TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (S.I.W.E.S)

HELD AT

TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN) 330/132/33KV,

OSOGBO WORKS CENTRE, P.M.B. 4494, OSOGBO, OSUN STATE.

PREPARED BY:

SOLADOYE RONKE STELLA

MATRIC NO:FPS/PHY/20/68619

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

FACULTY OF PHYSCIAL SCIENCE

AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY , EKPOMA,

EDO STATE, NIGERIA.

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF

SCIENCE (B.SC) IN PHYSICS

MARCH, 2024.
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this technical report was written by Soladoye Ronke Stella with matriculation
number FPS/PHY/20/68619 of Physics Department, Faculty of Physical Science, Ambrose Alli
University, Ekpoma.

..………….……………… ………………………
Student’s Name Signature & Date

..………….……………… ………………………
Supervisor’s Name Signature & Date

ii
 DEDICATION
All gratitude to Almighty God, the one who has spared my life to witness today. This report is
sorely dedicated to almighty God who has been the source of strength and divine support in my
academic career.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All gratitude to Almighty God, The one who has spare my life to witness today, it is not by my
power nor by my might that I am alive till today but it is by your grace, mercy, power, might and
your love. Even though I passed through many hard situation that shake me like Storm and heated
me like fire but you are the one that uphold me with your mighty hand. God to you be all the praise,
glory and honor.

I used this privilege to thank my parents Mr. and Mrs. Soladoye for their care and full support
towards my education. God bless you sir/ ma.

I have taken effort in this report. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
members of staff of TCN Oshogbo who contributed in one form or the other, you are all deeply
appreciated and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities and constant
supervision and explanation of work(s) done.

Also, to all the technical staffs of TCN Oshogbo for their relentless supports, guidance and
resources, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. iv

TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................. v

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Importance of SIWES ...................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 3

2.1 Transmission Company of Nigeria ................................................................................. 3

2.2 Vision and Mission........................................................................................................... 3

2.3 Scope of Activities .............................................................................................................. 3

2.4 The Departments at TCN, Osogbo Sub Region and Their Functions. ............................. 4

CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 6

3.1 Work Done and Experience Gained ................................................................................. 6

3.2 Electrical Equipment And Instruments ............................................................................ 6

3.3 Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department ................................................. 12

This department was ................................................................................................................. 14

3.4 System Operation Department ....................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR ........................................................................................................................ 17

4.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Recommendation .....................................................................................................................17
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………18,19
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Switch yard ................................................................................................................7

Figure 3.2: Transformer ..................................................................................................................7

Figure 3.3: Ground Transformer ..................................................................................................... 8

Figure 3.4: Current Transformer ..................................................................................................... 9

Figure 3.5: Lightning Arrester ........................................................................................................ 9

Figure 3.6: Isolator switch............................................................................................................. 10

Figure 3.7: Circuit Breaker ........................................................................................................... 11

Figure 3.8: Wave Trap .................................................................................................................. 11

Figure 3.9: Bus Bar ....................................................................................................................... 12

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 ABSTRACT
This report is based on student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) held at Transmission
Company of Nigeria, Osogbo which expose the students in higher institution to acquire industrial
skills and experience in their approved course of study and also to prepare students for the
industrial works situation which they are likely to meet after graduation.
The report also stated the description of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) and the
report on work done as well as the experience gained from various department such as Electrical
Maintenance Department (EMD), Protection Control & Metering (PC&M) and others section
during the attachment period at Transmission Company of Nigeria, sub-region at Osogbo. More
also, it gives an account of the equipment used, types and their function respectively as well as
some of the problems and challenges faced.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skills training
programme, which forms part of the approved minimum Academic Standards in the various degree
programmes for all the Nigerian Universities. It is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria
and jointly coordinated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the National Universities
Commission (NUC).

It is also designed to expose and prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of

Technology, Colleges of Agriculture and Colleges of Education for the industrial work situation
they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affords students the opportunity of
familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and
machinery that are usually not available in their Institutions. Before the establishment of the
scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialists that graduates of our Institutions of
higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies preparatory for employment in
Industries. Thus, the employers were of the opinion that the theoretical education going on in
higher institutions was not responsive to the needs of the employers of labour. It is against this
background that the rationale for initiating and designing the scheme by the Industrial Training
Fund (ITF) during its formative years 1973/74 was introduced to acquaint students with the skills
of handling employers’ equipment and machinery. The ITF solely funded the scheme during its
formative years. But as the financial involvement became unbearable to the Fund, it withdrew from
the Scheme in 1978. The Federal Government handed over the scheme in 1979 to both the National
Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE). Later
the Federal Government in November 1984 revert the management and implementation of the
SIWES Programmed to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the Industrial Training Fund in
July 1985 with the funding being solely borne by the Federal
Government.

