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JEE MAIN
COMPLETE
CHEMISTRY
JEE MAIN
COMPLETE
CHEMISTRY
K.L. Kapoor
Formerly Associate Professor,
Hindu College,
University of Delhi, Delhi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7085462 22 21 20 19 18
Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill Education (India), from sources believed to be reliable.
However, neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information
published herein, and neither McGraw Hill Education (India) nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or
damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw Hill Education
(India) and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If
such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
T o help students preparing for the JEE Main, there was need for a book which included a variety of Multiple Choice
Questions (MCQs) designed on the basis of the prescribed syllabus for this examination. This book is an attempt
in this direction and will help students in developing a strong foundation and enough confidence to take the JEE Main.
The various topics of chemistry may be classified into three branches—Physical, Inorganic and Organic. The
book covers these three branches in 29 chapters. Each chapter starts with the synopsis of theory followed by MCQs
along with answers and hints and solutions to arrive at correct answers. Wherever needed, the chapter is divided into
sections to cover the subject in easily understandable portions to help in better grasping of the subject matter. Each
section/chapter ends with MCQs from the previous years' AIEEE and JEE Main. This will help students in getting an
idea about the types and levels of questions asked in this competitive examination. The answers and solutions to these
questions are provided separately, immediately after the questions.
The analyses of these papers (provided on the next page) reveals that in most of the cases, one question is asked
from each chapter and the entire syllabus is covered in the examination paper. This book provides extensive coverage
of the theory as well as the associated MCQs. The contents of each chapter are covered in various sections. At the end
of all the sections, more extensive MCQs based on the Entire Chapter along with their solutions are also included.
It will be beneficial for the students to adopt the present book as the reference book along with their main text book.
The MCQs included in this book should be attempted along with the class-room teaching of the subject matter. A regular
and periodical review of the theory and MCQs from this book will help students in gaining enough confidence to appear
in the JEE Main and enable them to face the challenge of successfully clearing this examination.
From the analyses of previous years’ question papers, a pattern of predominant topics emerges on which students
should pay more attention while preparing for the examination. These are:
Physical Chemistry—Entire portion
Inorganic Chemistry has been thoroughly revised and updated—Chemical families—perioidic properties,
structures of compounds containing Si, N, P, S, halogens and inert gases, d-block elements and coordination chemistry
Organic Chemistry—Stereoisomerism, SN1 and S22 Reactions, Reactions involving rearrangement, Chemistry of
typical reactions shown by phenols, aldehydes and ketones and amines, relative acidity/basicity of phenolic, Carboxylic
acids and amines, polymers, carbohydrates, stereochemistry involved in halogenation of alkenes and dehalogenation of
halogenated compounds to give alkene, reactions involving Grignard reagent and diazonium salt.
K.L. Kapoor
Trend Analysis
Physical Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Qualifying Examinations
List of Qualifying Examinations
(i) The +2 level examination in the 10+2 pattern of examination of any recognized Central/State Board of Secondary
Examination, such as Central Board of Secondary Education, New Delhi, and Council for Indian School Certificate
Examination, New Delhi
(ii) Intermediate or two-year Pre-University Examination conducted by a recognized Board/University.
(iii) Final Examination of the two-year course of the Joint Services Wing of the National Defence Academy.
(iv) Any Public School/Board/University Examination in India or in foreign countries recognized by the Association
of Indian Universities as equivalent to 10+2 system.
(v) H.S.C. Vocational Examination.
(vi) A pass grade in the Senior Secondary School Examination conducted by the National Open School with a
minimum of five subjects.
(vii) 3 or 4-year diploma recognized by AICTE or a State Board of Technical Education.
x About JEE Main
3. Pattern of Examination
Subject combination for each paper and type of questions in each paper are given below:
Course Papers
B.E/B.TECH Paper – 1
B.ARCH/B. PLANNING Paper – 2
SECTION —A
Physical Chemistry
Gaseous State: Measurable properties of gases; Gas laws—Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Graham’s law of diffusion,
Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressure; Concept of Absolute scale of temperature; Ideal gas equation, Kinetic
theory of gases (only postulates); Concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities; Real gases,
deviation from Ideal behaviour, compressibility factor, van der Waals equation, liquefaction of gases, critical constants.
Liquid State: Properties of liquids—vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension and effect of temperature on
them (qualitative treatment only).
Solid State: Classification of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids
(elementary idea); Bragg’s Law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices),
voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids; electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice
enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding: Concept of electronegativity, Fajan’s rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
(VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory—Its important features, concept of
hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals; Resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory: Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding),
sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, concept of bond
order, bond length and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
First Law of Thermodynamics: Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat
capacity, Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization,
sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization and solution.
