COMMUNICABLE CAUSATIVE RESERVOIR PORTAL MODE OF PORTAL PATHOGNOMON MANAGEMENT PREVENTIV

DISEASES AGENT OF EXIT TRANSMISSIO OF IC SIGN (DOC & E

N ENTRY NURSING MEASURES
MANAGEMENT
)
1. MEASLES MORBILLI VIRUS HUMANS The virus Airborne by droplet It enters the Koplik's spots  NO SPECIFIC  ISOLATION
(PARAMYXO leaves an spread and direct host through TREATMENT  KEEP NON-
VIRUS) The virus can be found infected contact with nasal or respiratory  May give IMMUNIZE
in the respiratory tracts, patient's throat secretions of tract, antipyretic D PEOPLE
nasal passages, or body through infected people. broken skin, (Acetaminophen AWAY
throats or infected secretion that mucous Tylenol) FROM
patients. leaves the membranes.  Provide tepid INFECTED
mouth or sponge bath PERSON.
nose in tiny  Increase oral  Live
droplets that fluid intake Attenuated
are generated  Promote bed rest Measles
in the  Provide nasal, Vaccine for 9
respiratory oral, eye, and months;
system. skin care. MMR for 1st
 Pen G – to dose: 12- 15
prevent months and
secondary booster dose
bacterial for 11-12
complication. years;
 Antiviral of exposed:
ISOPRENOSIN Measles
E. Immune
 Vitamin A for 6 Serum
to 12 months of Globulin
100,000 IU and with 1 week
more than 1 year after
old to 5 years old exposure.
with 200,00 IU.
2. GERMAN RUBIVIRUS Humans and children The virus The virus can be The virus Forscheimer spot  Give antipyretic  ISOLATION
MEASLES (RUBELLA VIRUS) born with Congenital leaves an transmitted through enters the (Acetaminophen  KEEP NON-
Rubella Syndrome infected droplet. It can spread body from ) and analgesic IMMUNIZE
 patients body when an infected either a (Ibuprofen) D PEOPLE
Can be found in the through person coughs or person  Provide tepid AWAY
respiratory tracks, nasal secretion that sneezes. inhaling tiny sponge bath FROM
passages, or throats of leaves the infectious  Encourage to INFECTED
infected patients mouth or It can also spread by droplets or increases oral PERSON.
nose in tiny direct contact with an through fluid intake  Live
droplets that infected person's direct  Promote bed rest, Attenuated
are generated respiratory secretions, transmission and Rubella
in the such as mucus. of throat or  Provide nasal, Vaccine,
respiratory nose oral, eye and skin Mumps,
system. Indirect contact with secretion care. Measles,
objects contaminated being Rubella
with introduced to vaccine
secretions. any body (MMR) and
opening. if exposed be
Trans-placental given with
transmission - it can For Immune
also be passed on Example: Serum
from pregnant women Nose or Globulin, IM
to their unborn Mouth within 1
children via the week after
bloodstream. exposure
(especially
for pregnant
women). The
rubella
vaccine is
usually given
as a
combined
measles-
mumps-
rubella
(MMR)
vaccine.
 It's
particularly
 important
that girls
receive the
vaccine to
prevent
rubella
during future
pregnancies.
 Children who
are
vaccinated
early still
need to be
vaccinated at
the
recommende
d ages later.
3. CHICKEN POX VARICELLA This microorganism Droplets The virus can be Respiratory Rash that turns into  Calamine lotion  Live
ZOSTER VIRUS stays in the human from the transmitted through tract - after itchy, fluid-filled blisters and a cool bath Attenuated
body mouth or airborne. It can breathing in that spreads over the with added Varicella
nose spread droplets. entire and eventually baking soda, Vaccine for 2
The varicella-zoster when an infected turn into scabs. uncooked doses at 1
virus normally resides Fluid from person coughs or Mouth, nose, oatmeal, or month apart
in the cerebral arteries the blisters sneezes. It can also or eyes colloidal oatmeal (MMRV)
spread by direct - after may help relieve
contact with an touching some of the  Everyone –
infected blister fluid itching (pruritus). including
person's respiratory  Try to minimize children,
secretions, such as scratching to adolescents,
mucus. Indirect prevent the virus and adults –
contact with objects from spreading to should get
contaminated with others and two doses of
secretions. Trans- potential chickenpox
placental transmission bacterial vaccine if
- it can also be passed infection from they have
on from pregnant occurring. never had
women to  Keeping chickenpox
 their unborn children fingernails or were never
via the bloodstream. trimmed short vaccinated.
may help prevent
skin infections
caused by
scratching
blisters.
 Antiviral -
Cyclovir or
Zoverax
 Antipyretic:
Acetaminophen
 AVOID NSAIDs,
Aspirin, or other
aspirin-
containing
products
4. INFLUENZA PFEIFFER'S The main principle Influenza Flu spreads directly eyes, nose NONE  Amantadine  Instruct
BACILLUS, OR reservoir for influenza exits the and indirectly; and mouth HCl patient to
HAEMOPHILUS is humans body though directly from person (Symmetrel) - avoid
INFLUENZAE (client's/patient's/reside your mouth to person by droplets prevention and crowded
nt's lungs and air and your produced during treatment areas and
passages) while other nose sneezing or coughing, of RTI caused by close
reservoirs are wild passages. for example, and the virus, contact with
waterfowl and wildlife (coughing indirectly when antibiotics for infected
birds. and sneezing) contaminated droplets secondary persons.
land on surfaces infection or if  Annual
that are subsequently with pulmonary influenza
touched by uninfected bacterial vaccination
individuals. These complication. can prevent
droplets can land in much of the
the mouths or noses  AH1N1 can be illness
of people who are given and death
nearby. Less often, a Oseltamivir caused by
person might get flu (Tamiflu) and conventional
by touching a surface Zanamivir or seasonal
or object that has flu (Relenza). influenza.
 virus on it and then Vaporizer- Client can be
touching their own reduce irritation given a live
mouth, nose or to respiratory attenuatedin
possibly their eyes. mucosa fluenza
 Respiratory vaccine with
Isolations single dose to
(droplet) people at risk
 Bed Rest: Limit like elderly
strenuous activity and immune-
 Keep patient compromised
warm and free persons
from drafts in
bed
 Watch out for
complications

5. COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 UNKNOWN; The virus The virus spreads to a The virus Anosmia & Ageusia  Be well
VIRUS exits the new host through can enter Shortness of breath  There is no informed
Coronaviruses that body by direct and indirect through the Continous cough specific antiviral about the
circulate among coughing or contact. mouth, nose, Fever medication yet is COVID-19
humans are thought to sneezing. and eyes. recommended for virus, the
originate from animal COVID-19 disease it
reservoirs. infection. causes and
 Monitor VS how it
Bats are also considered  Monitor O2 spreads.
natural hosts of these saturation  Wash your
viruses and have been  Maintain hands
the source of respiratory regularly
coronaviruses that have isolation with soap and
transmitted to humans  Enforce strict water, or
and caused severe hand hygiene clean them
disease.  Manage with alcohol-
hyperthermia based hand
 Educate patient rub.
and family  Maintain at
least 1 meter
 distance
between any
individual
and people
coughing or
sneezing.
 Avoid
touching the
face.
 Cover the
mouth and
nose when
coughing or
sneezing.
 Stay home if
feel unwell.
 Refrain from
smoking and
other
activities that
weaken the
lungs.
 Practice
physical
distancing by
avoiding
unnecessary
travel and
staying away
from large
groups of
people.
 Boost the
immune
system by
taking
Vitamin C,
 Vitamin D
and Zinc and
eat nutritious
foods.
 Staying Up to
Date with
COVID-19
Vaccines.
 Improving
Ventilation.
 Getting
Tested for
COVID-19 If
Needed.

6. PULMONARY MYCOBACTERIUM HUMANS Anytime a Pathogen is Pathogen Cerebrospinal fluid high  Isolation  Submit all
TUBERCULOSIS TUBERCULOSIS person with transferred from enters the in lymphocytes with very precaution babies for
TB disease person to person body high albumin (0.6-2 g)  Provide patient BCG
coughs, whenever anyone through the and low glucose (0.4-0.2 with adequate immunizatio
sneezes, breathes in the respiratory g/l). rest  Avoid
speaks, or pathogen. system when periods overcrowding
sings the TB germs  Promote and mode of
pathogen is are in the air adequate transmission
released into around a nutrition  Nutritional
the air. susceptible  Advise to cover and health
host. nose and mouth status
when sneezing improvement
and coughing and  Advise those
dispose who have
secretions been exposed
properly to receive
 Provide frequent tuberculin
oral hygiene and test.
hand washing
 Encourage to
stop smoking
 Be alert for signs
 of drug reaction
 Monitor drug
compliance
 Teach the patient
all about PTB
 Encourage
questions to air
feelings
 Emphasize the
importance of
follow-up
 Check sputum
for blood and
purulent
expectoration.
 Isoniazid with
common side
effect of
peripheral
neuritis and
hepatotoxicity,
 Pyrazinamide
with common
side effect of
gouty arthritis
and
hyperurecemia
 Ethambutol
(Myambutol)
with side effect
of optic neuritis,
rifampin
(Rifadin)
with side effects
of hepatotoxicity,
nephrotoxicity,
purpura and
 orange colored
secretions and
streptomycin
with side effect
of vestibular
ototoxicity.

7. PNEUMONIA STREPTOCOCCUS Pneumonia can be Pneumonia is droplet transmission As stated Rusty or prune juice  Pen G Na: Drug  Get
PNEUMONIA, caught by anyone due located in the – mouth & before, sputum- of Choice with vaccinated.
HAEMOPHILUS to the fact that it lungs, so nose of an infected pneumonia pathognomonic sign alternative of Vaccines are
INFLUENZA, exclusively resides in couging, person via isn't Clotrimoxazole, available to
STAPHYLOCOCCUS human host. Mostly sneezing, or nasopharynx, through contagious, Tetracycline and prevent some
AUREUS, residing in the lungs. any intimate contact w/ but the Erythromycin, types of
KLEBSIELLA secretions out carriers, bacteria and Bronchodilators pneumonia
PNEUMONIAE the mouth or viruses are. (aminophylline, and the flu.
(FRIEDLANDER’S nose. indirect They can be salbutamol), Talk with the
BACILLI), contact contaminated inhaled Expectorants doctor about
MYCOPLASMA objects and through the  Analgesics for getting these
PNEUMONIA mouth or pleuritic pain shots. The
Systemic infection nose from a  High calorie diet, vaccination
through inhalation of sneeze or adequate fluid guidelines
caustic or toxic cough from intake unless have changed
chemicals, aspiration someone contraindicated over time so
of food, fluid, and infected.  Absolute bed make sure to
vomitus. rest, Humidified review the
02 for hypoxia vaccination
 Mechanical status with
ventilation – the doctor
resp. even if you
failure. recall
 Klebsiela – previously
Aminoglycosides receiving a
and pneumonia
Cephalosporins; vaccine.
Streptococcus – Make sure
Nfcillin or children get
Oxacillin vaccinated.
 for 14 days; Doctors
Pneumonitis recommend a
carinii – different
Cotrimoxazole pneumonia
 Isolation vaccine for
 Increase oral children
fluid intake may younger than
help liquefy age 2 and for
secretions in children ages
order to help 2 to 5 years
expectorate who are at
easily particular risk
 Chest of
physiotherapy, pneumococca
deep breathing l disease.
coughing and Children who
turning exercise attend a
(DBCTE) group child
 Elevate head & care center
shoulders of should also
patient by means get the
of pillow to vaccine.
relieve labored Doctors also
breathing & recommend
lessen coughing flu shots for
and suction children older
secretion when than 6
necessary. months.
 Practice good
hygiene. To
protect
yourself
against
respiratory
infections
that
sometimes
 lead to
pneumonia,
wash your
hands
regularly or
use an
alcohol-based
hand
sanitizer.
 Don't smoke.
Smoking
damages your
lungs' natural
defenses
against
respiratory
infections.
 Keep your
immune
system
strong.
Get enough
sleep,
exercise
regularly and
eat a healthy
diet.