1.2 Objectives
Specifically, the objectives of the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) are to:

1. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of higher learning to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course of study, which are restricted to Engineering and Technology including

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 Environmental studies and other courses that may be approved. Courses of NCE (Technical), NCE
Agriculture, NCE (Business), NCE (Fine and Applied Arts) and NCE (Home Economics) in
Colleges of Education are also included.

2. Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after graduation.

3. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may
not be available in their institutions.

4. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier, and enhance students’ contacts for later
job placement.

5. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real work situation thereby
bridging the gap between theory and practice.

6. Enlist and strengthen employers, involvement in the entire educational process and prepare students
for employment in Industry and Commerce.

7. Provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to effective interpersonal

relationships.

8. Ernest placement and strengthen employees involvement in the educational process of preparing
student for employment in industries.

1.3 Importance of SIWES

1. It provides students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real life situations.

2. It exposes students to more practical work methods and techniques.

It strengthens links between the employers, universities and industrial training fund (ITF).

3. It also prepares the students for the labour market after graduation

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Transmission Company of Nigeria
TCN emerged from the defunct National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) as a product of the merger of
the Transmission and Operations sectors on April 1, 2004. TCN was incorporated in November 2005.
Being one of the 18 unbundled Business Units under the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN),
TCN was issued a transmission License on 1st July, 2006. It was subsequently issued two licences on June
10, 2013 for electricty transmission and system operations.

2.2 Vision and Mission

The company mission is to transmit electricity in the most efficient and effective manner and Build
Transmission Grid that can efficiently evacuate all generated power with minimal losses.
Their vision is to be one of the leading electricity transmission companies in the world.

2.3 Scope of Activities

Different activities are carried out by TCN which include: Electricity transmission, System
operation, and Electricity trading which is ring-fenced. Its major function is to collect generated
Electric Power from Generating Companies and wheel it to Distribution Companies. TCN
comprises of eight Transmission Regions and the National Control Centre (NCC), viz: Bauchi,
Kaduna, Shiroro, Benin, Osogbo, Enugu, Lagos and Port Harcourt.

Figure 2.1: Power System – Generation to Distribution

2.4 The Departments at TCN, Osogbo Sub Region and Their Functions.

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The TCN Osogbo is segmented into different various departments, namely:
1. Administration Department
2. Accounting Department
3. Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department
4. Electrical Maintenance Department(EMD)
5. Lines Maintenance Department(LMD)
6. System Operations Department
7. Communication Department

Administrative Department: They are responsible for data processing, file maintenance,
communication and clerical works of the TCN Osogbo. They provide essential administrative
support to the executives and department managers (HODs) of the Transmission Company of
Nigeria (TCN), Osogbo.

Accounting Department: The primary assignment of accounting department is to keep financial

record of the entire incoming and outgoing funds. Monetary information all types—operational
expenses, salaries, donations, capital expenditures, investments, cash-flow, utilities all of which
should be tracked on a monthly basis at a minimum.

Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department: the function of the department is to
maintain all the equipment, protect and configure the metering equipment at Works Centre. The
PC&M department is responsible for installations, commissioning and decommissioning,
maintaining, troubleshooting and repairing the critical system used for detecting and responding
to power system faults, controlling system devices, metering and others activities.
Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD): The departments functions are to install,
commissioning and decommissioning, troubleshoot, maintain, and protects the life of the
equipment. The department also maintains the wiring of the office blocks replacement of bulb and
other activities.
Lines Department: The function of this department is to ensure that there is no hindrance that can
bridge the transmission line. To maintain the transmission line in a way of avoiding earth tripping
from the feeder’s relay, maintaining the transmission line poles, cutting the elongated trees that is
disturbing the spaces between the transmission lines wire that cause the feeder to trip on earth
fault.

