Name: Waquiz Raquel B.

Date Performed:12/05/22
Course & Section: BSFT-1A Date Submitted:12/12/22

Report Sheet
Experiment No.4 HYDRATES

INTRODUCTION
Hydrates are solid ionic compounds that contain water chemically bound in the crystal. They are crystalline
compounds that have a specific number of water molecules trapped within the crystal lattice. Most solid
chemical compounds will absorb water if they are exposed to the atmosphere for any length of time. In most
cases water is present in a very small amount and is merely absorbed on the surface of the crystals. Other
solid compounds contain larger amount of water that is chemically bound in the crystal. These compounds
are usually ionic salts and water called hydrates. The water that is present in these salts is called water of
hydration.
Most hydrates lose their water of hydration when heated to a temperature somewhat above the boiling point
of water and produce anhydrous salts. Hydrated copper (II) chloride is typical in this regard:
CuCl 2 . 2H2O → CuCl2 + 2H20 at a temperature of 110°C
Hydrates Anhydrous Water
salt vapor

Some compounds evolve water upon heating but are not true hydrates. The water is produced by the
decomposition of the compound rather than the loss of water of hydration. Carbohydrates behave this way.
Such decomposition are not reversible. Adding water to the product will not regenerate the original
compound. True hydrates undergo reversible dehydration. Adding water to anhydrous CuCl2 will form
CuCl2.2H2O. All ionic hydrates are soluble in water and are usually prepared by crystallization from water
solution. The ratio of number of moles of water to one mole of the salt varies widely depending on the
cation (positively charged ion) and anion (negatively charged ion) present in the salt and in certain salts; and
on the temperature at which crystallization occurs.
Since the water molecules are held by weak forces hydrates often have an appreciable vapor pressure. If the
paper pressure of a hydrate is greater than that of the water vapor in the air, will undergo efflorescence - loss
of water of hydration.
Some compounds are hygroscopic - they Absorb water from air. Compounds that take up enough water
from the air to dissolve in the water they have taken up with undergo deliquescence. Deliquescence does not
necessarily involve hydrate . formation. It occurs when the solvated solution formed has a lower vapor
pressure than that of water in the air.
Objective:
1. To describe the properties and composition of hydrates.

2. To apply the law of conservation of mass.

3. To illustrate the law of definite composition.

4. To introduce the mole concept as a basis for determining the empirical formula of a hydrate.

5. To give the students experience in quantitative analysis.

 METHODOLOGY

Flowchart
Identification of Hydrate
Describe the appearance of each of the compounds listed below

Cobalt (II) chloride

Copper (II) sulfate
Potassium dichromate
Barium chloride
Sodium tetraborate (borax)
Nickel chloride
Potassium chloride

• Place about 0.5 g of the compounds separately in small, dry test tubes.
• Observe the color.
• Heat each of the compounds gently with a burner.
• Observe carefully the behavior of each by taking note of the color change and the appearance of
droplets of water condensing on the cool upper walls of the test tube.
• Describe the nature (phase) and color of the residue.
• Add a few drops of water to each of the heated samples.
• Compare the color of the resulting mixtures with that of the original samples.
• Write all observations in the data sheet.
Amount of water in hydrates
• Weigh exactly 0.50 grams of copper sulfate hydrate in a pre-weighed evaporating dish.
• Heat the hydrate over a low flame until the water of hydration is driven off.
• Allow the evaporating dish and anhydrous salt to cool the room temperature.
• Weight it as soon as it has cooled not before or later.
• Heat again until the weight is constant. Record all data and calculates the moles of water and
anhydrous copper sulfate.
• Using the same procedure repeat with 1.00 gram, 1.50 grams and 2.00 grams of copper sulfate
hydrate.
• Determine the ratio of moles of H2O to moles of anhydrous CuSO4 for each set of date.
• Plot the moles of the H2O (Y-axis) against the moles of anhydrous copper sulfate (X-axis) in a
graphing paper.
• Calculate the slope of the curve.
• Write the formula of the copper sulfate hydrate based on your results.
Data and Result
A. Identification of Hydrates
Appearance of H2O Appears Color of residue Color of residue
Sample (+/-) after heating after the addition
of water
Cobalt (II) Dark Red + Dark red Dark red
chloride
Copper (II) sulfate Sky blue + Light blue Sky blue
Nickel chloride Yellow green + Dirty blue Yellow green
Potassium chloride White - White White
Borax White + White White
Potassium Violet + Light violet Violet
dichromate
Barium chloride White - White White

B. Amount of Water in Hydrate

Before heating:
Trials

I II III IV

Mass of copper sulfate hydrate + evaporating dish 48.2047 46.3165 49.3945 47.6400

Mass of evaporating dish 48.1281 47.3456 50.9231 49.5606

Mass of copper sulfate Hydrate 0.0766 1.0291 1.5286 1.9206

After heating:
Trials
I II III IV
Mass of anhydrous CuSO4 + 48.536 46.9802 50.374 45.9195
evaporating dish(g) 5 1
Mass of anhydrous CUSO4 0.4084 -0.3654 -0.549 -3.6411
Mass of water -0.3318 -0.6637 -0.9796 1.7205
Moles of anhydrous CUSO4 0.003 -0.0024 -0.004 -0.023
Moles of water -0.02 -0.04 -0.054 0.10

Calculations:
Mass hydrates spl= mass of e.d + sample - mass of e.d

Mass of anhydrous CUSO4= mass of e.d+anhydrous – mass of e.d

Mass of water= mass of e.d + hydrates sample – mass of e.d + anhydrous sample

Mole anhydrous spl= mass of anhydrous x I mole

MN CUSO4

Moles H2O= mass of water x I mole

18 grams
Conclusions and Discussion
Questions:
1. Which of the compounds would you consider as hydrate? Why? (Part A)
Copper (II) sulfate is considered as hydrates based in its results. The copper (II) sulfate appearance was sky
blue and the H2O appears positive (+) . After heating the color residue it became light blue. After the
addition of water it became skyblue that makes it hydrates.
2. What generalization can you make regarding the composition of Hydrates? (Part A)

3. Plot the moles of the H2O (Y- axis) against the moles of anhydrous copper sulfate (x-axis) in a graphing
paper.(Part B)

a) What kind of graph did you obtain?

Curve line graph

b) Calculate the slope of the curve.

Slope= Y1-Y2. =-0.02-(-0.04)= 3.70
X1-X2 0.003-(-0.0024)
c) How does the value of the slope compare with the mole ratios that you have obtained?

d) What is the significance of the slope of the curve?

4. . in this experiment?(Part B)

5. Write the formula of the copper sulfate hydrate based on your results. (PartB)

Mass of copper sulfate hydrate= mass of copper sulfate hydrate + e.d – mass of e.d

REFERENCES

(General Chemistry Manual MMSU)