8. DIPTHERIA CORYNEBACTERIU HUMANS Mouth, nose C. diphtheriae spreads tonsils, nose, A thick, gray membrane  Penicillin – is  Immunization
M DIPHTHERIA (coughing via and throat covering the throat and the drug of of DPT in an
(KLEBS-LOEFFLER and sneezing) droplets. When an tonsils. choice and early age is
BACILLUS) infected person's Erythromycin as encouraged.
sneeze or cough alternative if Proper
releases a mist of allergy to disposal of
contaminated penicillin. nasopharynge
droplets, people  Passive al secretions
 nearby may inhale C. immunization also part of
diphtheriae. diphtheria prevention of
Diphtheria spreads antitoxin and spreading the
easily this way, tracheostomy if microorganis
especially in crowded laryngeal for m causing
conditions. Indirect infant and diphtheria.
contact with children are Vaccination
contaminated present. consists of a
personal or household  Strict isolate the series of five
items can also be patient (droplet), shots,
transmitted the provide liquid typically
bacteria. People and soft diet, administered
occasionally catch maintain good in the arm or
diphtheria from oral hygiene and thigh, given
handling proper airway, to children at
an infected person's complete bed these ages: 2
things, such as used rest, months; 4
tissues or hand towels pasteurization of months; 6
that may be milk, ice collar months; 15 to
contaminated for neck spasms 18 months
with the bacteria. It and monitor for and 4 to 6
can also transfer respiratory years.
diphtheria-causing distress.  After the
bacteria by touching initial series
an infected wound. of
immunization
s in
childhood,
need booster
shots of
the diphtheria
vaccine to
help maintain
the
immunity.

9. PERTUSSIS HAEMOPHILLUS Pertussis is a human The Pertussis spreads Bordetella One to 2 weeks after the  Antibiotics -  Avoid mode
PERTUSIS, BORDET disease, and there are respiratory easily from person to Pertussis first symptoms start, ampicillin, of
GNEGOU no known animal or system is the person mainly enters the people with whooping erythromycin transmission
BACILLUS OR insect vectors. The portal of exit through droplets body cough may develop (DOC) – and
BORDETELLA most common since produced by through the paroxysms—rapid, given for 5 to 7 immunization
PERTUSSIS reservoirs for Pertussis coughing respiratory violent, and uncontrolled days and of DPT
Bordetella Pertussis are causes a or sneezing and system. coughing fits. These  Anti-tussives:
adolescents and adults. chronic indirect contact with coughing fits usually last sinecod – for
cough, and contaminated object. 1 to 6 weeks but can last extremely dry
the bacteria When an infected for up to 10 weeks. cough and early
is expelled person coughs or Coughing fits generally treatment
into the air sneezes, tiny germ- get worse and become is very important.
via water laden droplets are more common as the  Bed rest
droplets from sprayed into the air illness continues.  NPO in attacks
the lungs. and breathed into the (paroxysmal and
lungs of catarrhal stage –
anyone who happens aspiration
to be nearby.  Positioning –
prone for infants
and upright for
older persons
 Isolate the patient
 Provide a quiet,
non-stimulating
environment
 Keep patient
warm and out of
wind
 Small frequent
feedings
 Encourage
abdominal
support when
coughing
 Clothing
contaminated
with discharges
should be boiled
 for 30
minutes before
laundering
 Adequate
ventilation.

10. MUMPS PARAMYXO VIRUS HUMANS It exits its The mode of Nose and development of  There's no  The mumps
human transmissions are mouth nonsuppurative parotitis, specific vaccine is
reservoir via direct contact treatment for usually given
mucous when with respiratory mumps only as a
an infected secretions coming supportive and combined
individual from infected patients symptomatic measles-
coughs, and indirect contact medical mumps-
sneezes, or with objects treatment like rubella
talks. The contaminated with analgesic, (MMR)
virus also is secretions antipyretic and inoculation,
found in moist heat and which
saliva, so cold application. contains the
cups and  Rest as much as safest and
utensils can possible. Try to most
be ease symptoms effective
contaminated with cold form of each
. compresses and vaccine. Two
over- the-counter doses of the
pain relievers MMR
such as ibuprofen vaccine are
(Advil, Motrin recommende
IB, others) and d before a
acetaminophen child enters
(Tylenol, others). school. Those
vaccines
should be
given when
the child is:
between the
ages of 12
and 15
 months; and
between the
ages of 4 and
6 years.
College
students,
international
travelers and
health care
workers in
particular are
encouraged
to make sure
they've had
two
doses of the
MMR
vaccine.