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System Operation Department: is responsible for the functioning and monitoring of the systems,
protecting the equipment of the station by monitoring, operate the whole system which includes
GENCOs and DISCOs i.e. decides which power station comes on, when and by how many
MegaWatts (MW), they decides which transmission line or transmission station should be supplied what
quantity of Mega-Watts (MW) i.e. load shedding and also enforce Grid discipline. Communication
Department: this department is responsible for sending and receiving information necessary for the
operation of the station, monitor activities going on within the station and other activities outside the station
that influencing it, helps to improve the quality of job done in and relating to the station, and the equipment
and the control and protection scheme employ communication in order to function.

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Work Done and Experience Gained
The first lesson learnt was that there is no second chance in TCN, any small mistake in the
switchyard will lead to death. That is why they must always issue permission letter before laying
hand on any work as a result of high voltage they are dealing with.

The department I was posted to and duties involved include:

1. Electrical Maintenance Department (EMD): where 4 weeks were spent and some of their
responsibility are: Carrying out schedule maintenance on power transformer, power
transformer oil leakage, replacement of interrupter, Sulphurhexafluoride (SF6) circuit
breaker, maintenance of battery bank, generator for charging the battery which serves as
backup for the station, installation of new transformer, circuit breaker, isolator, earthing
ground and so on.
2. Protection Control and Metering department(PC&M): carry out Pre-commissioning tests
on all power transformers, Circuit Breakers, Instrument transformers (CTs and VTs),
Relays, Tripping Unit (Chargers and Battery banks), Conduct Secondary and primary
injection tests on all station protective relays; Carry out insulation tests, ratio test, polarity
test, magnetization test on power and instrument transformers as well as processing of Daily
Activity Report Chart (DARC), Monthly Progress Report (MPR), Schedule Annual
Preventive Maintenance (SAPM),

3.2 Electrical Equipment and Instruments

Switch Yard: ―Switch yard‖ just as the name implies switch and yard. It is a place where opening
and closing of different equipment take place. Switch yard is a switching station which is the main

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link between the generating plant and the transmission system. Switchyard is a junction which
carries the generated power to the destination.

A switch yard consist of many equipment such as:

1. power transformer
2. Ground transformer (GT)
3. current transformer(CT),
4. voltage transformer(VT),
5. lightning arrester(LA),
6. isolator,
7. circuit breaker(CB),
8. wave trap,
9. Earthing switch,
10. Reactor, Bus bar and many more
Ensuring their condition and proper operation is extremely important.

Figure 3.1: Switchyards

1. Power Transformer: It is an electrical instrument used for transmitting electrical power from one
circuit to another without changing the frequency.

Figure 3.2: Transformer

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Commonly used transformer types are step up transformer and step down transformer.
TCN make use of a step down transformer for stepping the 330KV high voltage (HV)gotten from
the generating station down to 132KV, 33KV(LV) before sending it to the injecting station for
further stepping down process. Normal rating of the transformer includes:
• ONAN (oil natural air natural) -30MVA
• ONAF (oil natural air force) – 30MVA and 60MVA
Transformer Mode of Operation
Power transformer operates on the principle of electromagnetic. It can be two winding or three
winding transformer i.e primary, secondary and tertiary winding. The primary winding steps high
voltage 330KV down to 132KV and directly to the secondary winding part which steps the 132KV
from the primary sides to 33KV before transmitting to injecting or distribution station. The
transformer has some component on it that are so essential, among are: cooling fan, cooling vane,
silica gel cylinder, conservator tank and others.
The transformer also breath in and out that why the silica gel is used to help absorb the moisture, there
should not be presence of gas in the transformer.
2. Ground Transformer (GT): A grounding transformer also known as Earthing transformer
is a type of auxiliary transformer used in three- phase electric power systems to provide a
ground path to either an ungrounded wye or a delta- connected system.
Ground transformer is part of an earthing system of the network.

Figure 3.3: Ground Transformer

3. Instrument Transformer: An instrument transformer is the type of transformer which is
specially designed for protection and measurement application. Since in an electrical power
system, the power flows in the transmission and distribution lines at very voltage and
current. thus, the voltage and current of a transmission and distribution lines cannot

8
 be measured directly by using conventional measuring instrument like ammeter, voltmeter
etc. Therefore, we need to reduce the high voltage and current before supplying it to the
measuring instrument so that it does not damage the instrument. For this purpose, there are
two instrument transformers namely:

Current Transformer(CT)
Voltage Transformer(VT)
a. Current Transformer (CT): Is a transformer which reduces the current of a transmission line to a
safer and measurable value. It is used for metering and measuring.
It also protect the system from over current.

