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3.2 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

Question Paper
Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Section 3. Stoichiometry
Topic 3.2 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant
Difficulty Hard
Time Allowed 140

Score /110
Percentage /100
Page 1 of 24
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Question 1a
Separate: Chemistry and Extended Only
The following method is used to make crystals of hydrated nickel sulphate.
An excess of nickel carbonate, 12.0 g, was added to 40 cm3 of sulphuric acid, 2.0 mol/dm3. The unreacted nickel
carbonate was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to obtain the crystals.
NiCO3 + H2SO4 → NiSO4 + CO2 + H2O
NiSO4 + 7H2O → NiSO4.7H2O
Mass of one mole of NiSO4.7H2O = 281 g
Mass of one mole of NiCO3 = 119 g
i) Calculate the mass of unreacted nickel carbonate.
Number of moles of H2SO4 in 40 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 acid = 0.08
Number of moles of NiCO3 reacted = ......................................
Mass of nickel carbonate reacted = ...................................... g
Mass of unreacted nickel carbonate = ...................................... g

[3]
ii) The experiment produced 10.4 g of hydrated nickel sulphate. Calculate the percentage yield.
The maximum number of moles of NiSO4.7H2Othat could be formed = ......................................
The maximum mass of NiSO4.7H2O that could be formed = ...................................... g
The percentage yield = ...................................... %

[3]
[6 marks]
Page 2 of 24
Question 1b
Extended Only
In the above method, a soluble salt was prepared by neutralising an acid with an insoluble base. Other salts have to be
made by different methods.
i) Give a brief description of how the soluble salt, rubidium sulphate could be made from the soluble base, rubidium
hydroxide.
[3]
ii) Suggest a method of making the insoluble salt, calcium fluoride.
[3]
[6 marks]
Page 3 of 24
Question 2a
Soluble salts can be made using a base and an acid.
Complete this method of preparing dry crystals of the soluble salt cobalt(II) chloride-6-water from the insoluble base
cobalt(II) carbonate.
step 1
Add an excess of cobalt(II) carbonate to hot dilute hydrochloric acid.
step 2
step 3
step 4
[4 marks]
Page 4 of 24
Question 2b
i) 5.95 g of cobalt(II) carbonate were added to 40 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, concentration 2.0 mol / dm3.
Calculate the maximum yield of cobalt(II) chloride-6-water and show that the cobalt(II) carbonate was in excess.
CoCO3 + 2HCl → CoCl2 + CO2 + H2O
CoCl2 + 6H2O → CoCl2.6H2O

maximum yield:
number of moles of HCl used = .....................................................................
number of moles of CoCl2 formed = ...............................................................
number of moles of CoCl2.6H2O formed = .......................................................
mass of one mole of CoCl2.6H2O = 238 g
maximum yield of CoCl2.6H2O = ...................................................................g
to show that cobalt(II) carbonate is in excess:
number of moles of HCl used = ..................................... (use your value from above)
mass of one mole of CoCO3 = 119 g
number of moles of CoCO3 in 5.95 g of cobalt(II) carbonate = ..............................

[5]
ii) Explain how these calculations show that cobalt(II) carbonate is in excess.
[1]
[6 marks]
Page 5 of 24
Question 3a
Crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water, Na2SO4.10H2O, are prepared by titration.
25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask.
A few drops of an indicator are added. Using a burette, dilute sulphuric acid is slowly added until the indicator just changes
colour. The volume of acid needed to neutralise the alkali is noted.
Suggest how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure, dry crystals of sodium sulphate-10-water.
[4 marks]
Page 6 of 24
Question 3b
Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide, 2.24 mol / dm3, 3.86 g of crystals were obtained. Calculate the percentage
yield.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Na2SO4 + 10H2O → Na2SO4.10H2O
Number of moles of NaOH used =
Maximum number of moles of Na2SO4.10H2O that could be formed =
Mass of one mole of Na2SO4.10H2O = 322g
Maximum yield of sodium sulphate-10-water, in g =
Percentage yield =
[4 marks]
Page 7 of 24
Question 4a
Calcium and other minerals are essential for healthy teeth and bones. Tablets can be taken to provide these minerals.
Healthy Bones
Each tablet contains
calcium
magnesium
zinc
copper
boron
Boron is a non-metal with a macromolecular structure.
i) Predict two physical properties of boron.
[2]
ii) Name another element and a compound that have macromolecular structures.
[2]
iii) Sketch the structure of one of the above macromolecular substances.
[2]
[6 marks]
Page 8 of 24
Question 4b
Describe the reactions, if any, of zinc and copper(II) ions with an excess of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
i) Zinc ions
Addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide:
Excess sodium hydroxide:
[2]
ii) Copper(II) ions
Addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide:
Excess sodium hydroxide:
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 9 of 24
Question 4c
Extended Only
Each tablet contains the same number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3. One tablet reacted with excess hydrochloric acid
to produce 0.24 dm3 of carbon dioxide at r.t.p.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
MgCO3 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
i) Calculate how many moles of CaCO3 there are in one tablet.
Number of moles CO2 =
Number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 =
Number of moles of CaCO3 =

