Fatorizatioh in dntegral Oomain] 6/03124|

dntegral domain:
divi bility_e ing and wt ab'
Rbe a commutafve
Jeeh. yt Hhon an elemunt ' sald' to be
elemun t in R
two
civoior a y bla
azkb

saud to be ia þroper actor a

mozeoY bls
and C boh ae no n-unitt
b
6om pro þerti

HhuoTem no:-3 (p-53): and t

commitative lhg with yrty
tt Rbe a
qny three element o Rthen
be

blc ten alc ana al c 0r

Ö alb and

GiD alb und a|c Hun a li)

#Ass0uah- R be a commutat ing with, Unit.
Called an Atro °ate beR a
An element a f K 3
 Jt la wrtn arb
EXambls;
conidey R
-3 and 3 e aso uats

simu
dn \y-2andR.
9erral
ausou at

uoemtto4) t R be acR. wjth unity' hen he

P-269s ollowing holcl:
0
xelation on
34 R iO a clomatn. and a.b are tuwo non-2230
itt alb and bla
U o-b ae too non-2100 elumon # R hn
 Prlmeillemint;is
An elemernt o a commutatioe ingaR with onity
J ALd to be
and þ lo not a unl

p|ab pla or lb
no.,á a bamu elonon
bleC(p In 2, ery þrime
erom
P-260 well ay

Ireduibe elemant:
#
commutatiue Mn9 wih vnity .An eliment
t R be a

cnd b o not DniA

pto

Unit [oHuY uords p has no proper fato.

o3/43
Some Erambls
conaidur R= z the ing integes then
elr element. that u
integeY i8
18 an brime
&ath pine
piu lemert
2,3. Sal,
2ab 2\a o 2|b
 Euery þoime integr ean irreduableielomen
0Jn vl ng Rz[N

o bime. eLgment and 3

thow that
d4 an ixedutibe element
fol. o Proue 5 t a þime in R

hun

) (atbJ) (HdFs) = 5(nt4 Vs

taping 0,0ue

t 5. (
 ca1 posibe ony when
ql,eo
qt bSt| which
6/q2 or 6lc2 aceDrÚl
Unit (n zCFSI inmpoible
5c
CaieTT) Þoaibe ony whun (=1
6 /9 - 0 which

z(3] bt hot þrime

fol" ceotty 3*04 at not pzirme in zf
36 a non Unit inz FsJ 9z (e1s1 (2
only 1
3= (04bus)CcdFs)
non unpto ín z(F,6.
teaktng coniugate on lothtidu

3=(ds1y Cct sa)

(R/0/R3

A.d qn bims elomunt

an lyetlucbte eemart

H
yeduti blo elornunt (-d
a an
to Þroue that 1t
3o1:-tiyen ong Rzzcy
RezN-4

blab plao)
plb

Or
2

If!
 (atlb)(a-ib) =l40-i
qtib= ynt

(ct id) Ce-td) zd

(ild Ced) =2o
)

ce-icd +idc-a eo.

Ctid t00
wih a unit

23/03/3)

14 an ixeduble elemort

Wt on contoadictoð -3

(I-= (a+l5) Cc+td)

taking thain conjug at
hultiby

Case-cß
cJe-p
Caye
atbi
ai,bzo C=tl, deo

which is a unit inzre whn is gont in zCi)

umma:- 104 P269)

dn an dntegal domainu with unit pooue that eveay
bzim eloment is an seducible slomert:

) P0 Pis a non undt

Laim:- pio an isedudbe elemont R.

fos 8om asbGR
 nz] Pime
S4
3 6
2|
2 0 2 4 O 4
30 o
4 then
13.
S4 on-2ro nlo HO
Urit non-
4-S 3 2 "sl0
L
ime þr a is Z6, dn
dubu not butelununt
Sntegral without wnatMee cUe #
domadi9
foredutble. elemnt
is pzims
vty wih domai
R ndntegra2
ifPlb tlmilohly
unit Qis than
Unit bio
db=t
(
anto.7 ROPÉ0,
p-pbo
thun
pE
(b)= Pr e ab
Pab Pr Q
Plb oxPla
Pab )
 þroduct
4 i aUnit in 24 20
not an fxeduci be elemint In 26
pemank Convese ! Lamma ’ |b.4
NOt tru in genea
cloment in z[VsJ but No
príme.
u Find al t urits
aonit in z[
(atb\-s) Cctdvs) lt0S=
Ca-b) Cc- c )
(atr) (csy G2

Erambled i
Corndidr R ring integer
f00 az1 Hhn

fos Q=L ue hau

 definiHon- foindpal fcoaly
0¬A aeA, re pJ 6f a zineg
idaal Afa-beA. aT eA.E
Any element acRs caled
oaotad by asingle
whih is qent
bainci pal ideal R
a

ontaing q:

R3 CRU thun
<as =( qa|R.
is.caled qipRet ft.
Pinipaf sdeal Ping:- A CRU
idog.i
iu prinbal
eueyfdeal
integval domadn R with onlty
Ainipal sdual Jomain- An inibl tdaal.
doluad ia
Is callec a p t itt evsy
"uCTCM;-p! /29
z a P[O

domaln
Part knouw th at z b an fntega
 A= n z <hht

that ECH) 4 an (negl domai

We. kno w
with unty honE H'eli i
ut Abe any no-uo deal & FO
ut

which belongs to Athen:

tnalas
tmallest idual conta ng g()]
ta <gb> is the
tutOn eA be any. olyno mtal
dèviuion algonithm

whse ehir r z0 08 dog (ö(D)| dg (90)

(r(H))e dg (90) t4 not boeibeaa
but deg
90p it the polynomial ut dlgee to A

Cn deal F
 imeduclbio eLemnt al a
Lummio12l4o0 cey
paiu ConGd
PO
igeducible eoment R(PrO)
P£- ut pp be an
t a
Pto e Pb a non Unt
to that Pto a paime elemertofR.
cuOLim; we haue
ut plab ; ab6R
PlQos Plb
'Qim-> Jhow that Plb
lit a tie need to
ut

R
P)+Kb> td agan an fdlal
<P) t<b=<d>;de R faRb a PTJ]
focm-’
<p s<d>
to dome nGR tinco p a i88edud bu
elth d os n a unit
Jubboe db aUnit clleR¢.
dd1

=) 1 G <P> t<b by

Q q.1a. (Ptbd aPYtQbd

Pl ab PlQbo

, Pla -uhich to acontzqditHn

fo. a unlt GR
Henco it dollous hat
o= Ph

b c<P)
Pt ter
b
 te
conveNde io ayo

prima elemort i4 lreduìblo.

z[va] is not

but not pime in Z(]:

P0
idual<p, it masihal te
EXambu'- lo/32) grn Z an
number
Pis aþrim
marimal h

PrO
t we know +nat in
reduibu elomint prime andi euery pof me
mant f maxi mal tene n 2 an tdeal <b> o
t
maxlmal tt only bi a x t K r )
Pis þri.
S,0(1] thu da adntas lo marimao.
examps- n/291)
a PLO

is an eseducible elemort in0 ] Beawe

Auo ta

=0 0 deg0
dagt o then deg 4
 whre Qol$0)

Hran 'n2 aolbotbi

ao iz a unl
that da

dimi lard y diggz0

thun by thu theoUm

Gnestta by an ixedulu elument R

L0mmai- lo-26/a 63
dn
In any ving the unio n ef any aacnding haln
- . C An

lt A UA inu
 beAj to Yome
ac A
Now congfde o

AA

A fdeal R
Lemma- l044/29? )
dn a PE0 jo8e Y asunding chatn fdealy
cAne.
the exidt an (hteyer t

PE lot A UA thn by emma ’ lo. 86

to fomne a ca
Now AtA o8 tomo t
Hurltor A as At
 hun to intcger m2 t
euYy

Am A oX nll mt
Cmma -lo.28/20) EOr e/NY non-2210 nOn uru6

cuunt P tch tht pla

 EucldQan Jomain
domau'n thn R o CaLad a e0.
ut Rbe an,
intcgral

by so4 **ER

a Eú°dean voluatBon n R o e
z q euclean domain.

Ca) oy &Cb)
&
a1-6]2`1a)%
(ab)>

dubb e b0 hen
 E.4He
to

8 beo thon -b)0 6L I.

abybfo
. qybt o

and to yn Xl-b

Stmi lal y we can byo tuciaean domain

iran

the ing
domain FC7
G2 hat
hQw
19/24-9’
P ut F be ary field
defne
6: pt 2 byfCl1

SCab) = 1 sa)=dCL)
+ 05l09R3 Qomain):
jactonation
(Uatfnet uniqui
UFO bl UED i4 evry non 2
domain R 4dad t0 `uriouy
An inte920L not a onit in R coan be
eumurt &/R wtih'io no.
irecuu'bu elomut
a produc o irte
Exbresed u

atR with q#0 a betng non:

thuu i4 Ris UFO
intoi bal thun
waiten u a product irut. no oiedu ibE
) a
elomunt
are to0fatois
nem ceach e3 i
ieducibt Hhtn
ati on in to
are asdo datu qis

fo mu sKmpla;
i1
3 Every E-domain
given sKomble, o trut uFO
etiu VFO
VE and
A40 Oe that7ÙQ UF).
domain oith Unity then
nand tR be an integ3a

z000 noh onit elemontin 2can

z id a UP0 > 0 EUey non
huoim:- t RRbe a uGO. An eumant o! R B pam

reduable eloment in R and

P:- QER ke
a bc ox b.ceR
wewont to poo

Elhut alb or alc

ne aGR"ineducble_t0
duebla

(ab) a Hun clb

Hen adb
for tom kE2
be Qk
man c
n

pre aucibla tactorizaon bec viz -

ineduibe
ince bc z Qk and a

atb tor ny
 hoz ore ue haeQ= Vef0r dome
that b alc:
alc

Hunce qlbc eihur qlb alc

alb. or ql
iueduuble clerruh b (n F and bro.
Bay
ED'PEO Ued
* Relation betn
a VFO
PIA an d euery pI). i
Huorem

theorem- (o29/p-383
Hw- lumma lo ,

conve3e js
tha0zemi- lo3229) Sru E): haP.I. bwt

R.aith Wty
PE: lct R be an ES io an tdoal
s io poinçci pat. idegl

frt.
dlb) mini mum
Now we have to thow I4 9ns tea bg b
By dettrition e EQ.

dl)e dCb)

difiniHo in g fchod [akind].

hen by

d)dlb)
a.contzad'ction hat clb) n.
hich o
minlinum

abt |Qby
 Counterer Conese s not ua.

the ding zV-0= {qtb V-ig|abt2 whse ab both

ocdd D both even i a PIO but not aE

ex 21/92L) &0e3yfield is a UEQ.

’ 8ecaBe field ha Nonor-Ý0 nonunt elament

theorem;- Eury PEO is UF

't R beaprd with rty
Ris a field,c

UFD

Ris nota fietd i

in R

a on -oni!
Ria a pro hich n hot
a fleld thah evry non-wo
iveduciblL elemrt.