11. CHOLERA VIBRIO CHOLERAE Humans are the main vomitting Seven Fs – foods, Mouth rice-watery stool  Oral rehydration  Drink only
BACTERIA host for cholera, and feces of fluids, fingers, feces, solution (ORS), a bottled,
animals, food, water an infected fomites, fields, flies. prepackaged boiled, or
person Cholera is spread the mixture of sugar chemically
way many diarrheal and salts to be treated water
diseases are spread, mixed with 1 and bottled or
through the liter of water and canned
(1) Fluid/Water: By drunk in large carbonated
drinking water that amounts. This beverages.
has been solution is used  When using
contaminated by throughout the bottled
feces and has not world to treat drinks, make
been treated diarrhea. Severe sure that the
(disinfected). (2) cases also require seal has not
Fingers: By getting intravenous fluid been broken.
hands in one’s mouth, replacement.  To disinfect
when hands are not With prompt the water to
washed after appropriate drink: boil
using the toilet or rehydration, for
after contact with fewer than 1% of 1 minute or
feces on the ground cholera filter the
(which is especially patients die. water and add
common for young  Antibiotics 2 drops of
children who are shorten the household
crawling). (3) Flies: course and bleach or ½
Because flies sit on diminish the an iodine
feces and then land severity of the tablet per liter
on food. (4) Food: illness, but they of water.
By eating food that are not as  Avoid tap
has been important as water,
contaminated (made receiving fountain
dirty) by fingers, rehydration. drinks, and
flies, or water that  Persons who ice cubes.
have come develop severe  Wash the
in contact with feces. diarrhea and hands often
(5) Fields/Floors: The vomiting in with soap
soil where food is countries where and clean
grown can contain cholera occurs water.
feces when should seek  If no water
cholera-infected medical attention and soap are
people or animals promptly. available, use
feces on the ground  The medical an alcohol-
or near water sources management are based hand
instead of using to correct of cleaner (with
latrines or burying the dehydration and at least 60%
feces. Hands that fluid imbalance alcohol).
have been working in and antibiotics  Clean the
the soil can pass of tetracycline hands
microbes like as drug of especially
cholera on when hand choice. before eating
washing is not done  Assess patient for or preparing
afterwards. Floors signs of food and after
that get contaminated dehydration and using the
with animal complications bathroom.
or human feces can  Observe enteric  Eat foods that
also end up precautions are packaged
contaminating fingers (feces) or that are
that end up in mouths.  Increase oral freshly
(6) Fomites: fluid intake. cooked and
inanimate objects that served hot.
can become  Do not eat
contaminated with raw or
infectious agents and undercooked
serve as a meats and
mechanism for seafood, or
transfer between raw or
hosts. The classic undercooked
example of a fomite fruits and
is a park water vegetables
fountain unless they
from which many are peeled.
people drink.  Dispose of
Infectious agents feces in a
deposited by one sanitary
person can potentially manner to
be prevent
transmitted to a contaminatio
subsequent drinker. n of water
(7) Feces: The and food
cholera bacterium is sources.
usually found in  Single-dose
water live oral
or food sources that cholera
have been vaccine
contaminated by called
feces (poop) from a Vaxchora®
person infected with (lyophilized
cholera. Cholera is CVD103-
most likely to be HgR) for
found and spread in adults 18 –
places with 64 years old
inadequate water who are
 treatment, traveling to
poor sanitation, and an area of
inadequate hygiene. active cholera
transmission
with
toxigenic
Vibrio
cholerae.

12. DYSENTERY AMOEBIC: HUMANS FECES Faecal-oral route MOUTH  AMOEBIC:  Practices
ENTAMOEBA Ingestion of food or antibiotics of good
HYSTOLICA water that has been metronidazole as personal
BACILLARY: contaminated by the drug of choice. hygiene. This
SHIGELLA feces of a human  BACILLARY: includes
carrier of the infective antibiotics of thorough
organism. cotrimoxazole as handwashing
drug of choice. with soap and
 Replacing lost water after
7Fs: Shigella can be fluids from using the
passed through direct diarrhea toilet,
contact with the may be all the after
bacteria in the treatment you changing
stool. For example, need, particularly diapers, and
this can happen in a if your general before
child care setting health is good handling or
when staff members and your shigella preparing
don't wash their hands infection is mild. food.
well enough after  Avoid drugs  Supervise
changing diapers or intended to treat small
helping toddlers with diarrhea, such as children
toilet training. loperamide when they
Shigella bacteria also (Imodium) or wash their
can be passed in atropine hands.
contaminated food or (Lomotil),  Keep
by drinking or because they can children
swimming in make your with diarrhea
contaminated condition worse. home from
water.  For severe child care,
shigella play groups
infection, or school.
antibiotics may  Avoid
shorten the swallowing
duration of the water from
illness. However, ponds, lakes
some shigella or untreated
bacteria have pools.
become  Avoid sexual
drug resistant. So activity with
it's better not to anyone who
take antibiotics has diarrhea
unless shigella or who
infection is recently
severe. recovered
 Antibiotics from diarrhea
may also be
necessary for
infants, older
adults and people
who have HIV
infection, as well
as in
situations where
there's a high risk
of spreading the
disease
replacement.
 For generally
healthy
adults, drinking
water may be
enough to
counteract the
dehydrating
 effects of
diarrhea.
 Children
may benefit from
an oral
rehydration
solution, such as
Pedialyte,
available in
drugstores.
 Children and
adults who are
severely
dehydrated need
treatment in a
hospital
emergency room,
where they can
receive salts and
fluids through a
vein
(intravenously),
rather than by
mouth.
 Intravenous
hydration
provides the
body with water
and
essential
nutrients much
more quickly
than oral
solutions do.
13. TYPHOID SALMONELLA HUMANS FECES Fecal – oral route Alimentary ROSE SPOTS  Antibiotics:  An injectable
FEVER TYPHI Bacterial infection of with iIngestion of Tract chloramphenico typhoid
the small intestine contaminated food l – drug of conjugate
Occasionaly found in and water Alimentary choice. vaccine
blood stream. through 7 F’s – canal  IVF to correct (TCV),
fingers, feces, flies, (Tract), also dehydration or consisting of
food, fomites, fluids called fluid imbalance. Vi
and fields digestive  Paracetamol for polysaccharid
tract the fever. e antigen
(System)  Oral therapy linked to
rehydration tetanus
(oresol,hydrites) toxoid
 Antibiotic protein
therapy is the licensed for
only effective children from
treatment for 6 months of
typhoid fever. age and
Commonly adults up to
prescribed 45 years of
antibiotics age
include:Ciproflox  An injectable
acin (Cipro). unconjugated
 Another similar polysaccharid
drug called e vaccine
ofloxacin also based on the
may be used. purified Vi
Unfortunately, antigen
many Salmonella (known as
typhi bacteria are Vi-PS
no longer vaccine) for
susceptible to persons aged
antibiotics of this two years and
type, particularly above.
strains acquired  An oral live
in Southeast attenuated
Asia. Ty21a
 Azithromycin vaccine in
 (Zithromax). capsule
This may be formulation
used if a person for those over
is unable to take six
ciprofloxacin or years of age.
the bacteria is
resistant to
ciprofloxacin.
 Ceftriaxone. This
injectable
antibiotic is an
alternative in
morecomplicated
or serious
infections and for
people who may
not be candidates
for ciprofloxacin,
such as children.
 Enteric isolation
 Vital signs must
be recorded
accurately.
 Intake and output
must be
accurately
measured.
 Concurrent
disinfection.
 Increase oral
fluid intake

