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Essentials of Business Communication

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Essentials of
Business
­Communication 11e

Mary Ellen Guffey Dana Loew y


Emerita Professor of Business Emerita Lecturer, Business Communication
Los Angeles Pierce College California State University, Fullerton
m.e.guffey@cox.net dloewy@fullerton.edu

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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Essentials of Business Communication, 11E © 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Mary Ellen Guffey WCN: 02-300
Dana Loewy Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.

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Essentials of Business Communication 11e

Dear Business Communication Student:


Chances are that you are no longer holding a textbook
in your hands but access the Eleventh Edition of Essen-
tials of Business Communication via MindTap on your
laptop, tablet, or your smartphone. MindTap is a multi-
media learning experience that makes studying business
communication and sharpening important career skills
easier and more fun.

Photographer: Barbara D’Allessandro


Our well-researched, market-leading e-text saves
you money while helping you sharpen important job
skills. Whether you access Essentials of Business
Communication, 11e on mobile devices or own a print
copy of this award-winning text, you are on your way
to developing essential communication skills that will
not only serve you well in college but will also stay
with you in your chosen career. Mary Ellen Guffey and Dana Loewy
Here are a few of the major features you can expect
from the No. 1 business communication book in this country and abroad:
▪▪ Workplace readiness. The marketplace today is challenging. One way to out-
shine the competition is by offering superior communication skills to future
employers. Your business communication course and this book are the ideal
tools for making yourself job ready.
▪▪ Communication technology and best practices. Obviously, the workplace is
relying on technology and digital media. It is social and mobile. You may be
tech savvy, but are you familiar with workplace-appropriate best practices?
Even if you know your way around mobile devices and social media, you still
need to be able to write well and make a positive impression. This book not
only covers the latest workplace technology but above all it stresses solid writ-
ing skills and good grammar.
▪▪ Latest trends in job searching. Chapter 13 presents the most current trends, tech-
nologies, and practices affecting the job search, résumés, and cover letters that will
help you stand out. You will learn how to build a personal brand, how to network,
and how to write customized résumés and create an effective LinkedIn profile.
▪▪ Hottest trends in job interviewing. Chapter 14 provides countless tips on how
to interview in today’s highly competitive job market, including one-way and
two-way video interviewing.
The many contemporary examples and model documents, along with writing plans
providing step-by-step instructions, will get you started quickly and help you stay
focused on the writing process. We wish you well in your course!

Cordially,

Mary Ellen Guffey & Dana Loewy

Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey Dr. Dana Loewy


Emerita Professor of Business Emerita Lecturer, Business Communication
Los Angeles Pierce College California State University, Fullerton
m.e.guffey@cox.net dloewy@fullerton.edu

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
What Is MindTap?

MindTap is your personal, customized learning environment. It presents engaging


course content along with videos, activities, apps, and other interesting features
making learning fun and easy. With MindTap, you can create a unique learning
path that will help you understand key concepts in depth and fast, so that you can
produce your best work.
The following activities will help you shape and pace your own learning:
▪▪ Aplia homework assignments. Aplia™ is an online application that improves
comprehension and performance by motivating you to stay interested and
increase your effort. Aplia provides automatically graded assignments that
contain detailed explanations on every question over multiple question sets. In
short, you get results without needing your instructor’s feedback. These assign-
ments cover chapter content as well as grammar and mechanics.
▪▪ YouSeeU activities. Learning is easier with visuals. YouSeeU helps you stay on
track with videos that draw you in and reinforce what you learn in and out of
the classroom. The YouSeeU MindApp allows you to complete oral communi-
cation activities for various assignment types that include creating individual
videos, responding to question and answer tasks, viewing visual aids, and mak-
ing group presentations.
▪▪ Write Experience activities. Write Experience assignments help improve your
writing skills. They evaluate the voice, style, format, content, and originality of
what you write. Find out how you are doing without needing your instructor’s
feedback.
▪▪ How-To Videos. Understand fully how it’s done before you write a business
document. How-to videos show you expert writing techniques.
▪▪ Writing Plan Reviews. The writing plans in your textbook structure your writ-
ing assignments step by step. The writing plan reviews illustrate the popular
Essentials writing plans with before-and-after treatments.
▪▪ Writing Workshops. Helping you learn without an instructor, Writing Work-
shops bring Essentials writing assignments to life with interactive quizzing and
in-depth feedback.
▪▪ Narrated PowerPoint slides. To review important concepts and definitions, you
can watch the narrated PowerPoint slides—perfect for traditional and distance
learners.

iv What Is MindTap?

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Brief Contents

Unit 1: Business ­Communication in the Digital Age 1


1 Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace 2

Unit 2: The Writing Process in the Information Age 35


2 Planning Business Messages 36
3 Organizing and Drafting Business Messages 62
4 Revising Business Messages 87

Unit 3: Workplace Communication 113


5 Short Workplace Messages and Digital Media 114
6 Positive and Neutral Messages 150
7 Negative Messages 186
8 Persuasive Messages 219

Unit 4: Business Reports and Proposals—Best Practices 251


9 Informal Reports 252
10 Proposals and Formal Reports 285

Unit 5: Professionalism, Teamwork, Meetings, and Speaking Skills 325


11 Professionalism at Work: Business Etiquette, Ethics, Teamwork, and Meetings 326
12 Business Presentations 362

Unit 6: Employment Communication 397


13 The Job Search, Résumés, and Cover Messages 398
14 Interviewing and Following Up 444

Appendixes
A Document Format Guide A-1
B Documentation Formats B-1
C Correction Symbols and Proofreading Marks C-1
D Grammar/Mechanics Handbook D-1

End Matter
Notes N-1
Index I-1

Brief Contents v

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents

Unit 1 Business ­Communication

kined/Shutterstock.com
in the Digital Age
1 Succeeding in the Social and Mobile
Workplace 2
1-1 Mastering the Tools for Success in the Summary of Learning Outcomes 23
Twenty-First-Century Workplace 2 Chapter Review 25
1-2 Developing Listening Skills 10 Critical Thinking 26
1-3 Learning Nonverbal Communication Activities and Cases 26
Skills 12 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 1 31
1-4 Recognizing How Culture Influences Editing Challenge 1 32
Communication 15 Communication Workshop 33
1-5 Becoming Interculturally Proficient 20

Unit 2 T he Writing Process in

SFIO CRACHO/Shutterstock.com
the Information Age
2 Planning Business Messages 36

2-1 Examining the Communication Process 36 Critical Thinking 53


2-2 Following the 3-x-3 Writing Process 38 Writing Improvement Exercises 54
2-3 Analyzing the Purpose and Anticipating Radical Rewrites 57
the Audience 41 Activities 58
2-4 Adapting to the Audience With Expert Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 2 59
Writing Techniques 44 Editing Challenge 2 60
2-5 Improving the Tone and Clarity Communication Workshop 61
of a Message 47

Summary of Learning Outcomes 51


Chapter Review 52

3 Organizing and Drafting Business Messages 62

3-1 Drafting Workplace Messages 62 3-3 Drafting With Powerful Sentences 67


3-2 Organizing Information to Show 3-4 Mastering Four Skillful Writing
Relationships 65 Techniques 70
vi Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
3-5 Drafting Well-Organized, Effective Writing Improvement Exercises 78
Paragraphs 74 Radical Rewrites 83
Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 3 84
Summary of Learning Outcomes 76 Editing Challenge 3 85
Chapter Review 77 Communication Workshop 86
Critical Thinking 78

4 Revising Business Messages 87

4-1 Stopping to Revise: Applying Phase 3 Summary of Learning Outcomes 102


of the Writing Process 87 Chapter Review 103
4-2 Enhancing Message Clarity 92 Critical Thinking 103
4-3 Using Document Design to Improve Writing Improvement Exercises 104
Readability 95 Radical Rewrites 109
4-4 Catching Errors With Careful Proofreading 98 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 4 110
4-5 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Your Editing Challenge 4 111
Message 101 Communication Workshop 112

Unit 3 Workplace Communication

Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com
5 Short Workplace Messages and Digital Media 114

5-1 Writing Digital Age E-Mail Messages Critical Thinking 137


and Memos 114 Writing Improvement Exercises 138
5-2 Workplace Messaging and Texting 120 Radical Rewrites 140
5-3 Making Podcasts and Wikis Work for Activities and Cases 141
Business 124 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 5 147
5-4 Blogging for Business 127 Editing Challenge 5 148
5-5 Social Networking for Business 131 Communication Workshop 149

Summary of Learning Outcomes 134


Chapter Review 136

6 Positive and Neutral Messages 150

6-1 Routine Messages: E-Mails, Memos, Critical Thinking 172


and Letters 150 Writing Improvement Exercises 173
6-2 Typical Request, Response, and Instruction Activities and Cases 177
Messages 153 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 6 183
6-3 Direct Claims and Complaints 159 Editing Challenge 6 184
6-4 Adjustment Messages 163 Communication Workshop 185
6-5 Goodwill Messages 166

Summary of Learning Outcomes 170


Chapter Review 171
Contents vii

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
7 Negative Messages 186

7-1 Communicating Negative News Critical Thinking 208


Effectively 186 Writing Improvement Exercises 208
7-2 Analyzing Negative News Strategies 187 Radical Rewrites 210
7-3 Composing Effective Negative Activities and Cases 211
Messages 191 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 7 216
7-4 Refusing Typical Requests and Claims 197 Editing Challenge 7 217
7-5 Managing Bad News Within Communication Workshop 218
Organizations 201

Summary of Learning Outcomes 206


Chapter Review 207

8 Persuasive Messages 219

8-1 Understanding Persuasion in a Social Summary of Learning Outcomes 237


and Mobile Age 219 Chapter Review 238
8-2 Planning and Writing Persuasive Critical Thinking 239
Requests 221 Writing Improvement Exercises 239
8-3 Writing Effective Persuasive Claims Radical Rewrites 240
and Complaints 222 Activities and Cases 243
8-4 Crafting Persuasive Messages in Digital Age Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 8 248
Organizations 224 Editing Challenge 8 249
8-5 Creating Effective Sales Messages in Print Communication Workshop 250
and Online 228

Unit 4 Business Reports and


GaudiLab/Shutterstock.com
­Proposals—Best Practices
9 Informal Reports 252

9-1 Preparing Reports in the Digital Age 252 Critical Thinking 278
9-2 Report Formats and Heading Levels 256 Activities and Cases 278
9-3 Identifying the Problem, Defining Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 9 281
the Purpose, and Collecting Data 259 Editing Challenge 9 283
9-4 Preparing Short Informational Reports 262 Communication Workshop 284
9-5 Preparing Short Analytical Reports 268

Summary of Learning Outcomes 276


Chapter Review 277

viii Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
10 Proposals and Formal Reports 285

10-1 Preparing Business Proposals 285 Summary of Learning Outcomes 312


10-2 Preparing Formal Business Reports 291 Chapter Review 313
10-3 Collecting Information Through Primary and Critical Thinking 314
Secondary Research 294 Activities and Cases 315
10-4 Documenting Information 300 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 10 320
10-5 Incorporating Meaningful Visual Aids Editing Challenge 10 321
and Graphics 303 Communication Workshop 322
10-6 Understanding Formal Report
Components 308

Unit 5 Professionalism, Teamwork,

LuckyImages/Shutterstock.com
Meetings, and Speaking
Skills

11 Professionalism at Work: Business Etiquette, Ethics,


Teamwork, and Meetings 326
11-1 Developing Professionalism and Business Summary of Learning Outcomes 350
Etiquette Skills at the Office and Online 326 Chapter Review 351
11-2 Communicating Face-to-Face on the Job 330 Critical Thinking 353
11-3 Following Professional Telephone and Voice Activities and Cases 353
Mail Etiquette 335 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 11 358
11-4 Adding Value to Professional Teams 338 Editing Challenge 11 360
11-5 Planning and Participating in Face-to-Face Communication Workshop 361
and Virtual Meetings 343

12 Business Presentations 362

12-1 Creating Effective Business Summary of Learning Outcomes 384


Presentations 362 Chapter Review 385
12-2 Organizing Content to Connect Critical Thinking 386
With Audiences 365 Activities and Cases 386
12-3 Understanding Contemporary Visual Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 12 392
Aids 371 Editing Challenge 12 394
12-4 Preparing Engaging Multimedia Communication Workshop 395
Presentations 374
12-5 Polishing Your Delivery and Following
Up 380

