Resonance in Series and Parallel RLC Circuit

Resonance is defined as the state of the circuit when the current or voltage is maximum or minimum wrt
the magnitude of the excitation at a particular frequency.

Series RLC Circuit Parallel RLC Circuit:

The condition under the magnitude of the The condition under which the magnitude of the total
current is maximum, or the magnitude of the (supply) current is minimum, or the magnitude of the
impedance is minimum, is called resonance. admittance is minimum (which means that the
impedance is maximum), is called resonance.

Z= R + j(XL-XC) 1 1 1
𝑌= + +
𝐴𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐶 𝑅 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶
Therefore the current at resonance is I = V/R 1 1
1 𝑌= + + 𝑗𝜔𝐶
Also 𝑗𝜔𝐿 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑅 𝑗𝜔𝐿
1 1
1 = + + 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝜔 =
𝐿𝐶 At resonance XL = XC
1 1
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 =
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
or Or
𝟏 1
𝝎𝒓 = 𝑓𝑟 =
𝑳𝑪 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
Or
𝟏
𝝎𝒓 =
𝑳𝑪
At resonance Current In parallel circuit total current is
𝑉 𝑉 I = IR + IXL + IXC
𝐼= =
𝑍 𝑅 + 𝑗(𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 ) Where IR = V/R; IC = V/XC = ; IL = V/XL
As Xl = XC at resonance, therefore
𝐼= =
𝑉 𝑉 𝐼𝑅 = 𝑉 𝑅 ; 𝐼𝐿 = 𝑉 𝑋 = 𝑉 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 ; 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑉2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐿
𝑍 𝑅
Total current 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐶

Vector sum = 𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑅2 + 𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐶 2

But at resonance
𝐼𝐿 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝐶 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 0
Therefore
𝑉
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 =
𝑅
Power factor of the circuit at resonance becomes :

𝑅 𝑅
cos ∅ = = = 1
𝑍 𝑅

Properties of resonance of Series RLC Circuit

1. Power factor of the circuit is unity 1. Power factor is unity

 2. Voltage and current are in phase
3. Net reactance is zero since XL = XC or XL
- XC = 0.
4. Circuit has minimum impedance and
maximum admittance
5. Current in the circuit is maximum I =
V/R
6. the use of either pure or impure
components in the series RLC circuit
does not affect the calculation of the
1 1
resonance frequency, fr = 2π LC
2. total circuit current is “in-phase” with
the supply voltage as the two reactive
components cancels each other
3. At resonance the admittance of the
circuit is minimum and equals the
conductance of the circuit
4. the use of either pure or impure
components in the parallel RLC circuit
affects the calculation of the resonance
frequency, and is
for Pure inductor: 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
1 1 𝑅𝑠 2
for impure inductor 𝑓𝑟 = 2𝜋 𝐿𝐶
− 𝐿2

Q Factor of series and Parallel Resonating circuit

Q Factor of series Resonating circuit Q Factor of Parallel Resonating circuit

Q factor in a series RLC circuit may be defined as The selectivity or Q-factor for a parallel
the voltage magnification in the circuit at resonance circuit is generally defined as the
resonance. It is the ratio of the voltage across ratio of the circulating branch currents to the
inductor or capacitor to the applied input supply current and is given as
voltage. 𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝐿 𝑉𝐶 𝑄= =
𝑄= = 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐶
𝑉 𝑉 Or
𝐼. 𝑋𝐿 𝑋𝐿 𝜔0 𝐿 𝑅
𝑄= = = 𝑄= = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑅
𝐼. 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
or
𝜔0 𝐿 1 𝐿 𝐶
𝑄= = =𝑅
𝑅 𝐿𝐶 𝑅 𝐿
1 𝐿 Also
= 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑅 = 𝜔0 𝐶𝑅
𝑅 𝐶 1
= 𝐶𝑅
𝐼. 𝑋𝐶 𝑋𝐶 1 𝐿𝐶
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑄 = = = 𝐶
𝐼. 𝑅 𝑅 𝜔0 𝐶𝑅 =𝑅
𝐿
Or
1 1
𝑄= =
𝜔0 𝐶𝑅 (1
)𝑅𝐶
𝐿𝐶

1 𝐿
𝑄=
𝑅 𝐶

Note that the Q-factor of a parallel resonance circuit is the inverse of the expression
for the Q-factor of the series circuit.
Also in series resonance circuits the Q-factor gives the voltage magnification of the
circuit, whereas in a parallel circuit it gives the current magnification.

Voltage across the Inductor

𝑉 𝜔0 𝐿𝑉
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐼. 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 =
𝑅 𝑅

or

𝑉𝐿 = 𝑄. 𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Voltage across the Capacitor

𝑉 𝑉
𝑉𝐶 = 𝐼. 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑅 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶

or

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑄. 𝑉 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Bandwidth

The bandwidth is the difference between the half power frequencies Bandwidth = B =ω2 −ω1

Bandwidth in Series RLC circuit Bandwidth in Parallel RLC circuit

B =ω2 −ω1 B =ω2 −ω1
or or
= R/ L
B = 1/RC

Half Power Frequency in Series and Parallel RLC circuit

Let

f0 be the resonance frequency and

f1 be the frequency when the net circuit reactance is –ve

f2 be the frequency when the net circuit reactance is +ve

The band within lower and upper half power frequency is called the bandwidth of the resonating
circuit.