[3]
ii) Calculate the volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to react with one tablet.
Number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in one tablet =

Use your answer to (c)(i).
Number of moles of HCl needed to react with one tablet =
Volume of hydrochloric acid, 1.0 mol / dm3, needed to react with one tablet =
[2]
[5 marks]
Page 10 of 24
Question 5a
The soluble salt hydrated lithium sulfate is made by titration from the soluble base lithium hydroxide.
The sulfuric acid is added slowly from the burette until the indicator just changes colour. The volume of sulfuric acid
needed to just neutralise the lithium hydroxide is noted.
Describe how you would continue the experiment to obtain pure dry crystals of hydrated lithium sulfate.
[5 marks]
Page 11 of 24
Question 5b
Using 25.0 cm3 of aqueous lithium hydroxide, concentration 2.48 mol / dm3, 2.20 g of hydrated lithium sulfate was
obtained.
Calculate the percentage yield, giving your answer to one decimal place.
2LiOH + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + 2H2O
Li2SO4 + H2O → Li2SO4.H2O
Number of moles of LiOH used = .......................
Number of moles of Li2SO4.H2O which could be formed = .......................
Mass of one mole of Li2SO4.H2O = 128g
Maximum yield of Li2SO4.H2O = ....................... g
Percentage yield = .......................%
[4 marks]
Page 12 of 24
Question 5c
An experiment was carried out to show that the formula of the hydrated salt is Li2SO4.H2O. A sample of the hydrated salt
was weighed and its mass recorded. It was then heated and the anhydrous salt was weighed. This procedure was
repeated until two consecutive masses were the same. This procedure is called ‘heating to constant mass’.
i) What is the reason for heating to constant mass?
[1]
ii) The mass of the hydrated salt is m1 and the mass of the anhydrous salt is m2. Explain how you could show that the
hydrated salt has one mole of water of crystallisation per mole of the anhydrous salt.
[3]
[4 marks]
Question 6a
The elements in Period 3 and some of their common oxidation states are shown below.
Element Na Mg Al Si P S I Ar
Oxidation state +1 +2 +3 +4 -3 -2 -1 0
i) Why do the oxidation states increase from sodium to silicon?

[1]
ii) After Group(IV) the oxidation states are negative and decrease across the period.
Explain why.
[2]
[3 marks]
Page 13 of 24
Question 6b
Aluminium sulfide contains two elements. Predict its formula.
[1 mark]
Question 6c
Choose a different element from Period 3 that matches each description.
i) It has a similar structure to diamond.
[1]
ii) It reacts violently with cold water to form a solution pH = 14.
[1]
iii) It has a gaseous oxide of the type XO2, which is acidic.
[1]
[3 marks]
Question 6d
Extended Only
Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the outer electrons in the ionic compound sodium phosphide.
Use o to represent an electron from sodium.

Use x to represent an electron from phosphorus.
[3 marks]
Page 14 of 24
Question 6e
Extended Only
Sodium reacts with sulphur to form sodium sulfide.
2Na + S → Na2S
An 11.5 g sample of sodium is reacted with 10 g of sulfur. All of the sodium reacted but there was an excess of sulfur.
Calculate the mass of sulfur left unreacted.
i) Number of moles of sodium atoms reacted =
[2 moles of Na react with 1 mole of S]
[1]
ii) Number of moles of sulfur atoms that reacted =
[1]
iii) Mass of sulfur reacted, in grams =
[1]
iv) Mass of sulfur left unreacted, in grams =
[1]
[4 marks]
Page 15 of 24
Question 7a
Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
2SO2 + O2 ⇌ 2SO3
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450°C and 2 atmospheres pressure.
i) Name the catalyst used.
[1]
ii) If the temperature is decreased to 300°C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases.
Explain why this lower temperature is not used.
[1]
[2 marks]
Page 16 of 24
Question 7b
Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol, FeSO4.7H2O. The gases formed were
cooled.
FeSO4.7H2O (s) → FeSO4 (s) + 7H2O (g)

green crystals yellow powder
2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
On cooling
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 sulfuric acid
SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 sulfurous acid
i) How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?
[2]
ii) Sulfurous acid is a reductant (reducing agent). What would you see when acidified potassium manganate(VII) is
added to a solution containing this acid?
[2]
iii) Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into sulfuric acid.
[1]
[5 marks]
Page 17 of 24
Question 7c
Extended Only
9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide,
at r.t.p., formed.
2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
mass of one mole of FeSO4 = 152 g
number of moles of FeSO4 used = _____________
number of moles of Fe2O3 formed = _____________
mass of one mole of Fe2O3 = _____________ g
mass of iron(III) oxide formed = _____________ g
number of moles of SO3 formed = _____________
volume of sulfur trioxide formed = _____________ dm3
[6 marks]
Page 18 of 24
Question 8a
Sulfur dioxide, SO2, and sulfur trioxide, SO3, are the two oxides of sulfur.
Sulfur trioxide can be made from sulfur dioxide.
i) Why is this reaction important industrially?
[1]
ii) Complete the word equation.
sulfur dioxide + .............................................. → sulfur trioxide