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Spontaneity of processes; DS of the universe and DG of the system as criteria
for spontaneity, DGo (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
Unit 6 Solutions
Different methods for expressing concentration of solution—molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume
and mass both), vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s Law—Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure—
composition plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; Colligative properties of dilute solutions—relative lowering
of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination of
molecular mass using colligative properties; Abnormal value of molar mass, van’t Hoff factor and its significance.
Unit 7 Equilibrium
Meaning of equilibrium, concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria Involving Physical Processes: Solid–liquid, liquid–gas and solid–gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general
characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.
Equilibria Involving Chemical Processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Kc) and
their significance, significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium concentration,
pressure, temperature, effect of catalyst; LeChatelier’s principle.
Ionic Equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases
(Arrhenius, Bronsted—Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid—base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
and ionization constants, ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions,
solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.
Syllabus xiii
Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on
solids—Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions.
Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its
mechanism.
Colloidal state: Distinction among true solutions, colloids and suspensions, classification of colloids—lyophilic,
lyophobic; multi molecular, macro-molecular and associated colloids (micelles), preparation and properties of
colloids—Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, dialysis, coagulation and flocculation; Emulsions and
their characteristics.
SECTION — B
Inorganic Chemistry
Unit 11 Classificaton of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties
of elementsatomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states and chemical
reactivity.
Unit 13 Hydrogen
Position of hydrogen in periodic table, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; physical and chemical
properties of water and heavy water; Structure, preparation, reactions and uses of hydrogen peroxide; Classification of
hydrides—ionic, covalent and interstitial; Hydrogen as a fuel.
xiv Syllabus
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements
across the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group.
Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium; structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane,
boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.
Group-14
Tendency for catenation; Structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride,
silicates, zeolites and silicones.
Group-15
Properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus; Allotrophic forms of phosphorus; Preparation, properties, structure
and uses of ammonia nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides, (PCl3, PCl5); Structures of oxides and oxoacids of
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Group-16
Preparation, properties, structures and uses of dioxygen and ozone; Allotropic forms of sulphur; Preparation,
properties, structures and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid (including its industrial preparation); Structures of
oxoacids of sulphur.
Group-17
Preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid; Trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides;
Structures of Interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.
Group-18
Occurrence and uses of noble gases; Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.
Lanthanoids — Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction.
Tropospheric Pollutants: Gaseous pollutants: Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons; their sources,
harmful effects and prevention; Green house effect and Global warming; Acid rain;
Particulate Pollutants: Smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist; their sources, harmful effects and prevention.
Stratospheric Pollution: Formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of ozone layer—its mechanism and effects.
Water Pollution: Major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants; their harmful effects
and prevention.
Soil Pollution: Major pollutants such as Pesticides (insecticides,. herbicides and fungicides), their harmful effects
and prevention.
Strategies to control environmental pollution.
SECTION—C
Organic Chemistry
Unit 19 Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds
Quantitative Analysis (basic principles only) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur,
phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae; Numerical problems in organic quantitative
analysis.
Covalent Bond Fission—Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations and carbanions; stability of
carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic Displacement in a Covalent Bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common Types of Organic Reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
Unit 21 Hydrocarbons
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes: Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.
Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism; Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization.
Alkynes: acidic character; addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides; polymerization.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer -
Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of
aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as—Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3 and its
derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation; reduction (Wolff Kishner and Clemmensen); acidity of a - hydrogen, aldol
condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction; Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.
Unit 25 Polymers
General introduction and classification of polymers, general methods of polymerization - addition and condensation,
copolymerization; Natural and synthetic rubber and vulcanization; some important polymers with emphasis on their
monomers and uses - polythene, nylon, polyester and bakelite.
Unit 26 Biomolecules
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates: Classification: aldoses and ketoses; monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), constituent
monosaccharides of oligosacchorides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen).
Proteins: Elementary Idea of a - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides; proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and
quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
Vitamins: Classification and functions.
Nucleic Acids: Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.
Biological functions of Nucleic acids.
∑ Detection of extra elements (N,S, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups:
hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl and amino groups in organic
compounds.
∑ Chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:
Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitroacetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
∑ Chemistry involved in the titrimetric excercises - Acids bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4,
Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4.
∑ Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations: Pb2+, Cu2+, AI3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+.