Contents ix

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Unit 6 Employment

Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com


Communication
13 The Job Search, Résumés, and Cover
Messages 398
13-1 Job Searching in the Digital Age 398 Summary of Learning Outcomes 433
13-2 Developing a Job-Search Strategy Focused on Chapter Review 435
the Open Job Market 402 Critical Thinking 436
13-3 Unlocking the Hidden Job Market Radical Rewrites 436
With Networking 404 Activities and Cases 438
13-4 Customizing Your Résumé 409 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 13 441
13-5 Using Digital Tools to Enhance Your Job Editing Challenge 13 442
Search 421 Communication Workshop 443
13-6 Cover Messages—Do They Still Matter? 425

14 Interviewing and Following Up 444

14-1 Interviewing Effectively in Today’s Critical Thinking 471


Competitive Job Market 444 Radical Rewrites 472
14-2 Before the Interview 448 Activities and Cases 473
14-3 During the Interview 452 Grammar/Mechanics Checkup 14 479
14-4 After the Interview 462 Editing Challenge 14 480
14-5 Preparing Additional Employment Communication Workshop 481
Documents 465

Summary of Learning Outcomes 468


Chapter Review 470

Appendixes
Appendix A Document Format Guide A-1
Appendix B Documentation Formats B-1
Appendix C Correction Symbols and Proofreading Marks C-1
Appendix D Grammar/Mechanics Handbook D-1

End Matter
Notes N-1
Index I-1

x Contents

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Are You Job-Ready?
Employers today often complain that many new graduates are simply not job-ready.
As a matter of fact, writing, communication, and other so-called soft skills consistently
rank high on recruiters’ wish lists. Most students realize this and chose this class to
develop these necessary workplace skills as efficiently and effectively as possible.
Essentials of Business Communication is the tool to make this happen.
This time-honored, tried-and-true text will guide you in developing the job-readiness
you need for the twenty-first century. Essentials highlights best practices and strate-
gies backed by leading-edge research to help you develop professionalism, expert writ-
ing techniques, workplace digital savvy, and the latest job-search and résumé-building
skills.
Yes, you must be literate in all current communication technologies. The good
news is that Essentials effectively addresses best practices for social media as well
as for mobile technology. You will learn how to build credibility online as well as
offline, and understand that writing is central to business success, regardless of the
communication channel. It is a foundational skill. Employers want good writers and
communicators. This is why Essentials continues to provide grammar exercises and
documents for editing and grammar practice that our competitors have abandoned.
You need a diversity of skills beyond tech savvy alone—now more than ever!
Guided by traditional rigor, Essentials of Business Communication addresses
both contemporary student needs as well as those of instructors.

Perfecting Professionalism “I picked this text with its excellent resources for our new Business
The Eleventh Edition emphasizes positive work- Communication class that was added as a core class in the College of
place behavior and clearly demonstrates the Business. All instructors who teach that class use this text. This is the only
course in the university that emphasizes professionalism.”
importance of professionalism. Today’s busi-
Dr. Mary Kiker, Auburn University, Montgomery
nesses desire workers who exhibit strong com-
munication skills and project positive attitudes.
Employers seek team members who can effec-
tively work together to deliver positive results that
ultimately boost profits and bolster the company’s image. Graduates who possess
these highly desirable soft skills excel in today’s challenging job market. In this edi-
tion you will discover how to perfect those traits most valued in today’s competitive,
mobile, and social workplace.

Unprofessional Professional
Uptalk, a singsong speech pattern, making
sentences sound like questions; like used as
Speech Recognizing that your credibility can be
seriously damaged by sounding uneducated,
a filler; go for said; slang; poor grammar and
profanity.
habits crude, or adolescent.

Sloppy messages with incomplete sentences, Messages with subjects, verbs, and punctuation,
misspelled words, exclamation points, IM slang, free from IM abbreviations; messages that are
and mindless chatter. E-mail addresses such as
partyanimal@gmail.com, snugglykitty@icloud.
E-mail concise and spelled correctly even when brief.
E-mail addresses that include a name or a
com, or hotmama@outlook.com. positive, businesslike expression.

Suggestive Twitter handles and user names


that point to an immature, unhealthy lifestyle. Internet, Real name Twitter handles and user names that
don’t sound cute or like chatroom nicknames.
Posts that reveal political, religious, and other
personal leanings. social media Posts in good taste, fit for public consumption.

Voice mail
An outgoing message with strident background An outgoing message that states your name or
music, weird sounds, or a joke message. phone number and provides instructions for
leaving a message.

Soap operas, thunderous music, or a TV football


game playing noisily in the background when you Telephone A quiet background when you answer the
telephone, especially if you are expecting a
answer the phone.
presence prospective employer’s call.

Using electronics during business meetings for


unrelated purposes or during conversations with Cell phones, Turning off phone and message notification,
both audible and vibrate, during meetings;

tablets
fellow employees; raising your voice (cell yell); using your smart devices only for meeting-
forcing others to overhear your calls. related purposes.

Texting
Sending and receiving text messages during Sending appropriate business text messages
meetings, allowing texting to interrupt face-to- only when necessary (perhaps when a
face conversations, or texting when driving. cell phone call would disturb others).

Are You Job-Ready? xi

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Developing Expert Writing Techniques for a
Digital Workplace
Abundant before-and-after documents with descriptive callouts create
a clear road map to perfecting the writing process. These documents
failures (we are no longer using and many mix-ups in the past), Brian revised his
demonstrate how to apply expert writing messagetechniques, as wellhow
to explain constructively asreporting
high- should be handled.
light the critical significance of the revision
Whenprocess.
writing messages that deliver instructions, be careful of tone. Today’s
managers and team leaders seek employee participation and cooperation. These goals
can’t be achieved, though, if the writer sounds like a dictator. Avoid making accusa-
tions and fixing blame. Rather, explain changes, give reasons, and suggest benefits to
the reader. Assume that employees want to contribute to the success of the organiza-
tion and to their own achievement. Notice in the Figure 6.4 revision that Brian tells
readers that they will save time and reduce mix-ups if they follow the new method.

Applying Strategic Writing Plans


6.3 Direct Claims and Complaints
Original business message writing plans, initially
LEaRning
OUtCOME 3
In business, thingscreated
can and doby go author
wrong—promised shipments are late, warrantied Prepare messages that make
Mary Ellen Guffey and expanded in this goods edition, provide
fail, and service efficient
is disappointing. When consumers must lodge a complaint or direct claims and voice
complaints, including online
when they need to identify or correct a wrong, the message is called a claim. Because
step-by-step instructions that enable you to overcome
straightforward claims fear and
are those startyou expect the receiver to agree readily,
to which
posts.

writing quickly and confidently. The Eleventh


use a directEdition
approach, now
as shownoffers ten writing plan.
in the following
sets of writing plans that cover a
variety of business situations. This Direct Claims
signature feature of Essentials is
OPEning: Describe clearly the desired action.
especially important for novice BODy: Explain the claim, tell why it is justified, and provide details
writers who lack business experi- describing the desired action.
ence and composition training. CLOSing: End pleasantly with a goodwill statement, and include an end date
and action request, if appropriate.

Increasingly, consumers resort to telephone calls, they e-mail their claims, or—as
we have seen—they vent their peeves in online posts. Large companies can afford to
Emphasizing Grammar and Writing Fundamentals
employ social media specialists who monitor and respond to comments. However,
small and midsized businesses often have few options other than Google Alerts and
Throughout thelimited
their own text,forays
proven learning
into social features help you review and rebuild vital
networking.
basic grammar This is skills.
why in anIn ageevery
of digital communication,
chapter claims written as letters of Checkups system-
Grammar/Mechanics
complaint still play an important role even as they are being replaced by telephone
calls, e-mails, and social media posts. atically
Depending on review the fundamentals
the circumstances, letters more and are keyed
convincingly establish a record of what happened. Some business communicators
“I really love Essentials of Business Communication
opt for
for my students.
letters they canI’m
to an authoritative and streamlined
either attach to e-mail messages or fax. Regardless of the
Grammar/
always alarmed at how poor their grammar andchannel, skills are, andclaims use aMechanics
writingstraightforward direct approach. Handbook.
Claims that requireEditing
a per- Challenge and
suasive
skillsresponse are presented in Chapter 8.
this is one of the few books that addresses those effectively.” Radical Rewrite exercises also provide innu-
Shawnna Patterson, Chemeketa Community College, Salem Oregon
6-3a Stating a Clear Claim in merable opportunities for you to sharpen your
the Opening
When you, as a consumer, have a legitimate grammar, claim, you can punctuation,
expect a positive response spelling, capitalization,
from a company. Smart businesses want to hear from their customers. They know
that retaining a customer is far less costly andthan writing
recruiting askills new customer. by editing typical business
Open your claim with a compliment, documents.
a point of agreement, a statement of the
problem, a brief review of action you have taken to resolve the problem, or a clear
statement of the action you want. You
grammar/mechanics might
Checkup 4 expect a replacement, a refund, a new
order, credit to your account, correction of a billing error, free repairs, or cancella-
tion of an order. Whenand
Adjectives theAdverbs
remedy is obvious, state it immediately (Please correct an
erroneous double charge
Review Sections of 1.17
1.16 and $59 toGrammar/Mechanics
of the my credit card forThen
Handbook. Laplink migration
select the correct software.
form to complete each of the
following statements. Record the appropriate G/M section and letter to illustrate the principle involved. When you finish,
I accidentallycompare
clicked the Submit
your responses with those button twice).
provided at the bottom of the page. If your answers differ, study carefully the principles
shown in parentheses.
Chapter 6: Positive and Neutral Messages 159
b (1.17e)
ExamplE Surprisingly, most of the (a) twenty year old, (b) twenty-year-old equipment is
still working.
1. The newly opened restaurant offered many (a) tried and true, (b) tried-and-true menu items.

2. Although purchased twenty years ago, the equipment still looked (a) brightly, (b) bright.

3. The committee sought a (a) cost-effective, (b) cost effective solution to the continuing problem.

4. How is the Shazam app able to process a song so (a) quick, (b) quickly?
86494_ch06_hr_150-185.indd 159 9/5/17 7:51 PM
5. Of the two plans, which is (a) more, (b) most comprehensive?

6. Employees may submit only (a) work-related, (b) work related expenses to be reimbursed.

7. Amy and Marusia said that they’re planning to open (a) there, (b) their own business next year.

8. Haven’t you ever made a (a) spur of the moment, (b) spur-of-the-moment decision?

9. Not all decisions that are made on the (a) spur of the moment, (b) spur-of-the-moment turn out
badly.

10. The committee offered a (a) well-thought-out, (b) well thought out plan to revamp online
registration.

11. You must complete a (a) change of address, (b) change-of-address form when you move.

12. Employment figures may get (a) worse, (b) worst before they get better.

13. I could be more efficient if my printer were (a) more nearer, (b) nearer my computer.

14. Naturally, our team members felt (a) bad, (b) badly when our project was canceled.

15. The truck’s engine is certainly running (a) smooth, (b) smoothly after its tune-up.

13. b (1.17b) 14. a (1.17c) 15. b (1.17d)


1. b (1.17e) 2. b (1.17c) 3. a (1.17e) 4. b (1.17d) 5. a (1.16) 6. a (1.17e) 7. b (1.17g) 8. b (1.17e) 9. a (1.17e) 10. a (1.17e) 11. b (1.17e) 12. a (1.16)

xii Are You Job-Ready?

