BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN AEROSPACE

ENGINEERING

Vayu Tech Explorer

- Anshrit Singh 21103114

Hindustan Institute of Technology (OMR),Padur,Kelambakkam TamilNadu-
603103
 Acknowledgement

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr.S.Satish Sir for their

invaluable guidance and support. Special appreciation to
Hindustan Institute of Technology for providing resources.
Gratitude to Vayu tech explore for collaboration. I am grateful
for having met several wonderful professionals who shared their
knowledge and upgraded my experience. Lastly, my family and
friends deserve immense appreciation for their support.

Sincerely,
Anshrit Singh
 ABSTRACT

This project explores the application of drone technology in

agriculture. Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the
study investigates their role in optimizing farming practices. The
methodology involves aerial surveys to collect data on crop
health, soil moisture levels, and pest infestations. Key findings
reveal the potential of agricultural drones to enhance crop yield,
minimize resource usage, and improve pest management
strategies. The significance of this research lies in its
contribution to sustainable farming practices and food security.
Overall, this project demonstrates the transformative impact of
drone technology on agriculture.

This experimental study explores the effectiveness of

agricultural drones equipped with optical sensors in enhancing
crop monitoring and management practices. The research
involved deploying drones fitted with both multispectral and
hyperspectral sensors over a designated agricultural area. These
drones were tasked with capturing high-resolution aerial
imagery, enabling the collection of comprehensive data on
various crop health indicators such as vegetation indices,
chlorophyll content, and moisture levels.
The collected data underwent rigorous analysis to assess the
drones' capability in providing accurate and timely information
regarding crop health and growth stages. Additionally, the study
aimed to evaluate the efficiency of drone-based monitoring in
detecting anomalies such as pest infestations, nutrient
deficiencies, and irrigation issues.

The experiment showed the significant potential of agricultural

drones equipped with optical sensors in revolutionizing
traditional farming practices. The high spatial and spectral
resolution imagery obtained from the drones facilitated detailed
insights into crop health dynamics and spatial variability within
the agricultural field. This enabled farmers to make informed
decisions regarding crop management strategies.

Moreover, the rapid data acquisition and processing capabilities

of drones allowed for real-time decision-making, thereby
optimizing resource allocation, and improving overall
agricultural productivity. By promptly identifying issues such as
pest infestations and nutrient deficiencies, farmers could
implement proactive intervention measures, leading to more
efficient crop management practices.

In conclusion, this experimental study underscores the

importance of leveraging advanced technologies such as
agricultural drones equipped with optical sensors for precision
agriculture. By integrating these tools into farming practices,
farmers can enhance their decision-making processes, mitigate
risks, and achieve sustainable agricultural production. Future
research directions may involve further enhancing drone
capabilities through the integration of artificial intelligence and
machine learning algorithms, thus maximizing the potential for
optimizing crop management strategies and ensuring food
security.
Index
S.no Content
1 Introduction

2 Types of Agriculture Drone

3 TYPES OF DRONES BASED ON SIZE

4 Parts of drones

5 QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS

6 Applications of Agricultural Drones

7 Benefits of agricultural drone

8 Challenge and limitation

9 Case study

10 Calculation

11 Graphs
Introduction
Importance of Agriculture in India: Agriculture constitutes over 60% of India's occupation and is crucial for the
country's economy. Improving productivity and efficiency while ensuring safe cultivation practices for farmers is
essential.

Role of Agricultural Drones: Drones equipped with multispectral sensors provide crucial information on crop
growth, health, and soil variations. They are particularly useful for operations like spraying pesticides and fertilizers.

Advantages of Agriculture Drones:

Precision Agriculture: Drones collect high-resolution data for precise monitoring of crop health and resource
optimization.

Efficiency and Productivity: Drones cover large areas quickly, saving time and labor costs.

Crop Management and Monitoring: Real-time aerial imagery helps in early detection of issues like pest infestations
and nutrient deficiencies, improving yields.

Cost-Effectiveness: Despite initial investment, drones offer long-term cost savings by optimizing resource usage and
reducing manual labor.

Environmental Sustainability: Drones contribute to sustainable farming by minimizing inputs and reducing
environmental pollution.

Addressing Pesticide Poisoning: The report mentions a project aiming to overcome the harmful effects of pesticides
on human health. By using automatic fertilizer sprayers mounted on drones, the project aims to reduce human
exposure to pesticides and improve efficiency in spraying operations.

