry laboratory.
Introduction:
Laboratory equipment refers to the different
tools and equipment that can be seen in a
laboratory. Generally, these tools and
equipment help scientists perform their
experiments.
The Laboratory
• A laboratory, or informally referred to as a
lab, is a controlled place or facility with a
controlled environment / conditions
appropriate to conduct experiments
following scientific methods.
• Laboratories can be found in schools and
universities wherein, generally, students
conduct scientific experiments related to
their studies and fields.
• Laboratories can also be found in industry,
government, and military facilities.
• Depending on what type of laboratory,
there might be apparatuses that are
exclusive to a certain type of laboratory.
• For example, a physics laboratory may
contain a particle accelerator. On the other
hand, a psychologist’s laboratory may be a
facility with one-way mirrors or hidden
cameras for behavioral analysis.
Laboratory Equipment
• In relation to laboratories providing a
controlled environment conducive for
experiments, there are also tools to be
used by scientists/researchers or anyone
who would like to perform an experiment in
a laboratory.
• In general, laboratory equipment points to
the different tools, apparatuses, and
equipment that can be seen and used
inside a laboratory.
• There are no rules in classifying laboratory
equipment. However, these tools can be
grouped according to their uses and the
material used to make them.
Glassware
• In this section, all laboratory equipment
that will be discussed is made from the
same material – glass. However, their uses
may vary.
• The Erlenmeyer Flask is designed for
easy stirring in a way that stirring can be
done by simply swirling the flask by hand.
This is also often used for titrations (a
method of quantitative chemical analysis).
• The Beaker is designed to be able to hold
varying volumes of liquid, and also the
spout allows easy pouring of liquids.
• Test Tubes are generally used to hold and
mix a small volume of liquid samples. This
equipment is also often used in qualitative
analysis.
• The Volumetric Flask, as the name
suggests, measures the (specific) volume
of a liquid sample inside the flask. This tool
also allows easy mixture of solutions as
this is generally paired with a stopper.
• Graduated cylinders are generally used
for measuring different volumetric
measures of a liquid sample. The spout
also allows easy pouring of liquid.
• A glass petri dish is a shallow lidded dish
that is usually used to hold a growth or
culture medium (agar) on which bacteria or
fungi can grow for analysis.
Laboratory Equipment According to Use • In this section, all the laboratory equipment
Lab Equipment for Heating that will be mentioned is used to allow the
researcher or scientist or the person using
the equipment to have a look at substances
• In this section, the laboratory equipment
and different materials for observation
that will be mentioned is used in the
and/or analysis.
process of heating.
• In laboratories, microscopes are used to
• A Bunsen burner (which is named
get a clear, high-quality view of the
after Robert Bunsen) is a piece of
substance or sample being observed and
laboratory equipment mainly used to
studied.
produce a single open flame for
heating, sterilization, and combustion.
• A Bunsen burner used in combination with Lab Equipment for Holding
a tripod stand will be able to create a stable
station for heating things. • In this section, all the laboratory equipment
that will be mentioned is used to hold
Lab Equipment for Measuring objects and/or other laboratory tools, or to
keep things in their position.
• A test tube rack is used to hold multiple
• In this section, all the laboratory equipment
test tubes in an upright position all at the
that will be mentioned is used to measure
same time. Typically, test tube racks are
different measurements such as volume,
helpful in organizing test tubes containing
mass, weight, temperature, and time.
different solutions.
• Pipettes are typically used to measure and
• A retort stand, also known as a ring stand,
transfer small amounts of liquids.
is equipment used to support other pieces
• An analytical balance is a precision
of equipment or tools.
measuring instrument typically used in
• Laboratory tongs, known as crucible
qualitative chemical analysis. This is also
tongs, are used to hold hot crucibles,
used in determining the mass of solid
flasks, or other pieces of equipment.
objects, liquids, and many more.
• A laboratory tripod is used to support
• A laboratory thermometer is usually used
flasks and/or beakers. This is typically
to measure the temperature of substances
made of stainless steel or aluminum with
and to find out the boiling and freezing
three (3) legs.
points during experiments.
• A laboratory stopwatch is used to
measure time intervals during an Other Laboratory Equipment
experiment in order to identify specific
activation and deactivation points. • A funnel is used to help with the transfer or
pouring of liquids.
• A filter paper, in laboratories, is used to
Lab Equipment for Observing
separate solid particles from liquids or
gasses.
• In this section, all the laboratory equipment
• A burette is often used for titration or for
that will be mentioned is used to allow the
dispensing small amounts of liquids.
researcher or scientist or the person using
Burettes, in general, serve the same
the equipment to have a look at substances
purpose as pipettes.
and different materials for observation
• Desiccators are used to either dry a
and/or analysis.
substance or to keep a substance from
• In laboratories, microscopes are used to
getting moist. Desiccators contain
get a clear, high-quality view of the
desiccants. A desiccant is a substance that
substance or sample being observed and
is used to prevent or sustain the state of
studied.
dryness of the environment.
• A wash bottle is a plastic bottle with a to wash glassware such as test tubes and
nozzle attached to it. This is typically used flasks

