COLLECTING AND

6.53
ORGANIZING DATA
STEPS/PROCESSES AT DIFFERENT
DATA-GATHERING POINTS

BEFORE GATHERING DATA

Make preparatory DURING DATA AFTER DATA
arrangements;
visit the venue.
GATHERING GATHERING
Go to the venue; Organize data;
administer the tools. prepare for data analysis.

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BEFORE GATHERING YOUR DATA, YOU HAVE TO
REMEMBER THE ETHICS OF RESEARCH. THESE
ARE AS FOLLOWS:
a. Your sources of data have a right to be informed of the
reason for doing the research. The researcher should
honestly inform the sources of data about the objectives of
the research.
b. Make sure that the research should not be about
developing negative views or feelings or biases against a
particular group.
c. Respect the decision or reasons of data sources if they
choose not to participate in your research.
d. Make sure that the privacy of the data sources is protected. 3
 GENERAL STEPS IN DATA-GATHERING
PROCESS:
Step 1:
Make sure that you have had some arrangements with your sample or participants, as well as the
venue where you will hold your data-gathering activity.
Step 2:
Go to the "venue" where you will gather your data. Be at the venue at the designated time. Be sure to
have with you the materials you will need, like the data-gathering tools. If your research venue is a
school, then go through the school head or principal first. Requirements for venue may differ depending
on the data-gathering tool to be administered as well as the sources of data. For example, if you are
studying the behavior of very young children, administering a questionnaire is not appropriate for the
kind of data source that you have.

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 GENERAL STEPS IN DATA-GATHERING
PROCESS:
1. Administration of questionnaire may be done in groups, where the participants will respond to the too al
the same time, using writing tools like pen or pencil. For example, administering a questionnaire can be
done in a room or a hall, where the participants can be gathered.
2. Interviews may be conducted individually or in small groups, five at most. Interviews can be conducted in
the home of the interviewee or in school. The interviewees may also be requested to come to a specific
venue where the individual or group interview will be done.
3. For observations, these will have to be done in the natural setting, like in the classroom, playground,
workplace, school laboratory, library, and others. Observer may observe a single entity or a group of
persons.
4. A pencil-and-paper data-gathering tool may be administered in groups. It may also be administered
individually.

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 DURING THE ACTUAL
DATA-GATHERING PROCESS
(AT THE VENUE)
1. Greet your sample/participants and introduce yourself.
Inform your sample/respondents/ participants what your
research is all about, as well as its objectives. It is assumed
that they have some knowledge about it beforehand because
you have already communicated with them early on.
Emphasize the importance of their cooperation and their
responses.

Put them at ease by talking in a pleasant manner. Respect

the decision of some members of the sample or participants
not to participate in your data-gathering activity. Before
starting, ask them if they have questions and answer their
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 DURING THE ACTUAL
DATA-GATHERING PROCESS
(AT THE VENUE)
Administer the tool. For paper-and-pencil tools, like
questionnaire, rating scale, or a test, give clear instructions
on how they are going to accomplish or respond to the
instrument.

Allow considerable time for the participants or respondents to

finish responding to the tool at the expected time. Answer
clearly the questions that might come up while administering
the tool.

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 DURING THE ACTUAL
DATA-GATHERING PROCESS
(AT THE VENUE)
For interviews, speak to the interviewee in a well-modulated
voice. Ask the question/s clearly and allow time for the
respondent to answer each question completely. If
respondents have a difficult time answering the question, you
can clarity the question or you can guide them toward giving
their responses. For accuracy of data, it will be good to take
note of responses while the interview is going on or use an
audio recorder to record the responses. In the latter, though,
you have to ask permission from the respondent, as he/she
may not allow it

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 DURING THE ACTUAL
DATA-GATHERING PROCESS
(AT THE VENUE)
When doing simple observations, make sure that your
presence does not distract the attention of those being
observed nor make them feel threatened

3. Thank your sample after you have gathered your data.

Again, acknowledge their contribution to your research. Run
through the responses and determine if there are missed out
responses, which you can return for completion.

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In terms of data analysis using statistical tools, foremost to bear in
mind is the design as well as the research questions. The design of
research, as well as the research questions, strongly suggests the kind
of statistical tools and the kind of analysis needed to answer the
research questions.

COLLATING, ORGANIZING, AND

PLANNING FOR DATA ANALYSIS
 Research Question Purpose Statistical Tool

1. What is the typical To determine the typical Statistics that describe a

performance characteristic that is the typical
performance of Grade 6 pupils
of Grade 6 pupils in Reading? performance of Grade 6 pupils in
in Reading Reading. These are descriptive
statistics.

2. Is there a relationship To determine if those who Statistics that determine the

between frequency of attend Science activities more extent of relationship between
participation in Science frequently will perform better participation in Science
activities and performance in in Science than those who activities
Science? attend less frequently (X) and performance in
Science
 Research Question Purpose Statistical Tool

1. What is the typical To determine the typical Statistics that describe a

performance characteristic that is the typical
performance of Grade 6 pupils
of Grade 6 pupils in Reading? performance of Grade 6 pupils in
in Reading Reading. These are descriptive
statistics.

2. Is there a relationship To determine if those who Statistics that determine the

between frequency of attend Science activities more extent of relationship between
participation in Science frequently will perform better participation in Science
activities and performance in in Science than those who activities
Science? attend less frequently (X) and performance in
Science
Quantitative data are expressed in
figures or numbers. First, you have
to determine the level of
measurement of your data. This
will help you determine the kind of
statistics to apply on the data and
will enable you to analyze and
interpret them better.

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FOUR TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal scale: The data are only used to describe,
identify, or name, like the following.

• street number
•numbers attached to basketball players' jersey
•house number
• numbers on the bar code
religious faith*

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FOUR TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
2. Ordinal scale: The data denote rank or order, in addition to
being able to name, or identify, like the following:

• first in the exam (1); second in the exam (2)...

• 1st honor (1); 2nd honor (2); 3rd honor (3)...
• most thickly populated barangay (1); the second most thickly
populated barangay (2)...
• highest position in an organization, President (1); 2nd highest
position in an organization, Vice President (2)...
• Top 20 scorers in the bar exam, as top 1 board topnotcher, top
2...

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FOUR TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
3. Interval scale: The data have no "true" zero point. Some
examples are:

• scores in a Science test

• scores in a personality test
• body temperature readings
*Mario takes an end-of-the-term exam in Language and gets a
score of 0. He was not able to answer correctly all the items in
the test. Even if he got a score of 0, it does not mean that he
does not know anything. We assume that he still knows
something about Language despite a zero score

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FOUR TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
4. Ratio scale: The data have a "true" zero point. Some
examples are:

•length of a table in feet

• distance from Manila to Baguio in kilometers
•the volume of water in 20 different containers
• age of 30 babies in months
• height of trees measured in feet

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THANK YOU

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