.
Types of Agriculture Drone –
Fixed-wing drones:

Resemble traditional airplanes with a rigid wing structure.

Designed for efficient, long-range flights, covering large agricultural areas in a single flight.

Typically have longer flight times and higher speed, suitable for mapping and large-scale surveying.

Well-suited for applications like aerial mapping, crop scouting, and surveying vast agricultural landscapes.

Multi-rotor drones:
Include quadcopters, hexacopters, and octocopters with multiple rotors enabling vertical take-off and landing.

Offer greater maneuverability and stability, ideal for close-range inspections and operations in confined spaces.

Commonly used for tasks such as crop monitoring, aerial imaging, and precision spraying.

Have shorter flight times and limited payload capacities compared to fixed-wing drones but excel in flexibility and
precise control.
Hybrid drones:
Combine features of both fixed-wing and multi-rotor drones, offering advantages of both types.

Typically feature VTOL capability for vertical take-off and landing, along with the efficiency and endurance of
fixed-wing flight.

Versatile and adaptable to various agricultural applications, including large-scale mapping, crop monitoring, and
infrastructure inspection.

Offer extended flight times, increased payload capacities, and greater operational flexibility by combining strengths
of both fixed-wing and multi-rotor platforms.
Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) drones:
Versatility: VTOL drones can take off and land vertically like multi-rotor drones,
but also transition to fixed-wing flight for efficient, long-range operation.

Benefits: They offer the benefits of both fixed-wing and multi-rotor drones,
including vertical take-off and landing capabilities, stability, and endurance.

Suitability for Agriculture: Well-suited for agricultural applications requiring

versatility, such as mapping, surveillance, and precision agriculture.

Efficient Coverage: These drones can efficiently cover large agricultural areas
while also providing the flexibility to operate in confined spaces or challenging
terrain, making them ideal for various agricultural tasks.
Types of Drones Based on Size:

Nano: Up to 250g

Micro: 250g to 2kg

Small: 2-25 kg

Medium: 25-150kg

Large: Over 150 kg

Major Components for Constructing a Cleaning Drone:

Frame: Provides the structure and support for the drone.

Electronic Speed Controller (ESC): Controls the speed of the motors.

Flight Controller: Manages the flight dynamics and stabilization of the drone.

Propellers: Typically four propellers are used for stability and maneuverability.
 MOTORS:

Brushless Motors:
Widely used in drones and UAV applications, ranging from small multi-rotors to
heavy-lift systems.
Lead the market in performance and provide vibration-less flight operation.
Suitable for commercial, industrial, personal, and hobby applications due to their
high-speed rotation.

Brushed Motors:
Brushed DC electric motors internally commutated for direct current power source
operation.
Not commonly used in drones due to higher power loss compared to brushless
motors.
Main controller MC:
Functionality: The main controller is essentially an embedded
computer, often running Linux, with custom software tailored
for controlling the UAV. It's responsible for managing flight
operations and may be user-reprogrammable through a software
development kit (SDK).

Design: In some UAV designs, the main controller is a separate

module with connection ports, while in others, particularly
consumer products, it may be integrated into a single circuit
board (PCB) along with gyros/sensors, electronic speed
controllers (ESCs), and other core flight electronics.

Modular Designs: Modular designs offer connectivity options

similar to SATA ports in computers, allowing for component
upgrades and user modifications. CAN-Bus technology,
originally developed for automotive serial interfaces, is
commonly used for connectivity in UAVs, enabling control-by-
wire functionalities.
Advantages of Modular Systems: Modular systems provide
flexibility for component replacement or upgrades. For example,
DJI's business model initially involved selling its Naza-M and
A3 Pro flight controllers to third-party UAV manufacturers and
individual multi-rotor builders, demonstrating the market
demand for modular and upgradable flight control systems.
Gyros/Sensors:

Provide data on aircraft's orientation, acceleration, and positional

information.
Include accelerometers, inertial measurement units (IMUs), and gyros.
Used for autonomy and stability, similar to sensor technology used in
motorized gimbal camera stabilizers.
Electronic Speed Controllers (ESCs):

Regulate power to motors, paired with each motor in basic form.