Materials: Common Laboratory wares inside the lab.

Procedure:
1. Locate each piece of laboratory equipment on the benches in the room.
2. Match the equipment with the description of its function.
3. Record the name and draw the piece of equipment beside its function
Directions: A number of items that may be used in the laboratory are shown below. Study this
page and decide what may be used for. Use the names of the equipment to answer questions
that follows.
Questions:
Name each piece of equipment that would be useful for each of the following tasks:
1. Holding 100mL of water (ebkare) ________________
2. Measuring 27 mL of liquid (daudgtear ldnreiyc) ________________
3. Measuring exactly 43mL of an acid (rtube) ________________
4. Massing out 120 g of sodium chloride (acbnela) ________________
5. Suspending glassware over the Bunsen burner (rwei zeagu) ________________
6. Used to pour liquids into containers with small openings or to hold filter paper
(unfenl)________________
7. Mixing a small amount of chemicals together (lewl letpa) ________________
8. Heating contents in a test tube (estt ubet derolh) ________________
9. Holding many test tubes filled with chemicals (estt ubet karc) ________________
10. Used to clean the inside of test tubes or graduated cylinders (iwer srbuh)
________________
11. Keeping liquid contents in a beaker from splattering (tahcw sgasl) ________________
12. A narrow-mouthed container used to transport, heat or store substances, often used when
a stopper is required (ymerereel kslaf) ________________
13. Heating contents in the lab (nuesnb bneurr) ________________
14. Transport a hot beaker (gntos) ________________
15. Protects the eyes from flying objects or chemical splashes (ggloges)________________
16. Used to grind chemicals to powder (tmraor nda stlepe) ________________
Directions: In the word search below are the names of several pieces of lab equipment. As you
find each piece of equipment, record its name on the list.
1. 11.
2. 12.
3. 13.
4. 14.
5. 15.
6. 16.
7. 17.
8. 18.
9. 19.
10. 20. bonus
Draw each of the laboratory equipment that is described.
Questions
1. Which laboratory equipment/apparatus can be used to measure liquid quantities?

2. Which laboratory equipment/apparatus are useful when measuring and mixing an acid
and water?

3. What tool or tools would you use to make each of the following measurements?
a. amount of milk in a small glass __________________________
b. length of a sheet of paper ______________________________
c. temperature of a swimming pool ________________________
d. mass of a baseball _____________________________________

Conclusions:

Organic Chemistry
 CDSGA - BS Criminology
Name: Date
Course, Year & Section: Faculty: PCPT CAMILLE A BORJA, RCh

LAB ACTIVITY No. 2

Microscope

Objective: To describe and explain the parts of a compound microscope and Explain how to properly
handle the microscope.

