CHAPTER 1

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

A crucial component of the course work in chemistry is the laboratory experiment, which calls for
careful observation and the use of the proper lab procedures. The experiment will introduce the
learner to fundamental and acceptable chemistry techniques. Chemicals and some medications
are created, experiments and research techniques are carried out, and so on in a chemical
laboratory. It aims to introduce key laboratory methods, develop analytical reasoning, and
reinforce and illustrate chemical principles learned in the course's lectures. One must be familiar
with both the fundamental methods and activities as well as how to use common laboratory
equipment in order to conduct an experiment or piece of research appropriately and precisely.
By becoming familiar with these techniques and approaches, students will be able to produce
high-quality findings from their experiment. Both a successful experiment and lab safety can be
guaranteed by mastering these methods and exercises. The use of laboratory applications has
been suggested as a way for students to define scientific topics in a more thorough and
meaningful way. Labs have traditionally been seen as being crucial to the teaching of science.
(Herman, Cokelez, Dal, & Alper, 2016)

It is important for both the methods used in a laboratory and the usage of laboratories in science
education. It is often believed that closed-ended experiments cannot significantly enhance
students' meaningful learning. (Madhuri, Kantamreddi, & Prakash-Goteti, 2012)

The fundamentals of chemistry lab play a significant role in students. For experimental skills and
subsequent autonomous research, they provide a strong foundation. Some of the common
glassware and tools you'll use in the lab are the first topic we'll cover in this chapter. By
assembling the proper apparatus, students can carry out reactions from starting materials to
pure results. Specific laboratory reactors that operate under specified operating parameters may
be required for these processes. Before the resultant compound can be purified, the reaction's
products must first be extracted from the reaction mixture using a variety of methods.

Methods including solvent extraction, crystallization, and distillation are used to separate
reaction products. By removing the contaminants, these procedures, which are nearly
standardized, can frequently purify organic molecules. Chromatographic techniques work
wonders for separating increasingly complicated mixtures. (Gelosa & Sliepcevich, n.d.)
All laboratory operations must adhere to accepted safety procedures. The chemicals used in
laboratories can be combustible or irritating, and many have hazardous properties that are
either recognized or as of yet unknown. Accidents in the chemistry lab can be prevented if you
come prepared for the experiment, exercise common sense when responding to unforeseen
circumstances, and strictly adhere to the fundamental safety guidelines that are put in place to
protect your personal safety. (Gelosa & Sliepcevich, n.d.)

Objectives

This experiment's main goal is to teach students about laboratory equipment. Another objective
of the experiment is to adopt several basic strategies on dealing and handling apparatuses and
substances. It is called "Basic Laboratory Techniques." The proper use of several laboratory
tools was demonstrated to the pupils. The experiment's ultimate objective was to teach
participants the proper approach to perform common laboratory techniques.

APPLICATION IN DAILY LIFE OR INDUSTRY

The use of laboratory methods is important to a researcher's career. These abilities are needed
for carrying out various studies and examinations. One cannot use these strategies in projects
and research without the necessary understanding. For the majority of experiments, these
methods are essential.

CHAPTER 2
APPARATUS, REAGENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

I. Apparatus and how it was used in the Experiment.

250 mL Beaker

 A glass or plastic cylindrical container that is used to carry liquids. We used to measure

and stored the water that we would use for the experiment.

Wire Gauze

 We used the wire gauze in order to cut the flame in various places. In addition, it was

employed to stop the dish from evaporating from direct heat.

Pipet

 We measured and transferred the water using a pipet because pipettes are a crucial

laboratory tool for dispensing measured volumes of liquids. Typically, pipettes operate

by creating a partial vacuum above the chamber that holds the liquid and then

selectively releasing this vacuum to draw up and dispense the liquid according to the

preferred volume.

Thermometer

 Thermometer is used to measure the boiling point and freezing point during science

experiments. We used it to measure the water’s temperature for our experiment.

Clamp

 They retain separatory tubes and can be used to hold funnels in place when pouring

liquids through filters or into tight spaces. We used the clamp to hold the wire gauze

while conducting the experiment.

Test Tube and Test Tube Holder

 We utilized the test tube by storing water in it and hold it with the use of clamp and move

it from left to right while waiting for water to boil.

50 mL and 25 mL Erlenmeyer Flask

 Liquids are contained in Erlenmeyer flasks, where we used it to store water and to

measure the water to be balanced in triple beam balance during the experiment.

Triple Beam Balance

 In the experiment, the mass of the Erlenmeyer flask with and without water was

measured using a triple beam balance.

50 ml Graduated Cylinder
  While laboratory flasks and beakers are less accurate and precise than graded

cylinders, we often utilized them to measure the amount of water required for the

experiment.

Iron Ring and Ring Stand

 It is intended to hold flasks or funnels upright on stands. This will ensure the flask or

funnel's stability while the test is being run. A ring stand is employed as a means of lifting

equipment off the work surface and as support for other equipment.

Bunsen Burner and Hose

 It is primarily used to sterilize objects on high heat, to heat compounds, and to burn

substances. It was utilised in the experiment to boil a specific amount of water and test

the wet cardboard, evaporating dish, and wire gauze.

Evaporating Dish

 It is used to assess what will happen to the evaporating dish when placed above the

bluish flame.

CHAPTER 3
RESULT AND DISCUSSION