Also we know that

 1
𝜔2 𝜔1 =
𝐿𝐶

And

1
𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶

Comparing above two equations

𝜔02 = 𝜔2 𝜔1 𝜔0 = 𝜔2 𝜔1

Half Power Frequency in series RLC circuit Half Power Frequency in Parallel RLC circuit
2 2
𝑅 𝑅 1 1 1 1
𝜔1 = − + + 𝜔1 = − + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝜔02 2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝜔02
2 2
𝑅 𝑅 1 1 1 1
𝜔2 = + + 𝜔2 = + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝜔02 2𝑅𝐶 2𝑅𝐶 𝜔02
Where 𝜔0 =
1 1
𝐿𝐶 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶

Frequency at which voltage across the inductor and capacitor is maximum

We can also calculate the frequencies at which voltage VC across the capacitor is maximum:

1 1 𝑅2
𝑓𝑟 = − 2
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿

We can also calculate the frequencies at which voltage VL across the inductor is maximum:

1
𝑓𝑟 =
𝑐 2 𝑅2
2𝜋 𝐿𝐶 −
2

Solved Questions

1. Calculate the half power frequencies of a series resonant circuit where the resonant frequency
is 150x 103 Hz and the bandwidth is 75KHz

Solution:

f2 –f1 = bandwidth
 f2 –f1 = 75 --------------1

and
𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔2 𝜔1

or

𝑓2 𝑓1 = 𝑓𝑟 = 150 --------------2

Solving eq 1 and eq 2 we get

f1 = 117kHz

f2 = 192kHz

Que: 2
2016 end term

Derive the Q of the Series/parallel circuit given with Vs = VmSin(𝜔𝑡)

Ans:

Total Energy Stored in the circuit=

V = Vm sin 𝜔𝑡

IL = Vm Sin (𝜔𝑡 − 90)

𝑉𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 90
𝐼𝐿 =
𝑋𝐿

𝑉𝑚
= cos 𝜔0 𝑡
𝜔0 𝐿
1 1
Total Energy Stored = 2
𝐿𝐼 2 + 2
𝐶𝑉 2

1 𝐿𝑉𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔0 𝑡) 1

= + 𝐶𝑉𝑚2 𝑆𝑖𝑛(𝜔0 𝑡)
2 𝜔02 𝐿2 2

As 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜔0 𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔0 𝑡) = 1

1
Therefore, Total Energy Stored = 2 𝐶𝑉𝑚2

The average power dissipated in a resonant circuit can be expressed in terms of the
rms voltage and current as follows:
 2
𝑉 2 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉 2 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐼 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅 = 𝑅= 2
𝑍2 𝑅 + 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 2

1 2 𝐿2
2
Now, 𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 = 𝜔𝐿 − = 𝜔2 − 𝜔2 0 2
𝜔𝐶 𝜔2

Where, the resonant frequency expression

1
𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶
Substitution now gives the expression for average power as a function of frequency.
𝑉 2 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑅𝜔2
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
𝑅 2 𝜔 2 + 𝐿2 𝜔 2 − 𝜔 2 0 2

The average power at resonance is just:

𝑉2 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑉𝑚 2
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑅
= 2

2𝜋
Energy Loss Per Cycle = (𝐴𝑣𝑔 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟)
𝜔0

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒊𝒕

𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝟐𝝅
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑷𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆
1
2𝜋 𝐶𝑉𝑚 2 𝑅
2
= = 𝜔0 𝐶𝑅 =
𝜔0𝐿
(𝑉 2 𝑚
𝜋 𝜔0

Question-3: End Term 2016

Compare the resonant frequency of the circuit shown in figure for R=0 ohm to that R= 50Ohm

Solution:

𝟏 𝟏
𝒀= +
𝑿𝑪 𝑿𝑳
 𝟏
= 𝒋𝝎𝑪 +
𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳

𝑹 − 𝒋𝝎𝑳
= 𝒋𝝎𝑪 +
𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝑹 𝑳
= + 𝒋𝝎 𝑪 − 𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝝎 𝑳𝟐 𝑹 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐

At resonance imaginary part=0, therefre

𝑳
𝑪− = 𝟎
𝑹𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝑳𝟐

Solving, we get

𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝝎𝟎 = −
𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝑹𝟐
𝒇𝟎 = −
𝟐𝝅 𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝟐

Now as per question:

a. At R = 0;
𝟏 𝟏
𝒇𝟎 =
𝟐𝝅 𝟎. 𝟐𝑿𝟑𝟎𝑿𝟏𝟎−𝟔
b. At R=50 ohm

𝟏 𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝒇𝟎 = −𝟔
−
𝟐𝝅 𝟎. 𝟐𝑿𝟑𝟎𝑿𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