Introduction: The microscope is a fundamental tool for biologists. "Micro" refers to tiny, "scope"
refers to view or look at. Microscopes are tools used to enlarge images of small objects so as
they can be studied. The compound light microscope is an instrument containing two lenses,
which magnifies, and a variety of knobs to resolve (focus) the picture. Because it uses more
than one lens, it is sometimes called the compound microscope in addition to being referred to as
being a light microscope. In this lab, we will learn about the proper use and handling of the
microscope.
Materials: compound microscope
Procedure:
Microscope Parts and Function

1. Carry the microscope with both hands --- one on the arm and the other under the base of the
microscope.
2. One person from each group will now go over to the microscope storage area and properly
transport one microscope to your working area.
3. Remove the dust cover and store it properly. Plug in the scope. Do not turn it on until told to do so.
4. Examine the microscope and give the function of each of the parts listed on the right side of the
diagram. Use a separate sheet to list and define the function of each part of the microscope.

1. 1. eyepiece or ocular
2. 2. body tube
3. 3. fine adjustment knob
4. 4. nosepiece
5. 5. high power objective
6. 6. low power objective
7. 7. diaphragm
8. 8. mirror (many microscopes
9. have a light instead)
10. 9. base
11. 10. coarse adjustment
12. 11. arm
13. 12. stage clip
14. 13. inclination joint
Define the function of each part of the microscope.

1. eyepiece or ocular -

2. body tube -

3. fine adjustment knob -

4. nosepiece -

5. high power objective -

6. low power objective -

7. diaphragm -

8. mirror (many microscopes have a light instead) -

9. base -

10. coarse adjustment -

11. arm -

12. stage clip -

13. inclination joint -

Questions:
1. What is a microscope?

2. State TWO procedures that should be used to properly handle a light microscope.

Conclusions:
Draw a compound microscope and label its parts.

THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS PARTS

Name: Date
Course, Year & Section: Faculty: PCPT CAMILLE A BORJA, RCh
 Organic Chemistry
CDSGA - BS Criminology
Name: Date
Course, Year & Section: Faculty: PCPT CAMILLE A BORJA, RCh

LAB ACTIVITY No. 3

The Metric System
Objective: To become familiar of the metric system units and converting between large and small
metric units
Introduction: The purpose of this activity is to practice using the metric system. To conduct a
scientific investigation, a researcher must be able to make accurate measurements. In today’s
exercise you will become familiar with metric system units and converting between large and
small metric units. The metric system is the standard system of measurement in the sciences,
including biology, chemistry, and physics. The metric system of measurement has been adopted
by most countries in the world and all scientists for two primary reasons: 1) there is a single, basic
unit for each type of measurement (meter, liter, gram, o C) and 2) each basic unit can have prefixes
that are based on powers of 10 making conversions much easier. Once you learn the basic units
and the multiples of 10 associated with each prefix, you will have the entire system mastered.
Basic Units of the Metric System
LENGTH – The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter, abbreviated by the
single letter m. A meter was originally calculated to be one ten-millionth of the distance
from the north pole to the equator, and is ~3 inches longer than a yard.
VOLUME – The basic unit of volume in the metric system is the liter, abbreviated by the
single letter l or L. A liter is defined as the volume of a box that is 1/10 of a meter on each
side. A liter is just a little bit larger than a quart (1 liter = 1.057 quarts)
WEIGHT – The basic unit of mass in the metric system is the gram, abbreviated by the
single letter g. A gram is defined as the weight of a volume of pure water that is 1/1000th
of a liter. [NOTE: 1/1000th of a liter = 1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter = 1 cm3 = 1 cc).
TEMPERATURE – The basic unit of temperature in the metric system is a degree Celsius
(o C). Water freezes at 0o C and boils at 100o C.
Prefixes used in the Metric System Unlike the English System, the metric system is based on the
meter (m), liter (L or l) and gram (g), and several prefixes that denote various multiples of these
units. Specifically, each basic unit can be modified with a prefix indicating a particular “multiple of
10” of that unit. Here are the more commonly used prefixes and what they mean:
Pnemonics!

Materials: ruler and beam balance

Procedure: Follow procedures as indicated in each questions.
Questions:
Write the correct abbreviation for each metric unit.
1) Kilogram _____ 4) Milliliter _____ 7) Kilometer _____
2) Meter _____ 5) Millimeter _____ 8) Centimeter _____
3) Gram _____ 6) Liter _____ 9) Milligram _____

10. What instrument will we use to find the mass of objects?

_________________________________
11. What would be the mass of the object measured in the picture?
 _______ + ______ + _______ = ________ g
12. The basic unit of length in the metric system in the _________________ and is
represented by a lowercase ____.