Figure 3.4: Current Transformer

b. Voltage transformers (VT): also called potential transformers (PT), are a parallelconnected
type of instrument transformer. It is used to transform high voltage to low voltage with a
high accuracy.
4. Lightning Arrester: is a device used to protect the electric circuit and connected devices
from the lightning strikes having high voltage transient surges. Lightning arresters are
installed outside to ground the harmful effects of lightning spikes.

Figure 3.5: Lightning Arrester

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 5. Isolator Switch: This is a device for switching (opening and closing) a circuit which is used to ensure
that the line is completely de-energized from service or maintenance.

Figure 3.6: Isolator switch

Electrical Isolator Operation
The operation of an electrical isolator can be done using two operational methods namely: opening and
closing.
Opening (Breaking) operation of electrical isolator In this operation mode, the sequence is as follow:
(a) The circuit breaker should be opened first.
(b) Then open the isolator switches.
(c) Next is the Earthing
(d) Switch(ES), all the ES should be closed where they are provided
(e) The ES remain closed until the work in the area has been completed.
Closing (making) operation, In this operation mode, the sequence is as follow :
(a) The circuit breaker must be confirmed opened.
(b) Earthing switch must be opened
(c) Then close the isolator
(d) Closed the circuit breaker to complete the circuit
(e) The earthing switch must remain in its normally opened condition
Type of Isolator
• Line Isolator.
• By-pass isolator: This is normally used when the circuit breaker is faulty, to avoid the line going
out the circuit breaker comes in. The two cannot be in at the same time.
• Bus Isolator.

6. Circuit Breaker: A circuit breaker is an electrical safety device designed to protect an electrical
circuit from damage caused by an overcurrent or short circuit.

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Type of Circuit Breaker
There are different types of a circuit breaker, according to their quenching medium they are categorized as:
• Oil circuit breaker
• Air circuit breaker
• SF6 circuit breaker
• Vaccum circuit breaker
SF6 circuit breaker is mostly used nowadays as a result of its advantage over others Sulfur
hexafluoride circuit breaker(SF6) protect electrical power stations systems by interrupting electric
current when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of using oil, air or vaccum, sulfur hexafluoride
circuit breaker (SF6) uses SF6 to quench the arcing on opening a circuit.

Figure 3.7: Circuit Breaker

Advantage of SF6 circuit breaker over others are: Low maintenance, Low operating noise, No emission of
hot gases
7. Wave Trap: A wave trap also known as line trap or high-frequency stopper. It is used to separate
communication signal from power signal.

.
Figure 3.8: Wave Trap

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 8. Earthing Switch: An earth switch is a mechanical switching device for protecting parts of
a circuit. It is capable of sustaining currents for a specific time under abnormal conditions
such as short circuits
9. Reactor: A reactor is a device used to suppressed excess voltage.
10. Bus Bar: This is an electrical junction in which all the incoming and the outgoing electrical
current meets. The electrical bus bar collects the electric power at one location. An electric
bus bar is a group of conductor used for collecting electric power from the incoming feeders
and distributes them to the outgoing feeders.

Figure 3.9: Bus Bar

11. Marshaling Kiosk: It is used in power transformer to provide convenient connection points
for control, protection and instrumentation systems which are used in substations for power
transformers and this include DC and AC power supply, instrument transformers and
switchgear equipment. This is where all the external connection of the transformer is
terminate. Generally, It contain the following items:
• Oil temperature indicator(OTI) and winding temperature(WTI).
• Terminals for external connection of the Alarms and trips from the OTI and the Winding
temperature (WTI).
• Terminal from Transformer neutral CT.
• Motor starters for fans (in case of a forced air cooled transformer (ONAF).
• Anti-condensation heater.
3.3 Protection Control and Metering (PC&M) Department
This department was headed by Engr. Alade as the Principal Manager (PM). Protection, control
and metering department is responsible for the monitoring of all the equipment and system

12
activities. The station cannot be completed without this department. They are specialized to work
on the relays, instrument transformers, control panel, protection panel charger pane and
Transformer etc. The scope of work done in PC&M department is as follow;