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Learning Workplace Best Practices
Most students arrive in the classroom with some work Getting Started Replying Observing Etiquette Closing Effectively
experience and technology skills, but many are not aware of • Don’t write in another • Scan all e-mails, especially • Obtain approval before • End with due dates, next
channel—such as IM, those from the same forwarding. steps to be taken, or a
what businesses expect of them when they use digital tools. social media, or a phone
call—might work better.
person. Answer within 24
hours or say when you will.
• Soften the tone by including
a friendly opening and
friendly remark.
• Add your full contact

The Eleventh Edition provides comprehensive guidance in


• Send only content you • Change the subject line if closing. information including social
would want to be the topic changes. Check • Resist humor and sarcasm. media addresses.
published. the threaded messages Absent facial expression • Edit your text for readability.

the professional use of e-mail, texting, instant messaging, • Write compelling subject
lines, possibly with
names and dates:
below yours.
• Practice down-editing;
include only the parts from
and tone of voice, humor
can be misunderstood.
• Avoid writing in all caps,
Proofread for typos or
unwanted auto-corrections.
• Double-check before hitting

blogging, and social media. You will master best practices Jake: Can You Present at
January 10 Staff Meeting?
the incoming e-mail
to which you are
which is like SHOUTING. Send.

responding.
that clearly demonstrate how to avoid damaging your • Start with the main idea.
• Use headings and lists.

career or hurting your employers’ reputation with careless


online behavior.

Developing Digital Skills


Regardless of the communication channel, writing proficiency is a
must in a workplace dominated by mobile technology and social
media. Technology and writing skills go hand in hand in today’s
professional environment of success. For this reason, Essentials
provides how-to instructions and best practices for today’s digital
workplace while also emphasizing good writing and professional-
ism. This focus is rooted in the belief that today’s communicators
and their skills are on display 24/7. Credibility takes significant
time to build but is easy to lose in an instant.

Writing a Captivating Blog Using Digital Media Like a Pro:


Dos and Don’ts
Applying the Five Journalistic Ws to Blogs

Big Idea First DON’TS


Avoid questionable Know workplace policies
Who? What? When? Why? How? content, personal
documents,
DOs and use media only for
work-related purposes
and file sharing
Key Facts
Explanations Don’t spread rumors, gossip, and negative Learn your company’s rules. Some companies require workers
• defamatory comments. Because all digital information to sign that they have read and understand Internet and digital
Evidence Fact check.
is subject to discovery in court, avoid unprofessional media use policies. Being informed is your best protection.
• Earn your readers’ trust.
Examples content and conduct, including complaints about your
• Credit your sources. Avoid sending personal e-mail, instant messages, or texts
Background employer, customers, and employees.
• Apply the inverted pyramid. from work. Even if your company allows personal use during
Details • Edit, edit, edit. Don’t download and share cartoons, video clips, lunch or after hours, keep it to a minimum. Better yet, wait to
• Proof, proof, proof. photos, and art. Businesses are liable for any recorded use your own electronic devices away from work.
digital content regardless of the medium used.
Separate work and personal data. Keep information that
Don’t open unfamiliar attachments. Attachments could embarrass you or expose you to legal liability on your
with executable files or video files may carry viruses, personal storage devices, on hard drives, or in the cloud, never
spyware, or other malware (malicious programs). on your office computer.

Don’t download free software and utilities to Be careful when blogging, tweeting, or posting on social
company machines. Employees can unwittingly networking sites. Unhappy about not receiving a tip, a Beverly
introduce viruses, phishing schemes, and other Hills waiter lost his job for tweeting disparaging remarks about
cyber bugs. an actress. Forgetting that his boss was his Facebook friend, a
British employee was fired after posting, “OMG, I HATE MY
Don’t store your music and photos on a company JOB!” and calling his supervisor names.
machine (or server) and don’t watch streaming
videos. Capturing precious company bandwidth for Keep sensitive information private. Use privacy settings, but
personal use is a sure way to be shown the door. don’t trust the “private” areas on Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, and
other social networks.
Don’t share files, and avoid file-sharing services.
Clarify whether you may use Google Docs and other Avoid pornography, sexually explicit jokes, or inappropriate
services that offer optional file sharing. Stay away from screen savers. Anything that might poison the work
distributors or pirated files such as LimeWare. environment is a harassment risk and, therefore, prohibited.

Are You Job-Ready? xiii

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Establish your credibility. Consider the reach and permanence of posts. Writing Online Reviews and Complaints
• Zero in on your objective and make your comment • Know that your review may be posted indefinitely,
as concise as possible.
• Focus only on the facts and be able to support
even if you change your mind and modify a post later.
• Be open; even anonymous comments can be tracked
Social media posts have a way of ending up in the wrong
them. down. Privacy policies do not protect writers from
subpoenas. hands, making vicious complainers seem irrational. In this
edition you learn to write well-considered private social
Check posting rules. Accept offers to help.
media messages as well as professional responses that
• Understand what’s allowed by reading the terms • Reply if a business offers to help or discuss the
and conditions on the site. problem; update your original post as necessary. increase the credibility and reputation of employers.
• Keep your complaint clean, polite, and to the point.

Provide balanced reviews. Refuse payment for favorable critiques.


• To be fair, offset criticism with positives to show • Never accept payment to change your opinion or
that you are a legitimate consumer. your account of the facts.
• Suggest improvements even in glowing reviews; • Comply with requests for a review if you are a
all-out gushing is suspicious and not helpful. satisfied customer.

Finding a Job in Today’s “I was blown away by the exceptional personal service from the author.
Challenging Job Market All of the Guffey supplementary materials are unbelievably helpful. This
is one author who works hard to make me look good in my classes.”
One of the most important chapters in the book, Staci Groeschell, South Puget Sound Community College, Olympia,
Washington
Chapter 13 updates you on the latest trends,
technologies, and practices affecting today’s job
search, résumés, and cover letters. Thorough revi-
sions will prepare you for a labor market that is
more competitive, more social, more mobile, and
more dependent on technology than ever before. Mobile technologies are on the rise.
You will learn how to network, employ current Candidates use apps to apply for jobs, and recruiters use mobile devices

technologies, build your own brand, and prepare to post jobs, contact candidates, and forward résumés to colleagues.

Networking— it’s whom you know.


an effective LinkedIn profile. Many annotated Recruiters say their best job candidates come from referrals. Now, more
résumé models will guide you in creating and than ever, you need to be proactive in making professional connections.

sending customized résumés that appeal to both Communication and interpersonal skills are in high demand.

applicant tracking systems and human readers.


Sales and marketing careers are booming, and these careers demand
writing, speaking, and team skills.

Social media presence is a must.


Essentials of Business Communication, 11E helps Those who haven’t developed a social media presence may be left in

ensure that you will have the finely honed writing the dust.

It’s all digital.


and communication skills and contemporary Today candidates e-mail their résumés, post them to Internet job

digital understanding for exceptional job success. boards, or publish them on their own Web pages.

Résumés must please scanners and skimmers.

Overwhelmed with candidates, recruiters hurriedly skim résumés


preselected by scanning devices.

Conducting a Successful Job Search


Develop a Create a
Analyze Know the
Job-Search Customized
Yourself Hiring Process
Strategy Résumé

▪ Identify your interests ▪ Search the open job market. ▪ Choose a résumé style. ▪ Submit a résumé,
and goals. ▪ Pursue the hidden job market. ▪ Organize your info concisely. application, or e-portfolio.
▪ Assess your qualifications. ▪ Cultivate your online presence. ▪ Tailor your résumé to each ▪ Undergo screening and
▪ Explore career ▪ Build your personal brand. position. hiring interviews.
opportunities. ▪ Network, network, network! ▪ Optimize for digital ▪ Accept an offer or reevaluate
technology. your progress.

xiv Are You Job-Ready?

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Developing Your Own Brand Using LinkedIn to Land a Job

Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com;


4 Ways for Grads to Stand Out

BRA
ND
Branding You
MY

BR A
Y

John Smith Design/Shutterstock.com


ND
M
BR A
Y

ND
M
Create your

Courtesy of Linkedln
own tagline.
Briefly describe what Build a powerful
distinguishes you, such online presence.
as Talented at the Internet; Distribute a Prepare a strong LinkedIn
Working harder, smarter; business card. profile dictating what comes
Super student, super worker;
Love everything digital;
Include your name, tagline, and Prepare an up when people Google
Ready for a challenge;
an easy-to-remember e-mail elevator speech. your name. Consider adding
address. If you feel comfortable, Facebook and Twitter profile
Enthusiasm plus fresh skills. In 60 seconds, you need to be able pages. Be sure all sites promote
include a professional headshot
to describe who you are and what your brand positively.
photo. Distribute it at all
problems your skills can solve. Tweak
opportunities.
your speech for your audience, and
practice until it feels natural.

Making a Career E-Portfolio

How to make
Why create a and publish it?
career e-portfolio? ▪ Use a portfolio or blog template.
▪ Design your own website.
▪ Demonstrate your technology skills.
▪ Host at a university or private site.
▪ Support and extend your résumé.
▪ Publish its URL in your résumé
▪ Present yourself in a lively format.
▪ Make data instantly accessible.
What goes in it? and elsewhere.

▪ Target a specific job. ▪ Relevant course work


▪ Updated résumé, cover message
▪ Real work examples
▪ Recommendations
▪ Images, links, or whatever
showcases your skills

Why Are Instructors Such Great Fans of Essentials


of Business Communication?
In Their Words. . .
“As an experienced instructor teaching business communication for the
first time, I want to praise the layout and clear instructions provided for
Essentials of Business Communication. Getting to know a textbook
usually takes a lot of time, but I read the Instructor’s Manual, and it
helped me prepare quickly for my class and get me up to speed—without
having to spend valuable time learning how to present the material.
The ‘how-to’ instructions for Essentials of Business Communication gave
me a comfort level that would otherwise have taken several semesters.”
Danielle Shaker, Naugatuck Valley Community College and Post
University, Waterbury, CT

“One year I decided to try a business communication textbook from “I am astounded at the resources for the instructor. Last quarter, I had to
another publisher, but I immediately returned to the Guffey text this create the examples and documents for revision and business scenarios
year. The quality of the content and support resources for Essentials of for document creation. Thanks for allowing me to spend time on
Business Communication just can’t be matched.” planning and instruction rather than on creating quizzes, tests,
Laurie Johnson, Manhattan Area Technical College, Manhattan, worksheets, and PowerPoint presentations.”
Kansas Beverly Miller, Miller-Motte Technical College, Lynchburg, VA

Are You Job-Ready? xv

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Appreciation for Support

No successful textbook reaches a No. 1 position without a great deal of help. We are exceedingly grateful to the
reviewers and other experts who contributed their pedagogic and academic expertise in shaping the many edi-
tions of Essentials of Business Communication.
We extend sincere thanks to outstanding professionals at Cengage Learning, including Erin Joyner, senior vice
president, Higher Education; Michael Schenk, vice president, Product Management; Heather Mooney, product
manager, Business Communication; John Rich, content development manager; Eric Wagner, marketing manager;
Bethany Bourgeois, senior art director; and Kim Kusnerak, senior content project manager. We are also grateful
to Crystal Bullen, DPS Associates, who ensured premier quality and excellent accuracy throughout the publishing
process. Our very special thanks go to Bethany Sexton, content developer, for her meticulous planning, project
management, and always-helpful assistance.
For their expertise in creating superior instructor and student support materials, our thanks go to Jane Flesher,
Chippewa Valley Technical College; Carol Hart, Columbus State Community College; Nicole Adams, University
of Dayton; Janet Mizrahi, University of California, Santa Barbara; Kathleen Bent, Cape Cod Community College;
Susan Schanne, Eastern Michigan University; and Thanakorn Kooptaporn, California State University, Fullerton.