Can relay motor performance data back to the main controller.
Enable continued flight even if one motor fails in designs with six or
more rotors.
Receiver:

Part of the radio control system, pairs with the transmitter held by the
pilot or operator.
Operates in the 2.4GHz range, typically with four or more channels.
Extra channels can be used for custom functionality like gimbal or
camera control.
Propellers:

Material varies based on drone weight and performance requirements.

Light UAVs use flexible plastic propellers for safety and durability.
Heavier models use carbon fiber or other rigid materials.
Transmitter:

Radio controller used for piloting UAVs.

Can range from simple mobile app-based controls to sophisticated
transmitters with advanced programming and telemetry features.
Compatibility with receivers and support for required channels is
crucial.
GPS:

Standard on multi-rotor drones for precise positional data.

Enables flight modes like hovering, auto return home, and orientation
control.
Enhances flight stability and autonomy, but drones can fly without it
with reduced autonomy.
Electronic Speed Controller (ESC):

Controls and regulates the speed of electric motors in drones.

Provides reversing and dynamic braking functionalities.
Used in electrically powered radio-controlled models.
Battery:

Lithium polymer (LiPo) batteries are common for drones due to their
high energy density, size, and weight advantages.
Offer higher voltage per cell, powering on-board systems with fewer
cells compared to rechargeable batteries.
QUADCOPTER MOVEMENTS

The thrust and torque are the extremely basic two things used
for movement of quadcopter. The movement are decided on the
input values (x, y, z, 0, 0, ψ) provided to it. The movements are:

A. Yaw Rotation:

Each of rotors on the device produces both thrust and torque.

Initially there are front-left and rear-right motors both rotate
counterclockwise and other two rotate clockwise, the net
aerodynamic torque will be zero [6]. Yaw decides the direction
of the quadcopter.

Pitch Rotation:
Motion of the Quadcopter about the literalisms termed as pitch.
It decides the movement of quadcopter either forward or
backward.

c. Roll Rotation:

Motion of the Quadcopter about the longitudinal axis is called

roll. It makes Quadcopter fly either right or left.
Crop Monitoring and Management:
Drones equipped with various sensors provide detailed insights
into crop health, growth patterns, and potential issues.

High-resolution imagery helps monitor crop conditions, detect

diseases, pests, and nutrient deficiencies early on.

Enables optimization of planting strategies, assessment of crop

yield potential, and informed decisions about irrigation and
fertilization.

Precision Agriculture:

Drones collect and analyze data at high spatial resolution,

enabling precise interventions tailored to specific areas within a
field.

Combining drone-collected data with GPS technology and

advanced analytics allows for variable rate applications of inputs
like water, fertilizers, and pesticides, maximizing efficiency and
reducing waste.

Crop Spraying and Fertilization:

Drones with spraying systems precisely apply pesticides,

herbicides, and fertilizers, offering better coverage and reduced
chemical usage.

Access challenging terrain or irregularly shaped fields, minimizing

human exposure to chemicals and improving application
accuracy.
Soil Analysis and Mapping:

Specialized sensors on drones conduct soil analysis and mapping,

providing valuable information about soil composition, moisture
levels, and nutrient content.

Detailed soil maps help farmers understand spatial variability

and make informed decisions about land management practices.

Livestock Monitoring:

Drones equipped with cameras and thermal imaging sensors

monitor livestock distribution, health, and behavior in extensive
grazing systems.

Efficient herd management, reducing manual labor and

improving overall animal welfare.

Irrigation Management:

Sensors on agricultural drones assess crop water stress levels

and identify areas of over or under irrigation.

Real-time data helps optimize irrigation schedules and

distribution, leading to water conservation, increased crop yields,
and reduced input costs.

Benefits:
Increased Efficiency and Productivity:
Drones streamline farming tasks, reducing time and labor required.

Rapid task completion allows for more frequent monitoring and timely
interventions, enhancing productivity.

Cost-effectiveness:

Long-term cost savings due to reduced need for crewed aircraft or

ground-based machinery.

Optimization of resource usage leads to savings in water, fertilizers, and

pesticides.

Precision and Accuracy:

Advanced sensors provide highly accurate data, enabling precise

interventions.

Targeted treatments minimize waste and optimize yields effectively.

Reduction in Environmental Impact:

Reduced chemical usage and soil compaction contribute to

environmentally friendly farming practices.

Precision applications minimize runoff and leaching, reducing pollution.