• Carrier signaling test

• Decommission and Commissioning of protection panel and control panel Protect trip and
Calibration test

Carrier Signal Test: This is done to ensure all the lines are in healthy condition. The carrier signal
is transmitted along the power line via the communication network. The test is done by sending
signal from the station to the source e.g. (Osogbo and Jebba), one ends will be out to ensure if the
signal could be receive from the other, in case there is fault on the line will the fault be detected, at
what distance and the particular location, it is done vice versa. There is a panel inside the control
room for carrying out the test. It is weekly tests perform every first working day of the week. The
process was carried out as follow;
• The operator in charge of the both stations e.g. (Osogbo and Ikeja West) communicated to each
other and on standby to carried out the tests.
• The IN and OUT was switch to OUT, signal was sent along the line by pushing the button in. The
switch was switch to IN and a signal was received from both sources by the indicating light from
the switch.
• The current was also send along the line as the signal. Both send and receive signal was confirmed
okay using the same process.
• The report on the carrier signaling test was recorded on system operation log book.

3.3.1 Equipment Used

The following are some of the materials used during work in the department.
1. MULTIMETER: It is an electronic measuring instrument that is used to measure current, voltage
and resistance.
2. TOOL BOX: It contains a lot a tools inside which include: scraper, measuring tape, spanner,
hammer, hack saw, plier, alien key, chisel of different size, screw driver etc.
3. OMICRON CPC 100: which is used for protection distance. It provide insulation test for high
voltage in switchyard.it is normally use on relay.
4. FERRULE, CABLE BELT and GLAND: are used during the installation of new panel. Ferrule is a
ring-like material use on the cable for easy identification; it can be alphabet or number. Cable belt

13
 is use to hold the cable tightly to the panel for neatly package. Gland is always place at the button
of the panel to hold the cable firmly.
5. CRIMPING TOOLS,CONNECTING PIN,SCRIPPER : Connecting pin is use to connect the cable
core before connecting it to the terminal block of the panel, Crimping tool to crimp the pin firmly
to the cable core. Stripper to strip the wire.
6. SECONDARY AND PRIMARY INJECTOR: It is used for testing and to stimulate faulty by
injecting a particular value of voltage.
7. DRAWING: It serves as a reference which is use for connection during the installation of the
equipment.
3.3.2 Activities Carried Out
The experience gain during the course of the work is how to successfully carry out signaling test
on 330KV line to ensure if the lines are in healthy condition. Whenever fault occurs on the line the
station will both send and receive signal indicating the location fault and exact Kilometer while
the nearest station will be the one to rectify it.

A. Decommissioning and Commissioning of the Protection and Control Panel:

Decommissioning is the process of removing equipment out of service while commissioning is
the process of installing new equipment. The decommissioning and commissioning of new
protection and control panel for JEBBA 1(J1H) was done. Decommissioning process: A drawing
was prepared for the Terminal Block Diagram of the two panel in order not to misplace or
interchange the terminal connectors when reconnecting the new panels.
1. All the cables were identified using the circuit drawing of the panel.
2. The ferrule cables were identified and removed from the terminal block.
3. Different bunch of cables was removed from the panel. Commissioning process;
1. After the replacement of the panels with the new ones the cables removed from the old panels was
used for termination inside the new panels
2. Using the circuit drawing, the connection was terminated properly including the Alarm and other.
3. The connection was checked to ensure if there is no error in the termination.
4. The relay on the protection panel was calibrated and ensured it was properly working.

B. Protection Trip and Calibration Test: this is done by making used of OMICRON CPC
100 or the secondary injector. It is done by connecting the three phase and the neutral that
comes from the secondary part of the Current Transformer (CT) directly into the protective

14
 relay. The secondary injector is used to inject fault current into the protective relay. To
checked if the relay will be able to sense the fault, at what speed and the reliability of the
relay when there exist fault on the line be it overcurrent or earth fault, also to check if the
time allocate for it to trip is still intact.

C. Charger Panel Maintenance: this is a panel that is used to charge the battery used in the
station. All the equipment makes use of DC for their operation. Alternate current (AC) of
240V was supply to the panel, and inside the panel present a rectifier which convert AC to
DC that is use in charging the battery inside the battery room. The process of the
maintenance is done as follow:
1. First the charger panel was switched off
2. Then initial battery voltage from the panel for both 110V and 50V charger panel was taken.
3. After waiting for 5min another reading was taken, the reading is done thrice.
4. After all the reading, we clean the panel and remove the entire cobweb.