14. LEPROSY MYCOBACTERIUM HUMANS Leprosy exits droplet, The skin and Hypopigmented skin  Apsone with  Separate
LEPRAE the infected and intimate skin to the upper lesions with loss of rifampicin, and newborns
person's body skin contact respiratory sensation clofazimine is from leprous
through their (inoculation through tract added for some mothers and
nose, and the skin break) types of the report cases
skin. disease. This is and suspects
called multidrug of leprosy.
therapy (MDT) –  BCG vaccine
RA4073. This and education
strategy helps on mode of
prevent the transmission.
development of
antibiotic
resistance by the
bacteria, which
may otherwise
occur
due to length of
the treatment.
 Paucibacillary
form – 2
antibiotics are
used at the same
time,
daily dapsone
(100mg) OD (6-9
mos) and
rifampicin
(600mg) once per
month.
 Multibacillary
form – daily
clofazimine is
added to
rifampicin and
dapsone. Day 1:
R-600 D-100 C-
300 once
month and Day
2-28: Dapsone
100 OD,
Clofazimine
 (Lamprine) 50
mg OD.
Treatment
usually
lasts between one
to two years.
 Health education
by the nurse on
Sulfone therapy
like Dapsone that
cause cutaneous
eruptions, and
iritis, orchitis.
 Lamprine can
cause brownish
black skin
discoloration,
dryness
and flakiness that
need to explain
to the patient.
Skin care to
prevent injury.

15. DENGUE FEVER FLAVIVIRUS, HUMANS AND Mosquito Mosquito bite (direct) Mosquito Petechial rash on  Oral rehydration  Avoid
DENGUE MOSQUITOES bites infected carrying extremities, with well- therapy. Oral crowded
VIRUS(AEDES person. virus bites demarcated noninvolved rehydration places. Stay
AEGYPTI) uninfected skin, otherwise called therapy is away from
person. “white islands in a sea of recommended for heavily
red” patients with populated
moderate dehydr residential
ation caused by areas.
high fever and  Mosquito
vomiting. repellents. Us
 IV fluids. IVF e mosquito
administration is repellents
 indicated for that are mild
patients for the skin,
with dehydration. even indoors.
 Blood  Proper
transfusion and clothing. Wh
blood en outdoors,
products. Patients wear long-
with internal or sleeved shirts
gastrointestinal and long
bleeding may pants tucked
require into socks.
transfusion, and  Mosquito-
patients with free
coagulopathy environment.
may require fresh Make sure
frozen plasma. window and
 Oral door screens
fluids. Increase are secure
in oral fluids is and free of
also helpful. holes or use
 Avoid mosquito
aspirins. Aspirin nets.
can thin the  Stagnant
blood. Warn water. Empty
patients to avoid or cover
aspirins and bottles, cans,
other NSAIDs as and any
they increase the containers
risk with stagnant
for hemorrhage. water as these
 Blood pressure can become
monitoring. Meas breeding
ure blood places of
pressure as mosquitoes.
indicated.
 Monitoring
pain. Note client
 report of pain in
specific areas,
whether pain is
increasing,
diffused, or
localized.
 Vascular
access. Maintain
patency of
vascular access
for fluid
administration or
blood
replacement as
indicated.
 Medication
regimen. There
must be a
periodic review
of the medication
regimen of the
client to identify
medications that
might exacerbate
bleeding
problems.
 Fluid
replacement. Esta
blish 24-hour
fluid replacement
needs.
 Managing nose
bleeds. Elevate
position of the
patient and apply
ice bag to the
bridge of the
 nose and to the
forehead.
 Trendelenburg p
osition. Place the
patient in
Trendelenburg
position to
restore blood
volume to the
head.

16. HEPATITIS HEPATITIS A: HUMANS BILE Fecal-oral route; that MOUTH JAUNDICE  NO SPECIFIC  Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus THROUGH is when an uninfected (INGESTIO TREATMENT vaccine
FECES person ingests food or N)  Your body will  Good hand
water that has been clear the hepatitis hygiene—
contaminated with the A virus on its including
feces of an infected own. In most handwashing
person cases of hepatitis after using
A, the liver heals the bathroom,
within six changing
months with no diapers, and
lasting damage. before
 Encourage rest, preparing or
adequate fluid eating food
intake, and eating
small frequent
meals to prevent
nausea (low
protein and fat).
 Administer
Antiviral
medications, as
well as other
medications for
symptom
management,
 may be
prescribed by the
healthcare
provider.
17. POLIOMYELITI LEGIO Humans are the only The portal of Droplet infection The portal of Flaccid paralysis,  There are no  Practice good
S DEBILITANS known reservoir of exit is entry is weakness or paralysis specific hand hygiene
poliovirus through the The virus is through and reduced muscle tone medications to and wash
Fecal-Oral transmitted Respiratory treat polio. If you hands often
route by person-to-person System by have paralytic with soap and
spread mainly the polio, you'll water. Note
through the faecal- nasopharynx receive physical that alcohol-
oral route or, less therapy. based hand
frequently, by a sanitizers do
common vehicle (for  If your breathing not kill
example, muscles are poliovirus.
contaminated water weakened or
or food) and paralyzed, you'll  Immunization
multiplies in the need mechanical is the
intestine ventilation, a cornerstone
machine that of polio
helps you eradication.
breathe. Two types of
vaccine are
 Bed rest. available: an
inactivated
 Pain relievers. poliovirus
vaccine (IPV)
 Hot moist packs and a live
to control muscle attenuated
pain and spasms. OPV.

 Portable
ventilators to
help with
breathing.
 Physical therapy
exercises to
 prevent bone
deformity and
loss of muscle
function.

 Splints or other
devices to
encourage good
position, or
alignment, of the
spine and limbs.