Real-time Data Collection:

Drones collect data in real-time, allowing for immediate decision-
making and interventions.

Continuous monitoring provides dynamic understanding of field

conditions.

Improved Decision-making:

Timely and accurate data empower farmers to make informed decisions

about crop management.

Better insights optimize practices to maximize yields and profitability.

Challenges:
Regulatory Constraints:

Compliance with regulations imposes limitations on drone operations,

adding complexity.

Initial Investment Costs:

Significant upfront costs may hinder adoption, along with ongoing

expenses for maintenance and training.

Limited Flight Time and Payload Capacity:

Short flight times and payload capacity limitations affect operational

efficiency and versatility.

Data Management and Analysis:

Challenges in managing and analyzing large volumes of data require
specialized software and expertise.

Privacy Concerns:

Aerial surveillance and data collection raise privacy concerns,

necessitating compliance with regulations and obtaining consent.

Weather Conditions:

Adverse weather conditions can impact drone performance and safety,

affecting operational effectiveness.
Sensors and Imaging Technologies:

Multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal sensors, and high-resolution cameras provide detailed information about crop
health and environmental conditions.

Emerging sensor technologies like fluorescence and microwave sensors offer new capabilities for monitoring plant
physiology and soil properties.

AI and Machine Learning Applications:

AI and machine learning algorithms automate data analysis and decision-making processes.

They identify patterns, anomalies, and trends in crop health, pest detection, and yield prediction.

Communication and Connectivity:

High-speed wireless communication enables real-time data transmission between drones and ground stations.

Integration with cloud-based platforms and IoT devices facilitates data exchange and collaboration.

Battery Life and Energy Efficiency:

Improvements in battery technology contribute to extended flight times and increased energy efficiency.

Alternative power sources like solar panels and fuel cells aim to enhance endurance and sustainability.
Autonomous Navigation and Flight Planning:

GPS, inertial navigation sensors, and obstacle detection technology enable precise and safe flight operations.

Automated flight planning software optimizes coverage and efficiency, while real-time obstacle avoidance ensures
safety.

Case Studies:
Vineyard Management in California: Drones equipped with multispectral cameras monitor vine health, leading to
targeted interventions and improved grape quality.

Rice Farming in Japan: Drones map field topography and detect variations in soil moisture and temperature,
optimizing cultivation practices.

Wheat Farming in Australia: Drones equipped with NDVI sensors enhance crop management through variable rate
application technology, optimizing input usage.

Effectiveness of Agricultural Drones in Maize Production in Kenya: Drones accurately detect crop stress, enabling
timely interventions and increased yields for farmers.

Evaluation of Vineyard Monitoring with Agricultural Drones in France: Drones provide detailed insights into vine
health, allowing for optimized vineyard operations and improved grape quality

Potential Advancements and Innovations:

AI-Driven Decision Support Systems: Enhanced data analysis and actionable insights for farmers.

Advanced Sensor Technologies: Detailed data capture about crops, soil, and environmental conditions.

Swarm Robotics: Multiple drones collaborating for efficient tasks over large areas.

Hybrid Power Systems: Extended flight endurance and reduced dependency on conventional batteries.

Autonomous Operations: Greater autonomy for complex missions and applications.

Integration with Other Agricultural Technologies:

Precision Farming Systems: Seamless data exchange with GPS-guided tractors, precision seeders, etc.

IoT and Sensor Networks: Data collection from various sources for comprehensive farm management.
Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs): Multi-modal data collection and intervention capabilities.

Blockchain and Supply Chain Management: Enhanced traceability and transparency in supply chains.

Market Trends and Forecasts:

Increased Adoption: Growing recognition of efficiency, productivity, and sustainability benefits.

Emerging Markets: Significant growth expected in Asia-Pacific and Latin America.

Service-Based Models: On-demand or subscription-based access to drone services.

Regulatory Environment: Evolving frameworks to ensure safe and responsible drone operations while facilitating
innovation.

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Currently we are Integrating Graphical User Interface (GUI) with the

hardware to achieve the desired goal of building autonomous quadcopter
which will allow direct control over the system. For this we are using
Python- Quadcopter-Simulator (Quasim). It is an open-source
framework used for controlling quadrotor flight. Powerful Virtual Robot
Experimentation Platform (V-REP) is used in this framework. Also, we
can add the various sensors and features as per our requirement by
modifying the source code written in python.