Heartfelt Thanks to Recent Reviewers


We are especially grateful to the following instructors who offered significant relevant suggestions from their
hands-on classroom experience in teaching from Essentials of Business Communication:
Penny A. Braboy Westelle Florez Judy A. Reiman
Thomas More College Harris-Stowe State University Columbia College

Susan M. Campbell Laurie J. Johnson Daniel Schlittner


Arkansas Tech University Manhattan Area Technical College Phoenix Community College

Alma Cervantes Diana Macdonald Amy Weaver


Skyline College Uintah Basin Applied Technology College Potomac State College

Debbie Cook Patti McMann


Utah State University Klamath Community College

Sincere Appreciation to Previous Reviewers


We continue to celebrate and remember the following reviewers who over the years have contributed their exper-
tise in helping create a remarkably successful textbook:
Faridah Awang Karen Bounds Therese Butler
Eastern Kentucky University Boise State University Long Beach City College

Joyce M. Barnes Daniel Brown Derrick Cameron


Texas A & M University, Corpus Christi University of South Florida Vance-Granville Community College

Patricia Beagle Cheryl S. Byrne Brennan Carr


Bryant & Stratton Business Institute Washtenaw Community College Long Beach City College

Nancy C. Bell Jean Bush-Bacelis Steven V. Cates


Wayne Community College Eastern Michigan University Averett University

Ray D. Bernardi Mary Y. Bowers Irene Z. Church


Morehead State University Northern Arizona University Muskegon Community College

xvi Appreciation for Support

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Lise H. Diez-Arguelles Susan E. Hall Karen Kendrick
Florida State University University of West Georgia Nashville State Community College

Dee Anne Dill April Halliday Lydia Keuser


Dekalb Technical Institute Georgia Piedmont Technical College San Jose City College

Dawn Dittman Tracey M. Harrison Linda Kissler


Dakota State University Mississippi College Westmoreland County Community College

Elizabeth Donnelly-Johnson Debra Hawhee Deborah Kitchin


Muskegon Community College University of Illinois City College of San Francisco

Jeanette Dostourian L. P. Helstrom Frances Kranz


Cypress College Rochester Community College Oakland University

Nancy J. Dubino Jack Hensen Keith Kroll


Greenfield Community College Morehead State University Kalamazoo Valley Community College

Donna N. Dunn Rovena L. Hillsman Rose Marie Kuceyeski


Beaufort County Community College California State University, Sacramento Owens Community College

Cecile Earle Karen A. Holtkamp Richard B. Larsen


Heald College Xavier University Francis Marion University

Valerie Evans Michael Hricik Mary E. Leslie


Cuesta College Westmoreland County Community College Grossmont College

Bartlett J. Finney Jodi Hoyt Ruth E. Levy


Park University Southeast Technical Institute Westchester Community College

Pat Fountain Sandie Idziak Gary R. Lewis


Coastal Carolina Community College University of Texas, Arlington Southwest Florida College

Marlene Friederich Karin Jacobson Maryann Egan Longhi


New Mexico State University, Carlsbad University of Montana Dutchess Community College

Christine Foster Bonnie Jeffers Nedra Lowe


Grand Rapids Community College Mt. San Antonio College Marshall University

JoAnn Foth Edna Jellesed Elaine Lux


Milwaukee Area Technical College Lane Community College Nyack College

Gail Garton Jane Johansen Elizabeth MacDonald


Ozarks Technical Community College University of Southern Indiana Arizona State University

Nanette Clinch Gilson Pamela R. Johnson Margarita Maestas-Flores


San Jose State University California State University, Chico Evergreen Valley College

Robert Goldberg Edwina Jordan Jane Mangrum


Prince George’s Community College Illinois Central College Miami-Dade Community College

Margaret E. Gorman Sheryl E. C. Joshua Maria Manninen


Cayuga Community College University of North Carolina, Greensboro Delta College

Judith Graham Diana K. Kanoy Tim March


Holyoke Community College Central Florida Community College Kaskaskia College

Lauren Gregory Ron Kapper Paula Marchese


South Plains College College of DuPage State University of New York, Brockport

Bruce E. Guttman Jan Kehm Tish Matuszek


Katharine Gibbs School, Melville, New York Spartanburg Community College Troy University Montgomery

Appreciation for Support xvii

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Kenneth R. Mayer Susan Peterson Nicholas Spina
Cleveland State University Scottsdale Community College Central Connecticut State University

Victoria McCrady Kay D. Powell Marilyn St. Clair


University of Texas at Dallas Abraham Baldwin College Weatherford College

Karen McFarland Jeanette Purdy Judy Sunayama


Salt Lake Community College Mercer County College Los Medanos College

Pat McGee Carolyn A. Quantrille Dana H. Swensen


Southeast Technical Institute Spokane Falls Community College Utah State University

Bonnie Miller Susan Randles James A. Swindling


Los Medanos College Vatterott College Eastfield College

Mary C. Miller Diana Reep David A. Tajerstein


Ashland University University of Akron SYRIT College

Willie Minor Ruth D. Richardson Marilyn Theissman


University of North Alabama
Phoenix College Rochester Community College
Carlita Robertson
Nancy Moody Zorica Wacker
Northern Oklahoma College
Sinclair Community College Bellevue College
Vilera Rood
Suman Mudunuri Concordia College
Lois A. Wagner
Long Beach City College Southwest Wisconsin Technical College
Rich Rudolph
Nancy Mulder Drexel University Linda Weavil
Grand Rapids Junior College Elan College
Rachel Rutledge
Paul W. Murphey Carteret Community College William Wells
Southwest Wisconsin Technical College Lima Technical College
Joanne Salas
Nan Nelson Olympic College Gerard Weykamp
University of Arkansas Phillips Community Grand Rapids Community College
College Rose Ann Scala
Data Institute School of Business Beverly Wickersham
Lisa Nieman Central Texas College
Indiana Wesleyan University Joseph Schaffner
SUNY College of Technology, Alfred Leopold Wilkins
Jackie Ohlson Anson Community College
University of Alaska, Anchorage James Calvert Scott
Utah State University Anna Williams
Richard D. Parker College of Central Florida, Ocala
Western Kentucky University Laurie Shapero
Miami-Dade Community College Charlotte Williams
Martha Payne Jones County Junior College
Grayson County College Lance Shaw
Blake Business School Donald Williams
Catherine Peck Feather River College
Chippewa Valley Technical College Cinda Skelton
Central Texas College Janice Willis
Carol Pemberton College of San Mateo
Normandale Community College Estelle Slootmaker
Aquinas College Almeda Wilmarth
Carl Perrin State University of New York, Delhi
Margaret Smallwood
Casco Bay College
The University of Texas at Dallas Barbara Young
Jan Peterson Skyline College
Clara Smith
Anoka-Hennepin Technical College
North Seattle Community College

xviii Appreciation for Support

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
Dr. Mary Ellen Guffey Dr. Dana Loewy
A dedicated professional, Dana Loewy taught
Mary Ellen Guffey has business communica-
taught business com- tion at California State
munication and busi- University, Fullerton for
ness English topics for nineteen years. Previ-
over thirty-five years. ously, she also worked as
She received a bachelor’s a composition instructor
degree, summa cum at various Los Angeles

Dana Loewy
laude, from Bowling area community colleges,
MaryEllen

Green State University; a thus reaching a solid


master’s degree from the quarter century of com-
University of Illinois, and bined experience teaching writing. Dr. Loewy has
a doctorate in business and economic education from also lectured abroad, for example, at Fachhochschule
the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She Nürtingen, Germany. Having earned a PhD from the
has taught at the University of Illinois, Santa Monica University of Southern California in English with a
College, and Los Angeles Pierce College. focus on translation, she is a well-published free-
Now recognized as the world’s leading business lance translator, interpreter, and textbook author.
communication textbook author, Dr. Guffey cor- Dr. Loewy has collaborated with Dr. Guffey on
responds with instructors around the globe who are recent editions of Business Communication: Pro-
using her books. She is the founding author of the cess & Product as well as on Essentials of Business
award-winning Business Communication: Process Communication.
and Product, the leading business communication text- Fluent in several languages, among them German
book in this country. She also wrote Business English, and Czech, her two native languages, Dr. Loewy has
which serves more students than any other book in its authored critical articles in many areas of interest—
field; Essentials of College English; and Essentials of literary criticism, translation, business communica-
Business Communication, the leading text/workbook tion, and business ethics. Active in the Association for
in its market. Dr. Guffey is active professionally, serv- Business Communication, Dr. Loewy is now focus-
ing on the review boards of the Business and Profes- ing on her consulting practice. Most recently she has
sional Communication Quarterly and the Journal of advised a German bank and a California-based non-
Business Communication, publications of the Associa- profit organization on communication strategy and
tion for Business Communication. She participates in effective writing techniques. Dana is also a business
national meetings, sponsors business communication etiquette consultant certified by The Protocol School
awards, and is committed to promoting excellence in of Washington.
business communication pedagogy and the develop-
ment of student writing skills.

About the Authors xix

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
1
Business
­Communication
in the Digital Age
Chapter 1
Succeeding in the
Social and Mobile
Workplace

kined/Shutterstock.com
Pla2na/Shutterstock.com

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Succeeding in the Social
and Mobile Workplace
Chapter

1
Learning Outcomes
After studying this chapter,
you should be able to do
the following:

1 Describe how strong


communication skills will
improve your career out-
look, strengthen your credi-
bility, and help you succeed
in today’s competitive digi-
tal age marketplace.

2 Confront barriers to
effective listening, and start
building your listening skills.

3 Explain the features of

Robert Churchill/Getty Images


nonverbal communication,
and recognize the impor-
tance of improving your non-
verbal communication skills.

4 Name five common


dimensions of culture, and
understand how culture influ-
ences communication and
the use of social media and 1-1 Mastering the Tools for Success in the
communication technology.
Twenty-First-Century Workplace
5 Discuss strategies that
help communicators over- What kind of workplace will you enter when you graduate, and which skills will you
come negative cultural need to be successful in it? Expect a fast-paced, competitive, and highly connected
attitudes and prevent digital environment. Communication technology provides unmatched mobility and
miscommunication in
today’s diverse, mobile,
connects individuals anytime and anywhere in the world. Today’s communicators
­social-media-driven interact using multiple mobile electronic devices and access information stored
workplace. in remote locations, in the cloud. This mobility and instant access explain why
2 Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social
Chapter
and Mobile
XX: Lorem
Workplace
Ipsum

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
increasing numbers of workers must be available practically around the clock and
must respond quickly. Your communication skills will always be on display and will
determine your credibility.
Learning
Outcome
Describe how strong
1
This first chapter presents an overview of communication in business today. It communication skills will
addresses the contemporary workplace, listening skills, nonverbal communication, improve your career outlook,
strengthen your credibility,
the cultural dimensions of communication, and intercultural job skills. The remain-
and help you succeed in
der of the book is devoted to developing specific writing and speaking skills. today’s competitive digital
age marketplace.
1-1a Strong Communication Skills: Your Key to Success
Effective writing skills can be a stepping-stone to great job opportunities; poorly
developed writing skills, on the other hand, will derail a career. When competition is
fierce, superior communication skills will give you an edge over other job applicants.
In survey after survey, recruiters place communication high on their wish lists.1 In
one recent study, employers ranked writing and oral communication among the
five top attributes in job seekers, after teamwork and problem-solving skills.2 Your
ability to communicate is a powerful “career sifter.”3 Strong communication skills
will make you marketable even in a challenging economic climate.
Perhaps you are already working or will soon apply for your first job. How do your
skills measure up? The good news is that you can learn effective communication. This
textbook and this course can immediately improve your communication skills. Because
the skills you are learning will make a huge difference in your ability to find a job and “Communicating
to be promoted, this will be one of the most important courses you will ever take. clearly and effectively
has NEVER been more
1-1b The Digital Revolution: Why Communication Skills important than it is
Matter More Than Ever today. Whether it’s fair
or not, life-changing
Since information technology, mobile devices, and social media have transformed critical judgments
the workplace, people in today’s workforce communicate more, not less. Thanks to about you are being
technology, messages travel instantly to distant locations, reaching potentially huge made based solely on
audiences. Work team members can collaborate across vast distances. Moreover, your writing ability.”4
social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. In such a hyper-
Victor Urbach,
connected world, writing matters more than ever. Digital media require “much more management consultant
than the traditional literacy of yesterday,” and workers’ skills are always on display.5
As a result, employers seek employees with a broader range of skills and higher
levels of knowledge in their field than in the past; hiring standards are increas-
ing.6 Educators are discussing “essential fluencies”—twenty-first-century skills that Note: Small superscript
include analytical thinking, teamwork, and multimedia-savvy communication.7 Pew numbers in the text announce
Research found that 90 percent of the Americans polled consider communication the information sources. Full
No. 1 skill for a successful life.8 Billionaire entrepreneur Richard Branson concurs, citations are near the end
of the book. This edition
calling communication “the most important skill any leader can possess.”9 Further-
uses a modified American
more, jobs relying heavily on people skills such as communication are less likely to Psychological Association
be killed by automation and will offer the most opportunities in the future.10 (APA) reference format.
Skills Gap. Unfortunately, a great number of workers can’t deliver. More than half
of the respondents in an employer survey criticized applicants for their lack of com-
munication, interpersonal, and writing skills. Staffing company Adecco reported
that 44 percent of its respondents cited a similar skills gap.11 Recruiters agree that
regardless of the workplace media used, “the ability to communicate an idea, with
force and clarity” and with a unique voice is sorely needed.12 In a PayScale study,
44 percent of bosses felt new graduates lacked writing skills as well as critical-
thinking and problem-solving skills (60 percent).13
Communication and Employability. Not surprisingly, many job listings require
excellent oral and written communication skills. An analysis of 2.3 million LinkedIn
profiles revealed that oral and written communication skills were by a large margin
the top skill set sought, followed by organization, teamwork, and punctuality.14 In
Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace 3