18. MENINGITIS VIRAL - Humans are the only The virus They spread from Most A stiff neck is the  Penicillin is the  Wash your
NEISSERRIA natural reservoir exits the person to person bacteria that pathognomonic sign of drug of choice in hands.
MENINGETIDES of meningococcus. body by by respiratory cause meningeal irritation. meningitis.
coughing and droplets or throat meningitis  Careful hand-
CYTOMEGALOVIR sneezing. secretions. such as  A physical washing
US meningococc examination to helps prevent
us, look the spread of
BACTERIAL - pneumococc for symptoms of germs.
CRYPTOCOCCAL us and meningitis
MENINGITIS Haemophilus  Practice good
influenzae  A blood test to hygiene.
STAPHYLOCCAL are carried in check for Don't share
MENINGITIS the human bacteria or drinks, foods,
nose and viruses straws, eating
HAEMOPHILUS throat. utensils, lip
INFLUENAE  A lumbar balms or
puncture where a toothbrushes
sample of fluid is with anyone
taken from the else.
spine and
checked for  Stay healthy.
bacteria or
viruses  Cover your
mouth.
 A CT scan to
 check for any  If you're
problems with pregnant,
the brain, such as take care with
swelling food.

19. RED TIDE DINOFLAGGELLAT Naturally-occurring Feces Eating shellfish or The virus Initial reactions  Treatment is  Go organic.
ES aquatic microorganisms fish containing toxins. can enter are tingling of the lips symptomatic, Stop using
which, in sufficient Swimming or other through the and tongue, which which include chemical
concentrations, can activities in the water. mouth spreads to the face, neck, pumping the fertilizers and
cause a reddish tint to Breathing in tiny fingertips, and stomach, pesticides.
the water. droplets in the air that toes. Headache, inducing
contain toxins. dizziness, and vomiting and  Apply mulch
nausea follow. charcoal and compost
hemoperfusion to build
(a process healthy living
involving the soil instead.
pumping of
arterial blood  Plant native
through an and climate-
activated appropriate
charcoal filter to plants.
remove the
poison).  Direct rain
 Alkaline fluids gutters and
such as sodium downspouts
bicarbonate are into your
also thought to landscaping
be helpful in to slow down
treating and sponge
symptoms up rain

 Check the
 For most people, marine
symptoms are forecast.
temporary when
red tide toxins
are in the air.
  Wearing a
particle filter
mask may lessen
the effects, and
research shows
that using over-
the- counter
antihistamines
may decrease
your symptoms.

 Fewer toxins are

in the air when
the wind is
blowing offshore.
20. FILIRIASIS WUCHERERIA Humans serve as the Mosquito The transmission of When the Some people with  The main goal of  Sleep under a
BANCROFTI reservoir for this bites the parasites called infected filariasis have no treatment of an mosquito net.
disease. infected filarias mosquito symptoms. Other infected person is
BRUGIA MALAYI person. through mosquitobite bites another affected individuals may to kill the adult  Wear long
s. person, the have episodes of acute worm. sleeves and
BRUGIA TIMORI microscopic inflammation of trousers.
worms pass lymphatic vessels  Diethylcarbamazi
from the (lymphangitis) along ne citrate (DEC),  Use mosquito
mosquito with high temperatures, which is both repellent on
through the shaking chills, body microfilaricidal exposed skin
skin, and aches, and swollen and active between dusk
travel to lymph nodes. against the adult and dawn
the lymph worm, is the drug
vessels. of choice
for lymphatic
filariasis.

 The late phase of

chronic disease is
not affected by
chemotherapy.
21. MALARIA PLASMODIUM Humans are their only Anywhere on Malaria is spread by The malaria There are no  Artemisinin  Use an EPA-
FALCIPARUM relevant reservoir. the skin the bite of an infected parasites pathognomonic drugs (artemether registered
where a female Anopheles enter that clinical signs or and artesunate). insect
PLASMODIUM mosquito can mosquito. Malaria person's symptoms for the The best repellent.
VIVAX potentially may also be spread by bloodstream diagnosis of malaria. The treatment for
bite you. transfusion of blood and travel to gold standard is Plasmodium  Wear long-
from infected people the liver. visualization of parasites falciparum sleeved shirts
or by the use of When the in stained samples 3 sets malaria, and long
contaminated (dirty) parasites of Giemsa thick & thin  If available, is pants.
needles or syringes. mature, they blood smears. artemisinin
leave the combination  Treat
liver and therapy. clothing and
infect red gear with
blood cells. permethrin.

 Keep
mosquitoes
out of your
hotel room or
lodging.

 Sleep under a
mosquito net.

22. ENCEPHALITIS HERPES SIMPLEX Birds are the primary Coughs or Some of the modes of Inhaled by Headache, stiff neck,  Bed rest.  Use insect
VIRUS (types 1 and 2) reservoir, and the virus sneezes from viral transmission others. sensitivity to light, repellent
is transmitted via an infected include: coughs or infected mental confusion and  Plenty of fluids.
VARICELLA mosquitoes person that sneezes from an insects (such seizures.  Wear long-
ZOSTER VIRUS release infected person that as  Anti- sleeved shirts
airborne release airborne mosquitoes inflammatory and pants
ENTEROVIRUSES viruses viruses, which are or ticks) and medicines such
then inhaled by animals, as  Treat
Cuts in the others. infected which can acetaminophen clothing and
skin insects (such as transfer (Tylenol, others), gear, and get
Mouth mosquitoes or ticks) some viruses ibuprofen (Advil, vaccinated
respiratory and animals, which directly into Motrin IB,
 tract can transfer some the others) and
GI tract viruses directly into bloodstream naproxen sodium
secretions the bloodstream via via their bite. (Aleve) to relieve
Blood their bite. headaches and
fevers.
23. RABIES RHABDOVIRUS Raccoons, skunks, bats, Anywhere on The bite of an After the Hydrophobia.  No specific  Vaccination,
foxes and dogs the skin infected animals, bite, the treatment
where a rabid licking of open rabies virus  Enforcement
animal can wounds, has to travel  Prevention is the of regulation
potentially scratch of a rabid through the best treatment. for the pick-
bite you. animals and man to body to the up and the
man transmission. brain  Anti – rabies destruction of
vaccination of  stray dogs,
animal and
exposed  10 to 14 days
individual. confinement
of any dog
 Isolate the that has bitten
patient. a person,

 Give emotional  Availability

and spiritual  of laboratory
support. facilities for
observation
 Provide optimum and
comfort and diagnosis,
 prevent injury, and
especially during
hyperactive  Providing
episodes. public
education,
 Darken the room  especially to
and provide a children, on
quiet the avoidance
environment.The and reporting
patient should of all animals
not be bathed and that appear
 there should not sick.
be any running
water in the room
or within the
hearing distance
of the patient.

