LECTURE NOTES

CB 352
Construction Materials Lecture Goal:
 Engineering Properties

 Strength & Deformation Characteristics

Prof. Dr. Hassan El-ghattas

Stress
Types of Loading
Tensile (For Tension and Compression)
Compressive
To compare specimens , the load is calculated per unit area.

Shear

Torsion
Stress:  = F / Ao
F: is load
A0: cross-sectional area
A0 perpendicular to F before application of the load.
3 4

Shear and Torsion

Strain
(For Tension and Compression) Shear stress:  = F / Ao
F is applied parallel to upper and lower faces each
having area A0.

Shear strain:  = tan ( 100 %)

 is strain angle
Torsion
Shear
Strain:  = l / lo ( 100 %)
l: change in length
lo: original length.

Stress / strain = / 
5 6

1
 Stress-Strain Behavior
Torsion (Tension)
Elastic Plastic
Torsion: like shear. Elastic deformation
Reversible:
( For small strains)
Load: applied torque, T

Stress
Stress removed  material returns to
Strain: angle of twist, . original size

Plastic deformation
Torsion
Shear Irreversible:
Stress removed  material does not
Strain
return to original dimensions.

7 8

Initial Tangent and Secant Modulus

Modulus of Elasticity

If the strain is "elastic" Hooke's law may be used to

define

Stress  P L
Youngs Modulus E =  = 
Strain   A
Young's modulus is also called the modulus of elasticity
or stiffness and is a measure of how much strain occurs
due to a given stress. Because strain is dimensionless
Young's modulus has the units of stress or pressure

9 10

Nonlinear elastic behavior Poisson’s ratio

In some materials (many polymers, concrete...), elastic
Unloaded Loaded
deformation is not linear, but it is still reversible.

/ = tangent modulus at 2

Tension  shrink laterally

Compression  bulge.
Definitions of E

Ratio of lateral to axial strain called

/ = secant modulus between origin and 1 Poisson's ratio .
Theoretical value: for isotropic material: 0.25

Maximum value: 0.50,

Typical value: 0.24 - 0.30
11 12

2
 Shear Modulus
Mechanical Properties of Metals
y
How do metals respond to external loads?

Zo  Stress and Strain

Unloaded
 Tension
 Compression
Shear stress to shear strain:
 Shear
Loaded
 = G ,   Torsion
 Elastic deformation

 Plastic Deformation
 = tan = y / zo
 Yield Strength
G is Shear Modulus (Units: N/m2)  Tensile Strength
 Ductility
For isotropic material:  Toughness
 Hardness
E = 2G(1+)  G ~ 0.4E
13 14

Introduction Plastic deformation

How materials deform as a function of applied load  (Tension)
Testing methods and language for mechanical properties
of materials.

Plastic deformation:
Stress,  (MPa)

• stress not proportional to strain

• deformation is not reversible
• deformation occurs by breaking and re-arrangement of atomic
bonds (crystalline materials by motion of defects)
Strain,  (mm / mm)
15 16

Tensile properties: Yielding Tensile properties: Yielding

Stress Elastic Plastic

y

Yield point: P
Stress

P Where strain deviates from being

proportional to stress
(the proportional limit)

Strain

Strain
For a low-carbon steel, the stress vs. strain curve includes Yield strength: y Permanent
both an upper and lower yield point. 0.002 strain= 0.002
The yield strength is defined in this case as the average stress A measure of resistance to plastic
at the lower yield point. deformation
17 18

3
 Tensile Strength Tensile properties: Ductility
If stress maintained specimen will break

Fracture
Strength
Stress, 

“Necking”
Tensile strength =
max. stress
(~ 100 - 1000 MPa) Ductility  Deformation at Fracture
Strain, 
 lf  l0 
%EL  
 
 100
percent elongation  l0 
Yield stress,  y , usually more important than tensile strength. Once yield stress or
has been passed, structure has deformed beyond acceptable limits.  A0  Af 
percent reduction in area %RA  
 
 100
 A0 
19 20

Toughness
Tension Test

Toughness: ability to absorb energy up to fracture (Area under

the strain-stress curve up to fracture)

21 22

Tensile Test For Mild Steel Tensile Test For Mild Steel

23 24

4
 Tensile Test For Mild Steel

Compression Test

25 26

Shear Test

Barreling or Bulging of a Sample under Compressive

Loads
27

Flexure (Bending) Test

Load P

d=depth
Compression region

Tension region b=breadth

Span L
deflection x

29 30

5
 Hardness Test
Hardness measure of material’s resistance to localized plastic
deformation
(e.g. dent or scratch)
Moh’s scale  ability of a material to scratch another material: from 1 (softest =
talc) to 10 (hardest = diamond).

Variety of hardness tests

(Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, etc.). Small
indenter (sphere, cone, or pyramid) forced into
surface of material under controlled magnitude
and rate of loading.
Depth or size of indentation is measured.
Tests are approximate, but popular because they
are easy and non-destructive (except for the
small dent).

31

32

Fatigue Test

Failure

Stress

Strain

33 34

Now; Next;

Waiting your questions , notes , Mathematical examples to explain the

misunderstanding , and opinions about concepts and applications.
the subject or it’s applications in
different fields especially most
engineering analysis and design depend
on our current subject.

Thank You for Your Attention

35