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
addition, as you will learn in later chapters, recruiters will closely examine your
online persona to learn about your communication skills and professionalism. Natu-
rally, they will not hire candidates who write poorly or post inappropriate content.15
Your reputation and personal credibility are vital assets you must guard.
Techies Write Too. Even in technical fields such as accounting and information
technology, you will need strong communication skills. A researcher suggests that
“The days of being able to plug away in isolation on a quantitative problem and
be paid well for it are increasingly over.”16 In an economy relying on innovation,
generating ideas isn’t enough; they must be communicated clearly, often in writing.17
A recruiter in the high-tech industry explains, “Communication is KEY. You can
have all the financial tools, but if you can’t communicate your point clearly, none
of it will matter.”18 A poll of nearly 600 employers showed that they are looking
for “communicators with a capital C,” people who offer superb speaking, writing,
listening, presentation, persuasion, and negotiation skills.19
Writing Is in Your Future. Regardless of career choice, you will probably be send-
ing many digital messages, such as the e-mail shown in Figure 1.1. Because electronic
mail and other digital media have become important channels of communication

Figure 1.1 Businesslike, Professional E-Mail Message

Send Options... HTML

To: Customer Service Improvement Team Uses precise sub-


ject line to convey
From: Samuel D. Hidalgo <sam.hidalgo@tekmagik–services.com> key information
Subject: Social Media Strategy Meeting: Wednesday, February 7 quickly
Starts with casual To:
greeting to express
From:
friendliness Hi, Team,
Date:
Subject:
As recommended at our last meeting, I have scheduled an e-marketing and social Announces most
media specialist to speak to us about improving our social media responses. Social important idea first
media consultant Alexis Johnston, founder of Apexx Marketing Solutions, has agreed with minimal back-
to discuss ways to turn our social media presence into a competitive advantage. ground information
Mark your calendars for the following:

Sets off meeting Social Media Strategy Meeting


information for easy Wednesday, February 7, 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.
recognition and Conference Room
retrieval
In previous meetings our team acknowledged that customers are increasingly turning
to our website, blogs, and Facebook pages to locate information, seek support, and
connect with us. However, we are experiencing problems in responding quickly
and effectively. Ms. Johnston promises to address these concerns. She will also tell
us whether we need to establish a presence in additional social media networks.
Ms. Johnston will help us decide whether we should hire an in-house social media
manager or pay for an external service. To make this meeting most productive, she Provides details
asks that each team member submit at least three questions or problem areas for about meeting with
discussion. transition to action
Bullets action requests
requests and places Action Requests:
them near message
end where readers • Please send three discussion questions to Alan (alan.wong@tekmagik-services Closes by telling
expect to find them .com) by February 2 at 5 p.m. so that he can relay them to Ms. Johnston. where to find addi-
tional information;
• Because we will be ordering box lunches for this meeting, please make your also expresses
Because this doc- selection on the intranet before February 2. appreciation
ument shows an
internal e-mail, a full If you have any questions, drop by my office or send a note. Thanks for your continued
signature block is efforts to improve our customer service!
not necessary. Co-
workers tend to be Sam
connected on the
same e-mail system Samuel D. Hidalgo
and can easily find Director, Customer Service
one another. E-mails
to external audiences
require a signature
block with full
contact information.

4 Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
in today’s workplace, all digital business messages must be clear, concise, and pro-
fessional. Notice that the message in Figure 1.1 is more businesslike and more pro-
fessional than the quick text or e-mail you might send socially. Learning to write
professional digital messages will be an important part of this course.

1-1c What Employers Want: Professionalism


Your future employer will expect you to show professionalism and possess what
are often referred to as soft skills in addition to your technical knowledge. Soft
skills are essential career attributes that include the ability to communicate clearly,
get along with coworkers, solve problems, and take initiative.20 A PayScale study
found that employers considered writing proficiency an indispensable hard skill.21
In a Wall Street Journal survey of nearly 900 executives, 92 percent said that soft “In a survey conducted
skills are equally important or more important than technical skills. As a tech sector by PwC, CEOs cited
recruiter put it, “Communications, teamwork, and interpersonal skills are critical—­ ‘­curiosity’ and ‘open-
mindedness’ as traits
everything we do involves working with other people.”22
that are becoming
Not every job seeker is aware of the employer’s expectations. Some new-hires
increasingly critical.
have no idea that excessive absenteeism or tardiness is grounds for termination. Oth-
Today’s star employees
ers are surprised to learn that they are expected to devote their full attention to their
need the full package:
duties when on the job. One frustrated Washington, D.C., restaurateur advertised for
hard or technical skills
workers with “common sense.” She said “I can teach somebody how to cook soup.
backed up with soft skills
But it’s hard to teach someone normal manners, or what you consider work ethic.”23
and emotional intel-
Projecting and maintaining a professional image can make a real difference in ligence. It isn’t enough
helping you obtain the job of your dreams. Once you get that job, you are more likely to say you’re good with
to be taken seriously and promoted if you look and sound professional. Don’t send people, a resume catch-
the wrong message and risk losing your credibility with unwitting and unprofes- phrase that’s become
sional behavior. Figure 1.2 reviews areas you will want to check to be sure you are empty jargon.”24
projecting professionalism. You will learn more about soft skills and professionalism
Dennis Yang, chief executive
in Chapter 11. The Communication Workshop at the end of this chapter will help officer of Udemy
you explore your future career and the need for soft skills.

1-1d How Your Education May Determine Your Income


As college tuition rises steeply and student debt mounts, you may wonder whether
going to college is worthwhile. Yet the effort and money you invest in earning your
college degree will most likely pay off. College graduates earn more, suffer less
unemployment, and can choose from a wider variety of career options than workers
without a college education. Moreover, college graduates have access to the highest-
paying and fastest-growing careers, many of which require a degree.25 As Figure 1.3
shows, graduates with bachelor’s degrees earn nearly three times as much as high
school dropouts and are almost four times less likely to be unemployed.26
Writing is one aspect of education that is particularly well rewarded. One corpo-
rate president explained that many people climbing the corporate ladder are good.
When he faced a hard choice between candidates, he used writing ability as the
deciding factor. He said that sometimes writing is the only skill that separates a
candidate from the competition. A survey of employers confirms that soft skills
such as communication ability can tip the scales in favor of one job applicant over
another.27 Your ticket to winning in a competitive job market and launching a suc-
cessful career is good communication skills.

1-1e Confronting the Challenges of the Information


Age Workplace
The workplace is changing profoundly and rapidly. As a businessperson and as a
business communicator, you will be affected by many trends, including communica-
tion technologies such as social media, expectations of around-the-clock availability,
and team projects. Other trends include flattened management hierarchies, global
Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace 5

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Figure 1.2 Projecting Professionalism When You Communicate

Unprofessional Professional
Uptalk, a singsong speech pattern, making
sentences sound like questions; like used as
Speech Recognizing that your credibility can be
seriously damaged by sounding uneducated,
a filler; go for said; slang; poor grammar and
profanity.
habits crude, or adolescent.

Sloppy messages with incomplete sentences, Messages with subjects, verbs, and punctuation,
misspelled words, exclamation points, IM slang, free from IM abbreviations; messages that are
and mindless chatter. E-mail addresses such as
partyanimal@gmail.com, snugglykitty@icloud.
E-mail concise and spelled correctly even when brief.
E-mail addresses that include a name or a
com, or hotmama@outlook.com. positive, businesslike expression.

Suggestive Twitter handles and user names


that point to an immature, unhealthy lifestyle. Internet, Real name Twitter handles and user names that
don’t sound cute or like chatroom nicknames.
Posts that reveal political, religious, and other
personal leanings. social media Posts in good taste, fit for public consumption.

Voice mail
An outgoing message with strident background An outgoing message that states your name or
music, weird sounds, or a joke message. phone number and provides instructions for
leaving a message.

Soap operas, thunderous music, or a TV football


game playing noisily in the background when you Telephone A quiet background when you answer the
telephone, especially if you are expecting a
answer the phone.
presence prospective employer’s call.

Using electronics during business meetings for


unrelated purposes or during conversations with Cell phones, Turning off phone and message notification,
both audible and vibrate, during meetings;

tablets
fellow employees; raising your voice (cell yell); using your smart devices only for meeting-
forcing others to overhear your calls. related purposes.

Texting
Sending and receiving text messages during Sending appropriate business text messages
meetings, allowing texting to interrupt face-to- only when necessary (perhaps when a
face conversations, or texting when driving. cell phone call would disturb others).

competition, and a renewed emphasis on ethics. The following overview reveals


how communication skills are closely tied to your success in a constantly evolving
networked workplace.
▪▪ Social media and changing communication technologies. New communica-
tion technology is dramatically affecting the way workers interact. In our
always-connected world, businesses exchange information by e-mail, instant
messaging, text messaging, voice mail, powerful laptop computers, netbooks,
and smartphones as well as other mobile devices. Satellite communications,
wireless networking, teleconferencing, and videoconferencing help workers
conduct meetings with associates around the world. Social media sites such as
­Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube as well as blogs, wikis, forums,
and peer-to-peer tools help businesspeople collect information, serve customers,
6 Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Figure 1.3 The Education Bonus: Higher Income, Lower Unemployment

Education Median Weekly Earnings Unemployment Rate

Source: U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor


Statistics. (2016, February 5). Employment Projections:
Earnings and unemployment rates by educational
High school dropout $ 493 8.0%

High school diploma 678 5.4%

attainment. Current population survey.


Some college, no degree 738 5.0%

Associate’s degree 798 3.8%

Bachelor’s degree or higher 1,458 2.1%


(average)

and sell products and services. Figure 1.4 illustrates many technologies you will
encounter in today’s workplace.
▪▪ Anytime, anywhere availability and nonterritorial offices. High-speed and wire-
less Internet access has freed millions of workers from nine-to-five jobs in brick-
and-mortar offices. Flexible working arrangements allow them to work at home
or on the road. Meet the work shifter, a telecommuter or teleworker who largely
remains outside the territorial office. The anytime, anywhere office the work
shifter needs requires only a smart mobile device and a wireless connection.28 If
the self-employed are factored in, teleworkers now represent almost 30 percent of
the U.S. working adult population.29 To save on office real estate, some industries
provide “nonterritorial” workspaces, or “hot desks.” The first to arrive gets the
best desk and the corner window.30 At the same time, 24/7 availability has blurred
the line between work and leisure, so that some workers are always on duty.
▪▪ Self-directed work groups and virtual teams. Teamwork has become a reality
in business. Many companies have created cross-functional teams to empower
employees and boost their involvement in decision making. You can expect to
collaborate with a team in gathering information, finding and sharing solu-
tions, implementing decisions, and managing conflict. You may even become
part of a virtual team whose members are in remote locations. Increasingly,
organizations are also forming ad hoc teams to solve particular problems. Such
project-based teams disband once they have accomplished their objectives.31
Moreover, parts of our future economy may rely on “free agents” who will be
hired on a project basis in what has been dubbed the gig economy, a far cry
from today’s full-time and relatively steady jobs.
▪▪ Flattened management hierarchies. To better compete and to reduce
expenses, businesses have for years been trimming layers of management.
This means that as a frontline employee, you will have fewer managers. You
will be making decisions and communicating them to customers, to fellow
employees, and to executives.
▪▪ Heightened global competition. Because many American companies continue
to move beyond domestic markets, you may be interacting with people from
many cultures. To be a successful business communicator, you will need to
learn about other cultures. You will also need to develop intercultural skills
including sensitivity, flexibility, patience, and tolerance.
▪▪ Renewed emphasis on ethics. Ethics is once again a hot topic in business. The
Great Recession of 2007–2009 was caused largely, some say, by greed and ethi-
cal lapses. With the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the U.S. government