 If IV fluid has to
be given, it
should be
wrapped. The
needle should be
securely
anchored to the
vein to avoid
dislodging in
times of
restlessness.

 Concurrent and
terminal
disinfection
should be carried
out.

 Common
Nursing
Diagnoses are
altered nutrition
less than body
requirement;
fluid volume
deficit; anxiety,
knowledge
deficit, altered
thought process
and anticipatory
 grieving.

24. GONORRHEA NEISSERIA Humans are the Body fluids Contact with exudates The portal of Some people infected  For  The best
GONORRHOEAE. reservoir for gonorrhea. of the from the mucous entry is with gonorrhea uncomplicated protections
infected membrane of infected through the never develop noticeable gonorrhea in against
area(s) are persons, usually as a mucous symptoms nonpregnant infection are
the portal of result of membranes patients, they abstinence,
exit. sexual activity,may of the The first give Ceftiaxone monogamy
occur in the uterus genitals, noticeable symptom in (Rocephin) and (sex with
upon rupture of the mouth or men is often a burning or  Doxycycline. only one
membranes anus. In painful sensation during partner),
addition to urination.  For pregnant
Direct contact with these portals women with  Proper
contaminated vaginal of entry, gonorrhea, they condom
secretions of the babies may Ceftiaxone usage.
mother as the baby acquire (Rocephin) and
passes comes out of an eye Eryhthromycin.
the birth canal and infection as a
can be transmitted result of the
through fomites. disease when
they are
Passes from person to born.
person through
unprotected oral,
anal, or vaginal sex.

25. TRICHOMONIA TRICHOMONAS The human genital The human It passes from person Genital areas A large amount of a thin,  Drug of choice is  Have safe
SIS VAGINALIS tract is the only urogenital to of both men often foul-smelling metronidazole sex. This
reservoir for this tract woman. person through and men discharge from the means always
species. unprotected oral, vagina  For pregnant using a
anal, or vaginal sex. women with condom.
HIV, screening at
the first prenatal
visit and prompt
treatment, as
needed, are
recommended
 because T.
vaginalis infectio
n is a risk factor
for vertical
transmission of
HIV.
26. SYPHILIS TREPONEMA Humans are the only Syphilis sore Almost always Tears, Chancres can occur in,  Primary and  The best way
PALLIDUM reservoir on external through sexual mucous on, or around the penis, secondary to prevent
genitals, contact. membrane, vagina syphilis are easy syphilis is to
male and mouth, to treat with a practice safe
female Through indirect placenta Small painless sore penicillin sex.
private parts, contact with articles injection. 
rectum, lips, freshly soiled with  Use condoms
and mouth. discharges or blood  Penicillin is drug during any
containing the of choice, one of type of sexual
organism. the most widely contact.
used antibiotics
Congenitally through and is usually  In addition, it
the placenta of a effective in may be
syphilitic mother. treating syphilis. helpful to

Accidentally, from a  Penicillin is  Use a dental

syphilitic baby to a taken with dam (a square
wet nurse or to probenecid to piece of
anyone carelessly slows down the latex)
handling diapers. excretion of  or condoms
penicillin. during oral
sex.
 People who are
allergic to  Avoid
penicillin will sharing sex
likely be treated toys.
with a different
antibiotic, such  Get screened
as: doxycycline, for STIs and
azithromycin and talk to
ceftriaxone.  the partners
 about their
 If the patient is results.
having
neurosyphilis, get  Syphilis can
daily doses of also be
penicillin transmitted
intravenously. through
shared
needles.
Avoid
sharing
needles if
using injected
drugs.

27. CANDIDIASIS CANDIDA Humans are the only Sneezing or The most common When Candidiasis in the mouth  Candidiasis in  Ways to help
ALBICANS. reservoir coughing, mode of Candida and throat can have the mouth, throat, prevent
genital transportation yeast gets many different or esophagus is candidiasis in
Mouth, GI tract, discharge, is during birth when into your symptoms, including: usually treated the mouth
Genitals birth the fungus is bloodstream white with antifungal and throat
transmitted from and spreads patches on the inner medicine. include:
mother to child. Other to internal cheeks, tongue, roof of
ways this fungal organs. the mouth, and throat.  The treatment for  Maintain
overgrowth can be mild to moderate good oral
transmitted from one The pathognomonic sign infections in the health
person to another of oral thrush is creamed mouth or throat
include: Having sex colored patches is usually an  Rinse the
with someone with an in the mouth. antifungal mouth or
overgrowth of this medicine applied brush the
fungus. The symptoms of vaginal to the inside of teeth after
candidiasis include: the mouth. using inhaled
vaginal corticosteroid
itching or soreness, pain  Medications s.
during sexual include
intercourse, pain or clotrimazole,
discomfort when miconazole, or
urinating, nystatin
abnormal vaginal (mycostatin).
discharge.
 For severe
infections, the
most common
treatment is
fluconazole (an
antifungal
medication)
taken by mouth
or through a vein.

 Vaginal
candidiasis is
usually treated
with antifungal
medicine. A
single dose of
fluconazole taken
by mouth.

 Other treatments
may be needed
for infections that
are more severe,
these treatments
include more
doses of
fluconazole taken
by mouth or
other medicines
applied inside the
vagina, such as
boric acid,
nystatin
(mycostatin), or
flucytosine.
28. CLAMYDIA CHLAMYDIA Humans are the only Genitourinar vaginal, anal, or oral Cervix, Painful urination, vaginal  Screening and  The surest
TRACHOMATIS natural host y (URINE) sex with someone Rectum, discharge in women, diagnosis of way to
with the infection Throat, chlamydia is prevent
Urethra Discharge from the penis relatively simple. chlamydia
in men, painful sexual infection is to
intercourse in women,  Tests: A urine is abstain from
bleeding between analyzed in the sexual
periods and after sex in laboratory for activities.
women, testicular pain in presence of this
men. infection.  Short of that,
an individual
 For women, the can:
doctor takes a
swab of the  Use
discharge from condoms.
the cervix for Use a male
culture or antigen latex condom
testing for or a female
chlamydia. polyurethane
condom
during each
sexual
contact.