Feature Fixed-Wing Drones Multirotor Drones Hybrid Drones

Flight Characteristics Efficient for long-range Suitable for short-range Combines advantages of
missions, covering large operations and hovering fixed- wing and multirotor
areas quickly. ability drones for

Takeoff and Landing Require runway or catapult Vertical takeoff and landing Capable of both vertical
launch and landing (VTOL) capability takeoff/landing (VTOL) and
conventional takeoff/landing

Flight Time Typically, longer flight times Limited flight times Longer flight times
due to aerodynamic design compared to fixed-wing compared to multirotor
and propulsion efficiency drones, but shorter than drones, but shorter than
fixed-wing drones. fixed-wing drones

Maneuverability Limited maneuverability and Highly maneuverable, Moderate maneuverability,

agility due to fixed-wing suitable for precise
design operations and close-quarters suitable for various tasks
navigation

Stability and Wind Better stability and wind Less stable in windy Stable flight characteristics
Tolerance tolerance due to aerodynamic conditions compared to with moderate wind
fixed-wing drones tolerance

Payload Capacity Higher payload capacity for Limited payload capacity

carrying sensors and compared to fixed-wing Moderate payload capacity,
equipment drones balancing efficiency, and
maneuverability

Use Cases Best suited for large-scale Ideal for close-range Versatile for a wide range of
mapping, surveying, and monitoring, inspection, and applications including
crop scouting applications aerial photography mapping, monitoring, and
precision agriculture
Image made by me
Calculations -
Lift: The lift force generated by the drone's rotors can be
calculated using the following equation:

lift =CL ×A×21 ×ρ×V2

Where:

lift is the lift force,

CL is the lift coefficient,

A is the reference area (usually the rotor disc area),

ρ is the density of air, and

V is the velocity of the drone relative to the air.

Thrust: The thrust provided by each rotor can be calculated

using the following equation:

Thrust(F) =CT ×ρ×A×Ω2

Where:

thrust is the thrust force,

CT is the thrust coefficient,

ρ is the density of air,

A is the rotor swept area,

Ω is the rotational speed of the rotor.

Let's consider a scenario where you have a drone with four

rotors, each with a rotor diameter of 0.3 meters, a lift coefficient
(CL) of 0.5, and a thrust coefficient (CT) of 0.8. The density of
air (ρ) is 1.225 kg/m31.225kg/m3, and the velocity (V) of the
drone relative to the air is 10 m/s. Also, let's assume the
rotational speed (ΩΩ) of each rotor is 1000 revolutions per
minute (RPM), which converts to approximately 104.72 radians
per second.

Lift Calculation: lift=0.5× (×0.152) ×12×1.225× (10)2

Flift =0.5×(π×0.152) ×21 ×1.225× (10)2

lift =0.5× (0.7069) ×1.225×100

lift=43.23

lift =43.23N
So, the lift generated by the drone would be approximately
43.23 N43.23N.

Thrust Calculation: thrust=0.8×1.225×(×0.152)×(104.72)2

thrust =0.8×1.225×(π×0.152)×(104.72)2

thrust =0.8×1.225×0.07069×10991.17

thrust =679.67N

So, the thrust provided by each rotor would be approximately

679.67 N679.67N. Since there are four rotors, the total thrust
provided by all four rotors would be 4×679.67=2718.68
N4×679.67=2718.68N.
Fd =0.5×Cd ×A×ρ×V2

Where:

Fd is the drag force,

Cd is the drag coefficient,

A is the reference area (the frontal area of the drone),

ρ is the density of the air, and

V is the velocity of the drone relative to the air.

Now, let's assume you have a drone with a drag coefficient (Cd) of 0.3, a
reference area (A) of 0.5 square meters, the density of air (ρ) is 1.225
kg/m31.225kg/m3, and the velocity (V) of the drone relative to the air is
10 m/s.