Chapter 1: Succeeding in the Social and Mobile Workplace 7

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Voyant que le pouvoir réside entre les mains des Six Cents, et
non dans le Vice-Roi ou ailleurs, j’ai durant tout mon séjour
recherché l’ombre de ceux qui bavardent le plus et le plus
extravagamment. Ils mènent le vulgaire, et en reçoivent l’autorisation
de sa bonne volonté. C’est le désir de quelques-uns de ces hommes
— en fait, d’à peu près autant que ceux qui causèrent la pourriture
de l’armée britannique — que nos terres et peuples devraient
ressembler exactement à ceux des Anglais d’aujourd’hui même.
Puisse Dieu, le Contempteur de la Folie, nous en préserver ! Moi-
même, je passe parmi eux pour un phénomène, et de nous et des
nôtres ils ne savent rien, les uns m’appelant Hindou et d’autres
Radjpout, et usant à mon égard, par ignorance, de propos
d’esclaves et d’expressions de grand irrespect. Quelques-uns
d’entre eux sont bien nés, mais la plupart sont de basse naissance,
ont la peau rude, agitent leurs bras, parlent fort, manquent de
dignité, ont la bouche relâchée, le regard furtif, et comme je l’ai déjà
dit, se laissent mener par le vent d’une robe de femme.
Voici maintenant une histoire qui ne date que de deux jours. Il y
avait une société à un repas, et une femme à la voix perçante me
parla, en présence des hommes, des affaires de nos femmes. Son
ignorance faisait de chaque mot un outrage acéré. Me rappelant
cela, je me contins jusqu’au moment où elle en vint à édicter une
nouvelle loi pour la direction de nos zénanas [29] et de toutes celles
qui sont derrière les rideaux.
[29] Harems.

Alors moi : « As-tu jamais senti la vie frémir sous ton cœur ou
tenu un petit fils entre tes seins, ô très déshéritée ? » Là-dessus elle,
avec feu et l’œil hagard : « Non, car je suis une femme libre, et non
une bonne d’enfants. » Alors moi doucement : « Dieu te traitera avec
indulgence, ma sœur, car tu as eu une servitude plus pesante
qu’aucun esclave, et la moitié de la terre la plus abondante te reste
cachée. Les premiers dix ans de la vie d’un homme appartiennent à
sa mère, et du crépuscule à l’aurore la femme peut à coup sûr
commander à son mari. Est-ce une grande chose que de rester là
durant les heures de veille tandis que les hommes s’en vont au
dehors sans que tes mains les retiennent par la bride ? » Alors elle
s’étonna d’entendre un païen parler ainsi : c’est pourtant une femme
honorée parmi ces hommes et elle professe ouvertement n’avoir pas
de profession de foi dans la bouche. Lis ceci dans l’oreille du Rao
Sahib et demande-lui comment il en irait pour moi si je lui rapportais
une pareille femme pour son usage. Ce serait pis que cette fille
jaune du désert de Cutch qui, par simple divertissement, excitait les
filles à se battre, et qui souffleta le jeune prince sur la bouche. Te
souviens-tu ?
En vérité, la source principale du pouvoir est corrompue d’être
restée tranquille longtemps. Ces hommes et ces femmes voudraient
faire de l’Inde entière un gâteau de bouse et aspireraient à laisser
dessus la trace de leurs doigts. Et ils ont le pouvoir et la gestion des
finances, et c’est pourquoi je suis si détaillé dans ma description. Ils
ont autorité sur l’Inde entière. Ce dont ils parlent, ils n’y comprennent
rien, car l’âme d’un homme de basse naissance est limitée à son
champ et il ne saisit pas la liaison des affaires d’un pôle à l’autre. Ils
se vantent ouvertement que le Vice-Roi et les autres sont leurs
serviteurs. Quand les maîtres sont fous, que feront les serviteurs ?
Les uns prétendent que toute guerre est un péché, et la mort la
plus grande menace devant Dieu. D’autres déclarent avec le
Prophète qu’il est mal de boire, enseignement auquel leurs rues
apportent un évident témoignage ; et il en est d’autres,
particulièrement de basse naissance, qui estiment que toute
domination est perverse et la souveraineté de l’épée maudite. Ceux-
ci me firent des protestations, s’excusant pour ainsi dire que les
gens de leur race fussent en possession de l’Hindoustan, et
espérant qu’un jour ils en partiraient. Connaissant bien la race
d’hommes blancs qu’il y a dans nos frontières, j’aurais volontiers ri,
mais m’en abstins, me rappelant que ces discoureurs avaient du
pouvoir dans l’opération de compter les têtes. D’autres encore
déclament bien haut contre les impositions de la partie de
l’Hindoustan soumise à la loi du Sahib. A ceci j’acquiesce, me
rappelant la générosité annuelle du Rao Sahib lorsque les turbans
des soldats circulent parmi les blés flétris, et que les bracelets des
femmes vont chez le fondeur. Mais je ne suis pas un bon discoureur.
C’est là le devoir des gars du Bengale… ces ânes montagnards au
braiment oriental… Mahrattes de Pouna, et autres semblables.
Ceux-ci, se trouvant parmi des sots, se font passer pour des fils de
personnages, alors que, élevés par charité, ils sont les rejetons de
marchands de grains, de corroyeurs, de vendeurs de bouteilles et de
prêteurs d’argent, comme tu sais. Or, nous autres de Jagesur ne
devons rien, en dehors de l’amitié, aux Anglais qui nous ont conquis
par l’épée et, nous ayant conquis, nous laissent libres, assurant pour
toujours la succession du Rao Sahib. Mais ces gens de basse
naissance qui ont acquis leur savoir grâce à la générosité du
gouvernement, poussés par l’appât du gain se vêtent de costumes
anglais, abjurent la foi de leurs pères, répandent des bruits
contraires au gouvernement, et sont en conséquence très chers à
certains des Six Cents. J’ai entendu ce bétail parler en princes et en
meneurs de peuples, et j’ai ri, mais pas tout à fait.
Il arriva une fois que le fils de quelque marchand de grain, attiré
et parlant à la façon des Anglais, s’assit à table à côté de moi. A
chaque bouchée il commettait un parjure à l’encontre du sel qu’il
mangeait : hommes et femmes l’applaudissaient. Après avoir, par
d’habiles travestissements, glorifié l’oppression et inventé des griefs
inédits, tout en reniant ses dieux à ventre en tonneau, il demanda au
nom de son peuple le gouvernement de tout notre pays et, se
tournant vers moi, me posa la main sur l’épaule et dit : « Voici
quelqu’un qui est avec nous, bien qu’il professe une autre religion : il
confirmera mes paroles. » Cela il le proféra en anglais, et m’exhiba
pour ainsi dire à la société. Gardant une mine souriante, je lui
répondis dans notre langue à nous : « Retire ta main, homme sans
père, ou sinon la folie de ces gens ne te sauvera pas, et mon silence
ne sauvegardera pas ta réputation. Recule-toi, bétail. » Et dans leur
langage je repris : « Il dit vrai. Quand la faveur et la sagesse des
Anglais nous accordera une part encore un peu plus grande dans le
fardeau et la récompense, les Musulmans s’entendront avec les
Hindous. » Lui seul comprit ce qu’il y avait dans mon cœur. Je fus
généreux envers lui parce qu’il accomplissait nos vœux ; mais
souviens-toi que son père est un certain Durga Charan Laha, à
Calcutta. Pose ta main sur son épaule à lui, si jamais le hasard te
l’envoie. Il n’est pas bon que des vendeurs de bouteilles et des
commissaires-priseurs portent la main sur des fils de princes. Je me
promène parfois en public avec cet homme afin que tout ce monde
sache qu’Hindou et Musulman ne sont qu’un, mais quand nous
arrivons dans les rues moins fréquentées je lui ordonne de marcher
derrière moi, ce qui est pour lui un honneur suffisant.
Et pourquoi ai-je mangé de la poussière ?
Ainsi, mon frère, semble-t-il à mon cœur, qui s’est presque brisé
en assistant à ces choses. Les Bengalis et les gars élevés par
charité savent bien que le pouvoir de gouverner du Sahib ne lui vient
ni du Vice-Roi ni du chef de l’armée, mais des mains des Six Cents
de cette ville, et en particulier de ceux qui parlent le plus. Chaque
année donc ils s’adresseront de plus en plus à cette protection, et
agissant sur la chlorose de la terre, selon leur coutume invariable, ils
feront en sorte à la fin, grâce à l’intervention perpétuellement
inspirée aux Six Cents, que la main du gouvernement de l’Inde
deviendra inefficace, en sorte qu’aucune mesure ni ordre ne puisse
être exécuté jusqu’au bout sans clameur et objection de leur part ;
car tel est le plaisir des Anglais à cette heure. Ai-je excédé les
bornes du possible ? Non. Tu dois même avoir appris que l’un des
Six Cents, n’ayant ni savoir ni crainte ni respect devant les yeux, a
fait par jeu un nouveau plan écrit touchant le gouvernement du
Bengale et le montre ouvertement à tous, tel un roi qui lirait sa
proclamation de couronnement. Et cet homme, se mêlant des
affaires d’État, parle dans le Conseil pour un ramassis de
corroyeurs, de faiseurs de bottes et de harnais, et se vante
ouvertement de n’avoir pas de Dieu. Un ministre quelconque de
l’Impératrice, l’Impératrice elle-même, le Vice-Roi ou quelque autre,
ont-ils élevé la voix contre cet homme-cuir ? Son pouvoir n’est-il
donc pas à rechercher avec celui des autres qui pensent comme
lui ? Tu vas en juger.
Le télégraphe est le serviteur des Six Cents, et tous les sahibs de
l’Inde, sans en excepter un, sont les serviteurs du télégraphe.
Chaque année aussi, tu le sais, les gens élevés par charité vont tenir
ce qu’ils appellent leur Congrès, d’abord en un lieu puis en un autre,
excitant dans l’Hindoustan des bruits, conformément au bavardage
de la populace d’ici, et réclamant pour eux, à l’instar des Six Cents,
la direction des finances. Et ils feront retomber chaque détail et lettre
sur la tête des gouverneurs et des lieutenants-gouverneurs, et de
quiconque détient l’autorité, et la jetteront à grands cris aux pieds
des Six Cents d’ici ; et certains de ces confondeurs de mots et les
femmes stériles acquiesceront à leurs demandes, et d’autres se
lasseront de les contredire. Ainsi une nouvelle confusion sera jetée
dans les conseils de l’Impératrice pendant même que l’île ici proche
est aidée et soutenue dans la guerre sourde dont j’ai parlé. Alors
chaque année, comme ils ont commencé à le faire, et comme nous
l’avons vu, les hommes de basse naissance des Six Cents désireux
d’honneurs s’embarqueront pour notre pays, et, y restant un peu de
temps, amasseront autour d’eux et feront les flatteurs devant les
gens élevés par charité, et ceux-ci en partant d’auprès d’eux ne
manqueront pas d’informer les paysans, et les guerriers pour qui il
n’est pas d’emploi, qu’il y a un changement proche, et qu’on vient à
leur secours d’au delà des mers. Cette rumeur ne s’amoindrira pas
en se répandant. Et, surtout, le Congrès n’étant pas sous l’œil des
Six Cents — lesquels, bien qu’ils fomentent la discorde et la mort,
affectent un grand respect de la loi qui n’est pas une loi — va, dans
sa marche oblique, débiter aux paysans des paroles troublantes,
parlant, comme il l’a déjà fait, de diminuer les impôts, et permettant
une nouvelle constitution. Cela est à notre avantage, mais la fleur du
danger réside dans la graine de celui-ci. Tu sais quel mal une
rumeur peut faire ; bien que dans l’Année Noire où toi et moi étions
jeunes, notre fidélité aux Anglais ait procuré du bénéfice au Jagesur
et élargi nos frontières, car le gouvernement nous a donné du
territoire des deux côtés. Du Congrès lui-même rien n’est à craindre
que dix miliciens ne pourraient écarter ; mais si ses paroles troublent
trop tôt les esprits de ceux qui attendent ou des princes dans
l’oisiveté, une flamme peut naître avant le temps, et comme il y a
maintenant beaucoup de mains blanches pour l’étouffer, tout
reviendra à son état premier. Si la flamme est tenue cachée, nous
n’avons rien à craindre, parce que, suant et pantelant, et l’un foulant
l’autre aux pieds, les blancs d’ici creusent leurs propres tombes. La
main du Vice-Roi sera liée, les cœurs des sahibs seront abattus, et
tous les yeux se tourneront vers l’Angleterre en dépit de tous les
ordres. Jusque-là, notant le compte sur la poignée de l’épée, jusqu’à
l’heure où l’on pourra régler par le fer, il est de votre rôle de
seconder les Bengalis et de leur montrer beaucoup de bon vouloir,
afin qu’ils puissent acquérir la direction des finances et les fonctions.
Il nous faut même écrire en Angleterre que nous sommes du même
sang que les gens d’école. L’attente ne sera pas longue ; non, par
ma tête, elle ne sera pas longue ! Ces gens-ci sont pareils au grand
roi Ferisht, lequel, rongé par les gales d’une longue oisiveté, arracha
sa couronne et dansa nu parmi les amas de bouse. Mais moi je n’ai
pas oublié le but profitable de ce conte. Le vizir le mit sur un cheval
et le conduisit à la bataille. Bientôt il recouvra la santé et il fit graver
sur sa couronne :

Bien que le roi m’ait rejetée


Malgré cela, par Dieu, je suis revenue à lui et il a ajouté à mon
éclat
Deux beaux rubis (Balkh et Iran).