3.4 System Operation Department

The department which was headed the Principal Manager (PM). The control room is segmented
into two, 330KV and 132KV control room. 330KV make use of ring line while the 132KV are
using radial line. The system operation is in charge of any sort of operation on the equipment both
inside the control room and the switchyard. Types of operation carried out are as follow;
1. System Control And Stability Of The System:: System control involves the monitoring of the
values of energy generated and comparing it with the energy consumed, to ensure there is a
balance and no losses across the line. When imbalance occur, two things are most likely to be
done depending on the cause of imbalance. Load is reduced if energy consumption is greater than
generation or load is increased if energy consumption is less than generation, this is referred to as
system stability. whenever imbalance occur, proper and fast action as to be taken, if not this will
properly lead to collapse because, on no condition should voltage, frequency decrease or increased
than the expected range.
2. Mechanical Operation:: This is done by rotating the motor to spring charge manually. For
example the circuit breaker that spring charge manually and inside it there is a limiting switch that
stops it from charging whenever it is fully charge.
3. Electrical Operation: this operation of equipment done by using electrical interface eg the switch
and knob on the panel.

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 4. Remote Operation: This is done by controlling the equipment remotely at a distance position
from the equipment.
3.4.1 Materials and Tools Used In Control Room The following
are some of the materials and tools used:
1. HOULRY READING SHEET: this is used for taken hourly reading, which include the
frequency, maximum voltage, minimum voltage, temperature winding, battery voltage, oil
temperature and the amount of load on each feeder etc.
2. FREQUENCY MONITOR: this is used to monitor frequency of the system. The frequency
can increase or decrease as a result of the energy consume or variation in generating station.
The frequency should not be greater or lesser than +/- 5% or +/- 15% of the required
frequency.
3. LOG BOOK: these contains all the activities carried out in the station, for example if a
particular breaker trip, restoring back a line, faulty feeder, and so on will be recorded here
after issue application form(F1) and station grantee (SG) for easy navigation and for proper
system control and stability of the grid.
4. OPERATIONAL FORMS: unknown condition should one enter the switch yard for work
without issue form from the control operator. The type of form to issue depends on what
particular work is about to be carried out. Example are the Application for protection
guarantee (OF1), work permit (OF2), work and test permit (OF3), order to operate (OF17),
station guarantee SG(OF4). etc.
5. A DESKTOP COMPUTER: this is used for data collection and recording purposes making
used of Microsoft excel to calculate all the load and recording the voltage at a particular
time.

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Conclusion
The program increases the potentials of a student at the same time helps me to adapt a disciplined
attitude that will guide me after school when offered an opportunity to put to practice what I had
gotten all through my stay in the Polytechnic. It gives Polytechnic students the opportunity to put
into practice what they have been learning theoretically all through their stay in school. It exposes
the student to a working environment experience and acts as a guide to the student when he or she
finally graduates and goes into the business industry to start up working. This will act as a guide
to the student to know what company to seek placement. Students should take maximum use of
the opportunity given to them to learn and make use of the resources at their disposals and not just
be bench warmers in their organization.

4.2 Recommendation
In view of my experience during my industrial training, the following recommendations are made to the
students, university, industrial training fund (I.T.F) and the companies:
1. Students should personally ensure that they get a good placement for the program in time to
commence and gain the best from the training period assigned.
2. Students should make sure that the entire period for the attachment is completed before bowing out
of the program.
3. Also, student should have a focused mind and interest as it will help them get the maximum
knowledge attainable from the company attached to. Not all students have the opportunity of getting
good industrial training placement, so the university should ensure they establish good relationships
with companies, firms and organizations capable of assisting in the SIWES program on a yearly
basis thereby helping the less privileged students.
4. On the part of I.T.F, Student supervision should also be intensified to make the program more
effective.
5. The firms should ensure that a well-structured program for the period of training is spelt out and be
seriously adhered to, so that students can benefit.

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APPENDIX

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19
 REFERENCE
T. Basso, S. Chakraborty, A. Hoke, and M. Coddington, “IEEE 1547 Standards Advancing Grid
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