Plugging these values into the formula:

Fd =0.5×0.3×0.5 m2×1.225 kg/m3× (10 m/s)2

Fd =0.5×0.3×0.5m2×1.225kg/m3×(10m/s)2

Fd =0.5×0.3×0.5×1.225×100

Fd =9.125 N

So, in this example, the aerodynamic drag force acting on the

agricultural drone would be approximately 9.125 N9.125N.
Payload Capacity

Maximum lift capacity of the drone: 10 kilograms (kg)

Weight of the drone itself: 2 kilograms (kg)

Weight of additional equipment: 1.5 kilograms (kg)

First, we calculate the available payload capacity by subtracting

the weight of the drone from its maximum lift capacity:

Available Payload Capacity=Maximum Lift Capacity−Weight

of the Drone Available Payload Capacity=Maximum Lift
Capacity−Weight of the Drone

Available Payload Capacity=10 kg−2 kg=8 kg Available

Payload Capacity=10kg−2kg=8kg

Now, we need to account for the weight of the additional

equipment:

Payload Capacity=Available Payload Capacity−Weight of

Additional Equipment Payload Capacity=Available Payload
Capacity−Weight of Additional Equipment

Payload Capacity=8 kg−1.5 kg=6.5 kg Payload

Capacity=8kg−1.5kg=6.5kg
So, in this example, the payload capacity of the agricultural
drone would be 6.5 kilograms. This means you can carry
additional equipment or sensors weighing up to 6.5 kilograms in
addition to the weight of the drone itself.
Matlab Code

#1 CL vs CD
% Example data for Coefficient of Drag (Cd) and Coefficient of Lift
(Cl)

Cd = linspace(0, 0.12, 100); % coefficient of drag

Cl = sqrt(Cd); % coefficient of lift

% Create the plot

figure;

plot(Cd, Cl, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); % Blue line with linewidth of 2

% Labeling the axes

xlabel('Coefficient of Drag (Cd)');

ylabel('Coefficient of Lift (Cl)');

% Setting up grid and limits

grid on;
xlim([0 0.12]);

ylim([0 1.4]);

title('Coefficient of Lift vs Coefficient of Drag');

#2 CL VS α
% Define angle of attack range

angle_of_attack = linspace(-5, 15.8, 100); % degrees

% Define coefficient of lift before and after the point where it decreases

% Linear increase up to a certain point, then slight decrease

C_L_before_decrease = min(1.75, 0.1 * angle_of_attack + 1); % Linear increase

C_L_after_decrease = max(1.4, -0.05 * (angle_of_attack - 15.8) + 1.75); % Slight

decrease after 15.8 degrees

% Concatenate the two parts to form the complete C_L curve

C_L = [C_L_before_decrease(angle_of_attack <= 15.8),

C_L_after_decrease(angle_of_attack > 15.8)];

% Plot

plot(angle_of_attack, C_L, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2);

xlabel('Angle of Attack (degrees)');

ylabel('Coefficient of Lift (C_L)');

title('Coefficient of Lift vs. Angle of Attack');

grid on;
#3 Thrust VS speed
% Define the velocity range

velocity = 0:0.1:50;

% Define the thrust required (blue curve)

thrust_required = 300 - 0.5 * velocity + 0.02 * velocity.^2; % Example

thrust required function

% Define the thrust available (red curve)

thrust_available = 500 - 0.4 * velocity; % Example thrust available

function

% Plot the curves

plot(velocity, thrust_required, 'b', 'DisplayName', 'Thrust Required');

hold on;

plot(velocity, thrust_available, 'r', 'DisplayName', 'Thrust Available');

hold off;

% Label the axes

xlabel('Velocity (ft/sec)');

ylabel('Thrust (lbs)');
% Add a legend

legend('show');

% Add a title

title('Thrust Required (lbs) vs Thrust Available (lbs)');

#4 drag force vs velocity
# Plotting
% MATLAB Code to Plot Drag Force vs. Velocity

% Constants

rho = 1.225; % Density of air (kg/m^3) at sea level

Cd = 1.0; % Drag coefficient (dimensionless), assume a value

A = 1.0; % Cross-sectional area (m^2), assume a value

% Velocity range: from 0 to 50 m/s, in steps of 0.5 m/s

velocities = 0:0.5:50; % Vector of velocities

% Calculate Drag Force for each velocity

dragForces = 0.5 * rho * (velocities.^2) * Cd * A;

% Plot

figure; % Create a new figure

plot(velocities, dragForces, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2); % Plot drag force vs. velocity
grid on; % Turn on grid

xlabel('Velocity (m/s)'); % X-axis label

ylabel('Drag Force (N)'); % Y-axis label

title('Drag Force vs. Velocity'); % Title

3D - model
Copy of Autocad Drown.dwg

CFD Analysis Currently working