Use the ruler and line below to answer the questions.

13. What is the length of the line in centimeters? _______cm

What is the length of the line in millimeters? _______mm
What is the length of the line to the nearest centimeter? ________cm

Conclusions:
 Organic Chemistry
CDSGA - BS Criminology
Name: Date
Course, Year & Section: Faculty: PCPT CAMILLE A BORJA, RCh

LAB ACTIVITY No.4

pH of of Common Household Items
Objective: To understand the pH and pH scale.
Introduction: The pH of a solution is a measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is.
What is pH?
pH is a measurement of the degree to which water is “acidic” (like lemon juice) or “basic” (like
bleach or soap). pH is measured on a scale that ranges from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly
basic). In the middle is 7, where the pH is “neutral” (like in pure water). In the term pH, the H refers
to the element Hydrogen, specifically Hydrogen H+ . The plus means that this Hydrogen is carrying
a positive charge. Charged chemicals are also commonly called “ions”, so H+ is a Hydrogen ion.
The “p” in pH stands for “power” of the activity of the H+ ion activity in the water. The pH scale is
based on the balance between H+ ions and negatively charged Hydroxide ions (OH- ) in the water.
When pH is low (e.g., pH = 2) there are a lot of H+ ions in the water. When pH is high (e.g., pH =
13) there are a lot of OH ions in the water. At the middle (pH=7), the two ions balance each other
out completely. pH is an important quantity that reflects the chemical conditions of a solution. The
pH can control the availability of nutrients, biological functions, microbial activity, and the behavior
of chemicals.

Some industries like Wastewater Treatments, Aquaculture & Aquatic Systems, Swimming Pools
& Spa Maintenance Food & Beverage Industry and Hydroponics: Agriculture & Gardening
needs accurate measurement of pH. An easy way to measure the pH of a solution is to use
litmus paper. This paper has been treated with chemical indicators whose color varies according
to pH. Blue litmus paper turns red in the presence of an acid. Red litmus paper turns blue in the
presence of a base.

Materials: spot plates, dropper, pH paper, samples of milk, coffee, bleach, lemon juice, water,
liquid soap, sprite, shampoo, vinegar and the mystery substance
Procedure:
You MUST wear goggles at all times!!!
1. Make predictions of whether each sample will be acidic, basic, or neutral. Record these
predictions in the data table.
2. Get a spot plate and collect 2-3 drops of each sample solution. Be sure to put each
numbered sample into the spot with the same number as the sample. Only place ONE
sample in each spot. NEVER MIX THE
CHEMICALS!
3. Receive your red litmus paper (tests for bases)
and your blue litmus paper (tests for acids) Only
touch one end with your fingers (if you have pH
paper better)
4. Dip a red and a blue strip of pH paper into the
first depression. Pull the strip out immediately.
5. Count to 5 and then fill out your data table.
6. For the pH paper compare the results here on the
colors on the right side:

7. Record your data in the data table below.

Results:

Red Litmus
pH Paper
Prediction Paper (Change
Sample (Note color Acid or Base?
(Acid/Base/Neutral) to blue/No
change)
change)
Milk
Coffee
Bleach
Lemon Juice
Water
Liquid Soap
Sprite
Shampoo
Vinegar
Mystery
Substance
* Get the Hydrion Paper from teacher to confirm pH of substances.
8. Rinse out your well plate with plenty of water and dispose of all paper fragments in a trash
can… NOT down the sink!!!!! Return wells and goggles to their appropriate homes.
Questions:
Answer in complete sentences.
1) What happens when acids and bases are mixed?

2) List two methods of testing that would have been more accurate than litmus paper:
a. b.

3) What were some things that may have gone wrong in the experiment?

4) Explain a situation where someone could use pH test kits in your neighborhood.

Conclusions: