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General Geometry and Basic
Trigonometry
Emin Tolukan
 Content of this lecture:
Part 1)
• Angles & shapes
• Areas & Volumes
• Triangles

Part 2)
• Basic Trigonometry
• Circles & circle equations
Angles & Shapes
 For the SAT you need to know some properties
of angles
• Properties of lines and angles:

A line is a completely straight marker, meaning it has no curvature. It

can either have termination points (and will be called a line segment)
or go on infinitely. A line’s degree measure is always 180°

180°
 Parallel lines
• Parallel lines are two or more lines that are a set distance apart and
never meet (cross). They travel in the same direction continuously.
 Parallel lines
• One very important thing about parallel lines is that they are
inclined at the same angle from the horizontal:

X° X°
 Perpendicular lines
• Perpendicular lines meet each other at 90°

90°
 Perpendicular lines
• Please also remember that the relationship of the slopes of two
lines that are perpendicular to each-other is that their slopes are
just “negative reciprocals”

90° Slope = m

Slope = -1/m
 “Angles”
An angle is the measure of inclination between two lines. Angles have
certain properties and knowing some shortcuts related to angles is
quite useful for the SAT.

Angles are usually

represented with
“x” or “θ”. The
x second letter is
θ
called “theta” (θ).
This letter is used
in mathematics to
represent angles.
 Some terminology
• Equal angles: angles that have the same measurement

• Supplementary angles: angles that add up to 180°

 Some important terminology
• Opposite angles: when two or more lines intersect, they form a
series of “opposite angles”.

• Angles that are exactly opposite will always be equal.

Some more important terminology
• Opposite interior angles: when there are two parallel lines that are
crossed by another line, the angles on alternate interiors will be
equal to one another.

• Note: when an SAT geometry problem includes “parallel lines”, this

almost always means that you need to deal with opposite interior
angles
Let’s practice with some angle
problems
Areas & Volumes
 Areas & Volumes of Different Shapes
• On SAT you are sometimes required to find or
compare volumes or areas of different shapes
 Areas & Volumes of Different Shapes
• On SAT you are sometimes required to find or compare volumes or
areas of different shapes

• Some basic equations are provided on the booklet!

 Perimeter
• Perimeter is the sum (addition) of the lengths of all sides of a 2-D
shape

h
 Perimeter
• What about any other 2D shape?
 Surface area
• Surface area is the sum (addition) of all areas of all faces of any
3-Dimensional shape
 Surface area
• For cubes
 Surface area
• For rectangular prisms
 Surface area
• For cylinders
 Volume
Volume of a 3-D shape is the measure
of how much space this shape occupies.
 Volumes
• Volumes of different shapes can be calculated using the equations in the booklet!
 Ex. 1
• Find the volume of this sphere:
 Ex. 2
• Find the volume of this pyramid:
 Ex. 3
• Find the volume of this Cylinder:
 On the SAT
• We may be either interested in the volume of a single shape:
 On the SAT
• Or we may need to find the volume of a composite shape:
Some example problems