Anions: CO32–, S2–, SO42–, NO2– , NO3– , CI – , Br–, I– .
(Insoluble salts excluded).
∑ Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.
Contents
To Our Readers... v
Trend Analysis vii
About JEE Main ix
Syllabus xi
1. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 1.1–1.35
Section-1 Physical Quantities 1.1
Section-2 Significant Figures (or Digits) 1.7
Section-3 Atomic and Molecular Masses 1.9
Section-4 Laws of Chemical Combination 1.14
Section-5 Composition of a Solution 1.19
2. States of Matter 2.1–2.90
Unit-1 Gaseous State 2.1
Section-1 Ideal Gases 2.1
Section-2 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases 2.7
Section-3 Real Gases 2.12
Unit-2 Liquid State 2.37
Unit-3 Solid State 2.43
Section-1 Crystal Systems 2.43
Section-2 Closest Packings of Atoms 2.54
Section-3 Structures of Ionic Compounds 2.64
Section-4 Imperfection in Solids 2.74
3. Atomic Structure 3.1–3.39
Section-1 Development of Structure of Atom 3.1
Section-2 Quantum-Mechanical Model of Atom 3.8
4. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 4.1–4.42
Section-1 Bond Formation and VSEPR Theory 4.1
Section-2 VB and MO Theories 4.13
5. Solutions 5.1–5.42
Section-1 Composition of a Solution 5.1
Section-2 Liquid Solutions 5.7
Section-3 Colligative Properties 5.16
6. Chemical Thermodynamics 6.1–6.45
Section-1 Basic Definitions and First Law of Thermodynamics 6.1
xx Contents
In physical sciences, we commonly deal with quantities such as pressure, volume, mass, temperature, current, etc. These
quantities are known as physical quantities. A physical quantity has two components, namely, numerical value and its
unit, and is written as
Physical quantity = (Numerical value) (Unit)
International System of Units, commonly abbreviated as SI. The SI units of seven base physical quantities are listed
in Table 2.
Complete Chemistry—JEE Main
The metre is the length of path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
This prototype is a polished cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy which was chosen for its durability and resistance to
corrosion. The cylinder is kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in a suburb of Paris, France.
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between
of negligible cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal
to 2 ¥ 10–7 newton per metre of length.
The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature
of the triple point of water.
The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms
in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.
The candela is the luminous intensity, in a give direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540 ¥ 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of (1/683) watt per steradian.
Of the seven base physical quantities, it is worth highlighting the physical
quantity ‘amount of substance’ along with its unit ‘mol’. This is because a basic change in our conventional way of
referring to this quantity is required. Suppose we have 0.5 mol of a substance (say, hydrogen). Conventionally, we
speak or write it as
Number of moles of hydrogen = 0.5 (or moles of hydrogen = 0.5 mol)
Now suppose we have 1 kg of hydrogen. We never speak or write it as
Number of kg of hydrogen = 1
since we are not accustomed to speak or write it like this. Instead, we say
Mass of hydrogen = 1 kg
Many such examples can be cited. For example, we never say
Number of kg of apples = 1 Number of litre of milk = 1
Number of dozen of apples = 1 Number of metre of a line = 1
A mole of a substance is a collection of 6.022 ¥ 1023 particles of that substance. It is like a dozen which is a collection
of 12 articles. When we do not refer to a collection of 12 articles as
Number of dozen of articles = 1
why should we refer to a collection of 6.022 ¥ 1023 articles as
Number of moles of articles =1?
So, some inconsistency has arisen in referring to these two quantities which basically belong to the same category.
To avoid this, IUPAC has recommended the use of the phrase ‘amount of substance’ for a physical quantity whose unit
is ‘mol’. More precisely, the word ‘amount’ is exclusively reserved whenever the quantity is to be expressed in terms
of moles. It is like using the words mass for kg, volume for m3 (or L) and length for metre. Thus, the use of the phrase
‘number of moles equal to 0.5’ should be completely replaced by ‘amount of substance equal to 0.5 mol’. It may be
mentioned that to write
Amount of substance = 0.5 g
is not acceptable as the word ‘amount’ is exclusively reserved for the unit ‘mol’ and not for ‘g’.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
entities of that substance. The proportionality factor is the same for all substances and is equal to l/NA, where NA is
Avogadro constant which has a value of
NA = 6.022 ¥ 1023 mol–1
( Earlier, NA was commonly referred to as Avogadro number. But it is not a pure number as it has both a
numerical value as well as a unit. So, It is a physical quantity and is called Avogadro constant.)