 Limit the
number of
sex partners.
Having
multiple sex
partners puts
any
individual at
a high risk of
contracting
chlamydia
 and other
sexually
transmitted
infections.

 Get regular
screenings. If
the patient is
sexually
active

 Avoid
douching.
Douching
decreases the
number of
good bacteria
in the vagina,
which can
increase the
risk of
infection.
29. HERPES HERPES SIMPLEX Humans are the only The Sexual contact is the The Visible sores or  Generally  Two vaccines
VIRUS natural host herpesvirus primary way that the herpesvirus symptoms and still be diagnosed with a may help
portal- virus spreads. portal- infected by the virus. physical exam, prevent
HSV-1 vertex is the vertex is the the doctor may shingles the
unique site unique site check the body chickenpox
HSV-2 through through for sores and ask (varicella)
which the which the you about some vaccine and
viral genome viral genome of the symptoms. the
both enters both enters  shingles
and exits the and exits the  The doctor may (varicella-
nucleocapsid. nucleocapsid also request HSV zoster)
. testing. This is vaccine.
known as a
herpes culture.  The varicella
vaccine
 Blood tests for (Varivax) has
antibodies to become a
HSV-1 and HSV- routine
2 can also help childhood
diagnose these immunization
infections. This to prevent
is especially chickenpox.
helpful when
there are no sores
present

 There is currently
no cure for this
virus. Treatment
focuses on
getting rid of
sores and
limiting
 outbreaks

 acyclovir,
famciclovir, and
  valacyclovir.
These
medications can
help people
infected with the
virus reduce the
risk of
transmitting it to
others.

30. INFECTIOUS EPSTEIN-BARR Humans are the major Tonsils act as The virus that causes Tonsils act Fever, sore throat,  Bed Rest  If infected,
MONONUCLEOSIS VIRUS reservoir important mono is transmitted as important fatigue, and tender can help
portal of through saliva, so can portal of lymph nodes  Drink plenty of prevent
entry and exit get it through kissing, entry and water and fruit spreading the
of EBV but can also be exit of EBV juices. Fluids virus to
exposed help relieve a others by not
through a cough or fever and sore kissing them
sneeze, or by sharing throat and and
a glass or food prevent
utensils with someone dehydration.  Not sharing
who has food, dishes,
mono.  Take an over-the- glasses and
counter pain utensils until
reliever. Use pain several days
relievers such as after your
acetaminophen fever has
(Tylenol, others) subsided and
or ibuprofen even longer,
(Advil, Motrin if possible.
IB, others) as
 needed. T

 Use caution
when giving
aspirin to
children or
teenagers.
Though aspirin is
approved for use
in children older
than age 3
children and
teenagers
recovering from
chickenpox or flu
like symptoms
should never take
aspirin. This is
because aspirin
has been linked
to Reye's
syndrome, a rare
but potentially
life-threatening
condition, in
such children.

 Gargle with salt

water. Do this
several times a
day to relieve a
sore throat.

31. BUBONIC YERSINIA PESTIS The natural reservoirs The most It spreads via infected The bacteria Fever, vomiting,  Antibiotics such  Generally
PLAGUE for plague are rodents common exit fleas or animals, like can spread in bleeding, organ failure as streptomycin, people should
from the rodents, the open sores, gentamicin, be advised to
reservoir is squirrels, or hares, bloodstream doxycycline, or avoid direct
 through the which can be passed and cause ciprofloxacin are contact with
blood meal to humans who are sepsis, or used to treat infected body
of a flea that bitten or scratched. septicemic plague. fluids and
has fed on an plague. tissues.
infected  Oxygen,
rodent. intravenous  When
fluids, and handling
respiratory potentially
support are infected
usually also patients and
needed. collecting
specimens,
standard
precautions
should apply.

32. AIDS HUMAN Humans are the major Blood, HIV is spread from Through High fever; weight loss  There's no cure  To help
IMMUNODEFICIEN reservoir respiratory the body fluids of an vagina, anus, for HIV/AIDS. prevent the
CY VIRUS (HIV). secretions, infected person, veins, However, by spread of
and anything including blood, mouth, direct taking HIV HIV:
exiting from breast milk, semen access to medicine (called
the and vaginal fluids tissue antiretroviral  Use treatment
gastrointestin therapy or ART), as
al or urinary people with HIV prevention.Ta
tracts. can live long and sP means
healthy lives and taking the
prevent medication
transmitting HIV exactly as
to their sexual prescribed
partners. and getting
regular
 Common drugs checkups.
being use are:
Reverse  Use post-
transcriptase exposure
inhibitors prophylaxis
Zedovudine (PEP) if been
 (ZDV) Retrovir/ exposed to
Retirvir HIV.

 Zalcitanine  If individual
(Havid) think they've
been exposed
 Stavudine (Zerit) through sex,
needles or in
 Lamivudine the
(Epivir) workplace,
contact the
doctor or go
to the
emergency
department.

 Taking PEP
as soon as
possible
within the
first 72 hours
can greatly
reduce your
risk of
becoming
infected with
HIV.

 Use a new
condom
every time
have sex with
partner. Use a
new condom
every time
have anal or
vaginal sex
 with partner.
Women can
use a female
condom. If
using a
lubricant,
make sure it's
water-based.
Oil-based
lubricants can
weaken
condoms and
cause them to
break.

 During oral
sex use a
non-
lubricated,
cut-open
condom or a
dental dam a
piece of
medical
grade latex.

 Consider pre-
exposure
prophylaxis
(PrEP). The
combination
drugs
emtricitabine
plus tenofovir
(Truvada)
and
emtricitabine
plus tenofovir
alafenamide
(Descovy)
can reduce
the risk of
sexually
transmitted
HIV infection
in people at
very high risk