Si ces gens-ci étaient purgés et saignés par la bataille, leur


maladie s’en irait peut-être et leurs yeux s’ouvriraient aux nécessités
des choses. Mais ils sont maintenant très avancés dans la
corruption. Même l’étalon, trop longtemps entravé, oublie l’art de
combattre ; et ces hommes sont des mulets. Je ne mens pas quand
je dis qu’à moins qu’ils ne soient saignés et ne reçoivent la leçon du
fouet, ils prêteront l’oreille et obéiront à tout ce qui est dit par le
Congrès et par les hommes noirs d’ici, qui espèrent convertir notre
pays en leur propre géhenne désordonnée. Car les hommes des Six
Cents, étant pour la plupart de basse naissance et inaccoutumés à
l’autorité, ont un grand désir d’exercer le pouvoir, en étendant leurs
bras vers le soleil et la lune et en criant très fort afin d’entendre
l’écho de leurs voix, chacun disant quelque nouveauté étrange, et
répartissant les biens et l’honneur d’autrui parmi les rapaces, dans le
but d’obtenir la faveur du vulgaire. Et tout cela est à notre avantage.
Écris donc, afin qu’ils les lisent, des paroles de gratitude et
d’amour de la loi. Moi-même, à mon retour, je montrerai comment il
faut dresser le plat pour séduire le goût d’ici ; car c’est ici que nous
devons nous adresser. Fais fonder en Jagesur un journal, et emplis-
le de traductions de leurs journaux. Pour trente roupies par mois on
peut faire venir de Calcutta un homme élevé par charité, et s’il écrit
en gurmukhi notre peuple ne saura pas le lire. Crée aussi des
conseils autres que les panchayats de chefs, village par village et
région par région, les instruisant par avance de ce qu’ils diront
conformément à l’ordre du Rao. Imprime toutes ces choses en
anglais dans un livre et envoie-le à cette ville-ci, et à chacun des Six
Cents. Ordonne à l’homme élevé par charité d’écrire en tête de tout,
que Jagesur progresse vite dans la civilisation anglaise. Si tu
pressures le temple hindou de Theegkot, et qu’il soit mûr, remets la
taxe de capitation, et voire même la taxe de mariage, avec grande
publicité. Mais par-dessus toutes choses tiens les troupes prêtes, et
bien payées, dussions-nous glaner le chaume avec le froment et
restreindre les femmes du Rao. Tout doit se faire en douceur. Toi,
proteste de ton amour en toutes choses pour la voix du vulgaire, et
affecte de mépriser les troupes. Cela sera pris pour un témoignage,
dans ce pays-ci. Il faut que le commandement des troupes
m’appartienne. Veille à ce que l’esprit de Bahadur Shah s’en aille à
la dérive sur le vin, mais ne l’envoie pas à Dieu. Je suis vieux, mais
je vivrai peut-être encore assez pour le régenter.
A moins que ce peuple ne soit saigné et ne recouvre de la force,
nous surveillerons la montée du flot, et quand nous verrons que
l’ombre de leur main s’est presque retirée de l’Hindoustan, il nous
faudra donner ordre aux Bengalis de demander le rappel du restant
ou répandre le mécontentement à cette fin. Il nous faut avoir soin de
ne pas blesser la vie des Anglais, ni l’honneur de leurs femmes, car
en ce cas six fois les Six Cents d’ici ne pourraient retenir ceux qui
restent de faire nager la terre dans le sang. Il nous faut prendre soin
qu’ils ne soient pas bousculés par les Bengalis, mais honorablement
escortés, tant que la terre sera courbée sous la menace de l’épée s’il
tombe un cheveu de leurs têtes. Ainsi nous acquerrons une bonne
réputation, car pourvu que la révolte n’entraîne pas d’effusion de
sang, comme il s’est récemment produit dans un pays lointain, les
Anglais, au mépris de l’honneur, l’appellent d’un nouveau nom :
même quelqu’un qui a été ministre de l’Impératrice mais qui est
maintenant en guerre avec la loi, la loue publiquement en présence
du vulgaire. Tant ils ont changé depuis les temps de Nikhal
Seyn [30] ! Et alors, si tout va bien et si les sahibs, à force de
rebuffades et d’humiliations ayant perdu tout courage, se voient eux-
mêmes abandonnés des leurs — car ce peuple a déjà laissé ses
plus grands hommes mourir sur le sable aride par suite de retards et
par crainte de la dépense — nous pourrons aller de l’avant. Ces
gens sont menés par les noms. Il faut donc donner un nouveau nom
à la constitution de l’Hindoustan (et cela c’est affaire à régler par les
Bengalis entre eux) et il y aura maints écrits et serments d’amour,
tels que la petite île d’outre-mer en fait quand elle s’apprête à lutter
plus âprement ; et lorsque le restant aura diminué, l’heure sera
venue où nous devrons frapper si fort que l’épée ne soit plus jamais
en question.
[30] Nicholson, Anglais d’une certaine notoriété, jadis
dans l’Inde. (Note de Kipling.)

Par la grâce de Dieu et la vigilance des sahibs depuis de


nombreuses années, l’Hindoustan contient beaucoup de butin, que
nous ne pouvons en aucune façon dévorer promptement. Il y aura à
notre disposition le mécanisme de l’administration, car les Bengalis
continueront à faire notre besogne, et devront nous rendre compte
des impôts, et apprendre leur place dans l’ordre des choses. Si les
rois hindous de l’ouest doivent intervenir dans le partage de cette
dépouille avant que nous ne l’ayons entièrement ramassée, tu le
sais mieux que moi ; mais sois certain que, alors, de robustes mains
s’en prendront à leurs trônes, et il se peut que les jours du roi de
Delhi reviennent, à la condition que nous, courbant nos volontés,
affections un respect convenable pour les apparences extérieures et
les noms. Tu te rappelles ce vieux poème :

Si tu ne l’avais pas appelé Amour, j’aurais dit que c’était une


épée nue.
Mais puisque tu as parlé, je te crois… et je meurs.

J’ai l’espoir qu’il restera dans notre pays quelques sahibs non
désireux de regagner l’Angleterre. Ceux-ci, nous devons les choyer
et les protéger, afin que leur adresse et leur ruse nous permette de
maintenir et de sauvegarder l’unité en temps de guerre. Les rois
hindous n’oseront jamais introduire un sahib au sein de leurs
conseils. Je répète que si nous de la Foi avons confiance en eux,
nous foulerons aux pieds nos ennemis.
Tout ceci est-il un songe pour toi, renard gris de la portée de ma
mère ? Je t’ai écrit ce que j’ai vu et entendu, mais de la même argile
deux hommes ne façonneront jamais assiettes semblables, pas plus
qu’ils ne tireront mêmes conclusions des mêmes faits. Une fois de
plus, il y a une chlorose sur tous les gens de ce pays. Dès à présent
ils mangent de la poussière pour satisfaire leurs envies. La
pondération et l’honneur ont abandonné leurs conseils, et le couteau
de la dissension a fait tomber sur leurs têtes la moustiquaire de la
confusion. L’Impératrice est vieille. On parle irrespectueusement
d’elle et des siens dans la rue. On méprise l’épée et on croit que la
langue et la plume dirigent tout. Leur ignorance et leur crédulité
dépassent en grandeur la sagesse de Salomon, fils de David. J’ai vu
toutes ces choses, moi qu’ils considèrent comme une bête sauvage
et un phénomène. Par Dieu Illuminateur de l’Intelligence, si les
sahibs de l’Inde pouvaient produire des fils qui vivent assez
longtemps pour fonder leurs maisons, j’irais presque jeter mon épée
aux pieds du Vice-Roi, en disant : « Combattons ici à nous deux pour
un royaume, le tien et le mien, sans nous soucier des cancans
d’outre-mer. Écris aux Anglais une lettre disant que nous les aimons,
mais que nous voulons nous séparer de leur camp et tout nettoyer
sous une nouvelle couronne. » Mais dans notre pays les sahibs
meurent à la troisième génération, et il se peut que je fasse des
rêves. Pas tout à fait cependant. Jusqu’à ce qu’un éclatant fléau
d’acier et de carnage, le poids des fardeaux, la crainte pour sa vie,
et la fureur brûlante de l’outrage — car la pestilence les
démoraliserait, si les yeux assez habitués aux hommes voient clair
— accable ce peuple, notre chemin est sûr. Ils sont malades. La
Source du Pouvoir est un ruisseau que tous peuvent souiller : et les
voix des hommes sont couvertes par les cris des mulets et les
hennissements des juments stériles. Si l’adversité les rend sages,
alors, mon frère, frappe avec et pour eux, et plus tard, quand toi et
moi serons morts, et que la maladie se développera de nouveau (les
jeunes hommes élevés à l’école de la crainte et du tremblement et
de la confusion des mots ont encore à vivre leur temps prescrit),
ceux qui ont combattu aux côtés des Anglais pourront demander et
recevoir ce qu’ils voudront. A présent efforce-toi en secret de
troubler, de retarder, d’éluder, et de rendre inefficace. Dans ces
choses six douzaines des Six Cents sont nos vrais alliés.
Maintenant la plume et l’encre et la main me défaillent à la fois,
comme te défailliront les yeux à cette lecture. Fais connaître à ceux
de ma maison que je reviendrai bientôt, mais laisse-leur ignorer
l’heure. Des lettres anonymes me sont parvenues concernant mon
honneur. L’honneur de ma maison est le tien. Si elles sont, comme je
le crois, l’œuvre d’un valet renvoyé, Futteh Lal, qui courait à la
queue de mon étalon katthiawar couleur lie de vin, son village est au
delà de Manglôt ; veille à ce que sa langue cesse de s’exercer sur
les noms de celles qui sont miennes. S’il en est autrement, mets une
garde sur ma maison jusqu’à mon retour, et veille spécialement à ce
que nuls vendeurs de joaillerie, astrologues ou entremetteurs n’aient
accès aux appartements des femmes. Nous nous élevons par nos
esclaves, et par nos esclaves nous tombons, comme il est dit. A tous
ceux qui sont de ma connaissance j’apporte des présents selon
qu’ils en sont dignes. J’ai parlé deux fois du présent que je voudrais
faire donner à Bahadur Shah.
La bénédiction de Dieu et de son Prophète soit sur toi et les tiens
jusqu’à la fin qui est prescrite. Donne-moi aussi du bonheur en
m’informant de l’état de ta santé. Je mets ma tête aux pieds du Rao
Sahib ; mon épée est à son côté gauche, un peu plus haut que mon
cœur.
Suit mon sceau.
JUDSON ET L’EMPIRE

Fumée de gloire ! Le « don [31] » est libre de


nous attaquer,
Bien qu’il ait le cœur faible :
Il lui faut nous atteindre avant de nous
défaire…
Mais où sont les galions d’Espagne ?