Mathematically, the amount of substance is given as
n = N / NA
where N NA is Avogadro constant. For example, 3.011.5 ¥ 1023
molecules of dihydrogen will contain
Amount of dihydrogen = 3.011 ¥ 1023 / (6.022 ¥ 1023 mol–1) = 0.5 mol
Physical quantities other than base physical quantities are known as derived physical quantities. These may be expressed
in terms of base physical quantities by multiplication and division. Table 3 records some of the derived physical
quantities.
SI derived units of a few physical quantities
Physical quantity SI unit Symbol for SI unit
area (length)2 square metre m2
volume (length)3 cubic metre m3
density mass/volume kilogram per cubic metre kg m–3
speed distance/time metre per second m s–1
acceleration speed/time metre per square second m s–2
heat capacity Dq/Dt — J K–1
(l/m)(Dq/Dt) — J kg–1 K–1
molar heat capacity (l/n)(Dq/Dt) — J K–1 mol–1
amount concentration amount of substance/volume of solution mole per cubic metre mol m–3
molality amount of substance/mass of solvent mole per kilogram mol kg–1
Some physical quantities have been assigned special names and symbols. These are described in Table 4.
–2
g is known as
unit is treated the same way as any other quantity in an algebraic operation is treated. For example, in algebra, each of
the following expressions represents one and the same thing.
Note that writing an expression of the type V/cm3 = 25.0 is very convenient while writing the headings in tables and
as labels on the axes of graphs.
A physical expression should also be dimensionally correct. For example, the conversion
expression of Celsius temperature to kelvin temperature may be written as
T = qC + 273.15
This expression is numerically correct but not dimensionally as the unit of qc is °C and that of T is K. One can add
or subtract two physical quantities if they have the same unit. Thus, a correct conversion equation would be
T/K = qC/°C + 273.15
For example, for 25 °C, we would have
T/K= 25 °C/°C + 273.15 = 25 + 273.15 = 298.15 or T = 298.15 K
A few other examples are
Êhˆ Ê Aˆ E Ê pˆ D H
log ÊÁ ˆ˜ = log ÊÁ ˆ˜ -
k A Ea
; ln Á ˜ = ln Á ˜ + ; ln Á ˜ = - vap + C
Ë k∞ ¯ Ë k ∞ ¯ 2.303RT Ë h∞ ¯ Ë h∞ ¯ RT Ë p∞ ¯ RT
Note that the division by k°, h° and p° (which stand for the corresponding unit physical quantities) make the
expression within the logarithm brackets unitless.
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
102 cm Ê 102 cm ˆ
(57.8 m) Á = 57.8 ¥ 102 cm
Ë 1 m ˜¯
Identify expression =1 Hence,
1m
1 kg 1m (1.5 g) (1 kg/103 g)
Identity expressions = 1 and 2 =1 Hence, 1.5 g cm–3 = t = 1.5 ¥ 103 kg m–3
3
10 g 10 cm (1 cm3 ) (1 m/102 cm)3
unit itself.
For example, 1 kg m–3 = 1 (103 g) (102 cm)–3 = 10–3 g cm–3
It is adviseable to use the complete value of a physical quantity (= numerical value ¥ unit)
while evaluating its value from the given expression. If SI Units are used for every physical quantity, the result of the
expression will also come out in terms of SI base unit.
Volume of one mole of an ideal gas at 27 °C and 1 atm pressure.
Expression to be used V = nRT/p
Here T = (27 + 273.15) K = 300.15 K
p = 1 atm = 101. 325 ¥ 103 Pa
R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1
(1 mol) (8.314 J K -1 mol-1 ) (300.15 K)
Hence V= = 2.463 ¥ 10–2 J Pa–1
(101.325 ¥ 103 Pa)
J Pa–1 = (kg m2 s–2) (kg m–1 s–2)–1 = m3 and thus V = 2.463 ¥ 10–2 m3 = 2.463 ¥ 10–2 (10 dm)3 = 24.63 dm3
ANSWERS
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c)
Hän ojensi minulle kätensä, jota minä lujasti puristin. Sen jälkeen
hän oli tyynempi, ja näkyipä hänen silmissään jonkinlaisen taistelu-
ilon välähdyksiäkin.
Etruskilainen vaasi
*****
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ja ajatteli ainoastaan yhtä asiaa: etruskilaista vaasia!
Näin sanoen hän näytti kovin ryvettynyttä kirjettä, jonka hän veti
esiin lemuavasta silkkikukkarostaan.
— Kuusi viikkoa.