[1]
iii) What are the conditions for this reaction?
[2]
[4 marks]
Page 19 of 24
Question 8b
Sulphur dioxide is easily oxidised in the presence of water.
SO2 + 2H2O – 2e– → SO42– + 4H+
i) What colour change would be observed when an excess of aqueous sulphur dioxide is added to an acidic solution
of potassium manganate(VII)?
[2]
ii) To aqueous sulphur dioxide, acidified barium chloride solution is added. The mixture remains clear. When bromine is
added, a thick white precipitate forms. What is the white precipitate? Explain why it forms.
[3]
[5 marks]
Page 20 of 24
Question 8c
Extended Only
Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction to form sulphuryl chloride.
SO2 + Cl2 → SO2Cl2
8.0 g of sulphur dioxide was mixed with 14.2 g of chlorine. The mass of one mole of SO2Cl2 is 135 g.
Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed by this mixture.

Calculate the number of moles of SO2 in the mixture = ..................
Calculate the number of moles of Cl2 in the mixture = ..................
Which reagent was not in excess? ...............................
How many moles of SO2Cl2 were formed = ...................
Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed = ............. g
[5 marks]
Page 21 of 24
Question 9a
Until recently, arsenic poisoning, either deliberate or accidental, has been a frequent cause of death. The symptoms of
arsenic poisoning are identical with those of a common illness, cholera. A reliable test was needed to prove the presence
of arsenic in a body.
In 1840, Marsh devised a reliable test for arsenic
Hydrogen is formed in this reaction. Any arsenic compound reacts with this hydrogen to form arsine which is arsenic
hydride, AsH3.
i) The mixture of hydrogen and arsine is burnt at the jet and arsenic forms as a black stain on the glass.
Write an equation for the reaction which forms hydrogen.
[2]
ii) Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of the outer electrons in one molecule of the covalent compound
arsine.
The electron distribution of arsenic is 2 + 8 + 18 + 5.
Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a hydrogen atom.
Page 22 of 24
[2]
[4 marks]
Question 9b
Another hydride of arsenic has the composition below.
arsenic 97.4% hydrogen 2.6%
i) Calculate the empirical formula of this hydride from the above data.
Show your working.
[2]
ii) The mass of one mole of this hydride is 154 g. What is its molecular formula?
[1]
iii) Deduce the structural formula of this hydride.
[1]
[4 marks]
Page 23 of 24
Question 9c
In the 19th Century, a bright green pigment, copper(II) arsenate(V) was used to kill rats and insects. In damp conditions,
micro-organisms can act on this compound to produce the very poisonous gas, arsine.
i) Suggest a reason why it is necessary to include the oxidation states in the name of the compound.
[1]
ii) The formula for the arsenate(V) ion is AsO43–.
Complete the ionic equation for the formation of copper(II) arsenate(V).
......Cu2+ + ......AsO43– → ..................................

[2]
[3 marks]
Page 24 of 24

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3.2 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

Course CIE IGCSE Chemistry

Time Allowed 140

Number of moles of H2SO4 in 40 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 acid = 0.08

Number of moles of NiCO3 reacted = ......................................

Mass of nickel carbonate reacted = ...................................... g

Mass of unreacted nickel carbonate = ...................................... g

The maximum number of moles of NiSO4.7H2Othat could be formed = ......................................

The maximum mass of NiSO4.7H2O that could be formed = ...................................... g

The percentage yield = ...................................... %

CoCO3 + 2HCl → CoCl2 + CO2 + H2O

CoCl2 + 6H2O → CoCl2.6H2O

number of moles of HCl used = .....................................................................

number of moles of CoCl2 formed = ...............................................................

number of moles of CoCl2.6H2O formed = .......................................................

mass of one mole of CoCl2.6H2O = 238 g

maximum yield of CoCl2.6H2O = ...................................................................g

to show that cobalt(II) carbonate is in excess:

mass of one mole of CoCO3 = 119 g

number of moles of CoCO3 in 5.95 g of cobalt(II) carbonate = ..............................

25.0 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is pipetted into a conical flask.

Maximum number of moles of Na2SO4.10H2O that could be formed =

Mass of one mole of Na2SO4.10H2O = 322g

Maximum yield of sodium sulphate-10-water, in g =

Number of moles CO2 =

Number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 =

Number of moles of CaCO3 =

Number of moles of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in one tablet =

Number of moles of HCl needed to react with one tablet =

i) Why do the oxidation states increase from sodium to silicon?

Use o to represent an electron from sodium.

FeSO4.7H2O (s) → FeSO4 (s) + 7H2O (g)

2FeSO4 (s) → Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)

sulfur dioxide + .............................................. → sulfur trioxide

Calculate the mass of sulphuryl chloride formed by this mixture.

The electron distribution of arsenic is 2 + 8 + 18 + 5.

Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom.

Complete the ionic equation for the formation of copper(II) arsenate(V).

......Cu2+ + ......AsO43– → ..................................

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