Dobson.

[31] Terme de mépris, appliqué aux Espagnols et


Portugais, ainsi qu’à leurs cousins du Sud-Amérique.

Parmi les multiples beautés de l’état démocratique, figure un


talent quasi surhumain de se créer des ennuis avec les autres
nations et de trouver son honneur lésé dans la circonstance. Une
vraie démocratie professe un dédain énorme à l’égard de tous les
autres pays gouvernés par des rois, reines et empereurs, et connaît
peu leurs affaires intérieures, dont elle se soucie encore moins. Tout
ce qui l’intéresse, c’est sa propre dignité, qui est pour elle le roi, la
reine et le valet. Aussi, tôt ou tard, leurs différends internationaux
aboutissent chez le vulgaire sans dignité, qui lance par-dessus les
mers les basses injures de la rue, sans dignité elle non plus, afin de
venger leur neuve dignité. Il se peut que la guerre en résulte ou non ;
mais les chances ne sont pas en faveur de la paix.
Un avantage de vivre en un pays civilisé qui est réellement
gouverné, réside dans ce fait que tous les rois, reines et empereurs
du continent sont apparentés de près par le sang ou par le mariage ;
qu’ils forment, pour tout dire, une vaste famille.
Chez eux les esprits intelligents comprennent que ce qui paraît
être une injure préméditée n’est souvent dû qu’à la dyspepsie d’un
homme ou aux vapeurs d’une femme, et qu’il sied de la traiter
comme telle, et de s’expliquer tranquillement. De même, une
démonstration populaire, ayant à sa tête le roi et la cour, peut
signifier tout simplement que le peuple des susdits roi et cour leur
échappe pour le moment. Quand un cheval se met à ruer dans la
foule qui se presse à une porte, le cavalier ne saute pas à bas, mais
il tend derrière lui sa main ouverte, et les autres s’écartent. Il en va
ainsi pour les meneurs d’hommes. Dans l’ancien temps ils
guérissaient leur mauvaise humeur et celle de leurs peuples par le
feu et le carnage ; mais maintenant que le feu a acquis une si longue
portée et le carnage tant d’extension, ils agissent différemment ; et
peu de gens parmi leurs peuples soupçonnent combien ceux-ci
doivent d’existences et d’argent à ce que le jargon de l’heure appelle
« hochets » et « vanités ».
Il y avait une fois une petite puissance, le débris à demi ruiné
d’un empire jadis grand, qui perdit patience avec l’Angleterre, ce
Père Fouettard du monde entier, et se conduisit, de l’avis unanime,
très scandaleusement. Mais on ignore en général que cette
puissance soutint une bataille rangée avec l’Angleterre et remporta
une glorieuse victoire.
Les difficultés commencèrent chez les gens du peuple. Ils
avaient subi des malheurs nombreux, et cela soulage toujours
l’irritation privée de s’exhaler en vitupérations publiques. Leur orgueil
national avait été blessé profondément, et ils songeaient à leurs
gloires de jadis et aux temps où leurs flottes avaient pour la première
fois doublé le cap des Tempêtes : leurs journaux invoquaient
Camoens et les poussaient aux extravagances. C’était, paraît-il,
l’Angleterre, cette grossière, flatteuse, doucereuse et menteuse
Angleterre, qui entravait les progrès de leur expansion coloniale. Ils
supposèrent d’emblée que leur gouvernant était de connivence avec
l’Angleterre, et ils proclamèrent avec beaucoup de chaleur qu’ils
voulaient sur-le-champ se mettre en république et développer leurs
colonies comme il sied à un peuple libre. Ceci étant posé, la
populace lapida les consuls anglais, conspua les dames anglaises,
cerna les marins ivres de notre flotte qui se trouvaient dans ses
ports, les frappant à coups d’avirons, suscita les pires désagréments
pour les touristes, à la douane, et menaça de morts affreuses les
malheureux poitrinaires de Madère, cependant que les jeunes
officiers de l’armée buvaient des élixirs de fruits et entraient dans les
plus horrifiques conspirations contre leur monarque : le tout dans le
but de se mettre en république, Or, l’histoire des républiques sud-
américaines démontre que cela ne vaut rien pour les Européens du
sud d’être également des républicains. Ils glissent trop promptement
à la dictature militaire ; et quant à ce qui est de coller au mur les
gens et de les fusiller en série, cela peut s’effectuer beaucoup plus
économiquement et avec moins de répercussion sur le taux des
décès, par une monarchie stricte. Néanmoins les exploits de cette
puissance en tant que représentée par son peuple, étaient des plus
gênants. C’était le cheval qui rue dans la foule, et le cavalier
protestait sans doute qu’il ne pouvait l’empêcher. Ainsi le peuple
savourait toutes les beautés de la guerre sans aucun de ses
inconvénients, et les touristes qu’on avait lapidés au cours de leurs
pérégrinations regagnaient passivement l’Angleterre et déclaraient
au Times que l’organisation de la police laissait à désirer dans les
villes étrangères.
Telle était donc la situation au nord de l’équateur. Au sud, elle
était plus tendue, car là-bas les puissances étaient directement aux
prises : l’Angleterre, incapable de reculer parce qu’elle sentait
derrière elle la pression de ses fils aventureux et à cause des
agissements de lointains aventuriers qui, se refusant à lâcher prise,
conseillaient d’acheter la puissance rivale ; et celle-ci, qui manquait
d’hommes ou d’argent, figée dans la conviction que trois cents ans
d’esclavagisme et de mélange avec les indigènes les plus voisins, lui
conféraient le droit inaliénable de garder des esclaves et de procréer
des métis pour toute l’éternité. Ces gens-là n’avaient pas construit
de routes. Leurs villes s’effritaient entre leurs mains ; ils n’avaient
pas un commerce suffisant pour faire le fret d’un méchant cargo ; et
leur souveraineté sur l’intérieur ne s’étendait pas tout à fait à une
portée de fusil lorsque la tranquillité régnait. Ces raisons mêmes
augmentaient leur fureur, et les choses qu’ils disaient ou écrivaient
concernant les us et coutumes des Anglais, auraient fait courir aux
armes une nation plus jeune qui eût présenté une longue facture
sanglante pour son honneur outragé.
C’est alors que le destin envoya là-bas sur une canonnière à
deux hélices et à faible tirant d’eau, d’environ deux cent soixante-dix
tonnes de jauge et construite pour la défense des fleuves, le
lieutenant Harrison Edward Judson, destiné à recevoir par la suite le
nom de Judson-Pardieu. Son espèce de bâtiment avait tout à fait
l’air d’une plate en fer avec une allumette piquée au milieu ; il tirait
cinq pieds d’eau à peine, portait à l’avant un canon de quatre
pouces, dont le pointage dépendait du navire même, et à cause de
son roulis incessant, valait pour l’habitabilité trois fois moins qu’un
torpilleur. Quand Judson fut désigné pour prendre le commandement
de cet objet au cours de son petit voyage de six ou sept mille milles
dans le sud, et qu’il alla l’examiner dans le bassin, sa première
réflexion fut : « Pardieu, ce mât d’hune [32] a besoin d’être étayé de
l’avant ! » Ce mât d’hune était une baguette à peu près grosse
comme un portemanteau ; mais la plate en fer était le premier
bâtiment que commandât Judson, et celui-ci n’aurait pas échangé sa
position contre celle de second sur l’Anson ou le Howe.
[32] La prononciation nautique n’aspire pas l’h de
hune.

Il le fit donc naviguer, sous escorte, avec amour et tendresse,


jusqu’au Cap (où l’histoire du mât d’hune arriva en même temps que
lui), et il était si éperdument amoureux de son baquet vacillant que,
lorsqu’il alla se présenter à l’amiral de la station, celui-ci jugea
superflu de gâcher un nouvel homme sur ce bateau-là, et permit à
Judson de garder son peu enviable commandement.
L’amiral visita une fois la canonnière dans la baie Simon, et il la
trouva pitoyable, même pour une plate en fer, destinée uniquement à
la défense des fleuves et des ports. Malgré l’enduit de liège en
poudre qui revêtait sa peinture intérieure, son entrepont suait des
gouttes d’humidité visqueuse. Elle roulait comme une bouée dans la
longue houle du Cap ; son poste d’équipage était une niche à chien ;
la cabine de Judson était quasi sous la ligne de flottaison ;
impossible d’ouvrir un hublot ; et son compas, grâce à l’influence du
canon de quatre pouces, était un phénomène parmi les compas de
l’Amirauté eux-mêmes. Mais Judson-Pardieu rayonnait
d’enthousiasme. Il avait même réussi à communiquer la flamme de
sa passion à Davies, l’ouvrier mécanicien de seconde classe qui lui
servait de mécanicien principal. L’amiral, qui se souvenait de son
premier commandement personnel, et de certaine nuit humide où
l’amour-propre lui avait interdit de mollir une seule écoute, ce qui ne
manqua point de réduire en lambeaux son gréement, examina la
plate avec attention. Les « défenses » étaient revêtues entièrement
de tresse blanche, vraiment blanche ; le gros canon était verni avec
un produit meilleur que n’en fournissait l’amirauté ; les hausses de
rechange étaient rangées avec autant de soin que les
chronomètres ; les coussins d’emplanture pour espars de rechange,
au nombre de deux, étaient faits en bois de teck de Birmanie de
quatre pouces d’épaisseur, et ornés de têtes de dragons sculptées
(c’était là un souvenir des aventures de Judson-Pardieu avec la
brigade navale dans la guerre de Birmanie) ; l’ancre de bossoir était
vernie et non peinte ; et il y avait des cartes autres que celles
dressées à l’échelle de l’amirauté. L’amiral fut très satisfait, car il
aimait les chefs soigneux de leur navire… ceux qui ont un peu
d’argent à eux et consentent à le dépenser pour le bâtiment sous
leurs ordres. Judson le regardait avec espoir. Il n’était qu’un jeune
lieutenant de vaisseau de huit ans de grade. On pouvait le laisser six
mois dans la baie Simon, alors que tenir la mer avec son navire
faisait sa joie.
Son rêve secret était de rehausser le morne gris officiel de son
bâtiment par un listel de dorure, voire même une petite volute à son
avant épaté de bélandre.
— Il n’y a rien de tel qu’un premier commandement, pas vrai ? lui
dit l’amiral, qui lisait dans sa pensée. Mais il me semble que vous
avez là un drôle de compas. Vous devriez le faire régler.
— Ce n’est pas la peine, amiral, lui répondit Judson. Ce canon
affolerait le pôle nord lui-même. Mais… mais j’ai saisi le sens de la
plupart de ses anomalies.
— Voulez-vous avoir l’obligeance de hausser le pointage de
trente degrés, je vous prie ?
On releva le canon. L’aiguille libérée vira sur son pivot avec
allégresse, et l’amiral sifflota.
— Vous avez sans doute gardé le contact avec votre convoyeur ?
— Je l’ai vu deux fois entre Madère et ici, amiral, répondit en
rougissant Judson, tout honteux pour son vapeur… La canonnière
est… n’est pas encore bien au point, mais elle se réglera vite.
L’amiral quitta le bord, selon les rites du service, mais son
capitaine d’état-major dut bavarder auprès des autres officiers de
l’escadre mouillée dans la baie Simon, car durant plusieurs jours
tous, sans exception, firent des gorges chaudes de la plate.
— Qu’est-ce que vous pouvez bien en tirer, Judson ? demanda le
lieutenant de la Mongoose, une authentique canonnière à éperon,
peinte en blanc et munie de canons à tir rapide, au moment où, par
une chaude après-midi, Judson entrait dans la véranda supérieure
du petit club nautique dominant l’arsenal.
C’est dans ce club, où les capitaines vont et viennent, qu’on
entend tous les cancans des sept mers tout entières.
— Dix nœuds quatre, répondit Judson-Pardieu.
— Oh ! ça, c’était lors de ses essais. A présent elle est trop
plongée de l’avant. Je vous l’avais bien dit, qu’en étayant ce mât
d’hune vous la déséquilibreriez.
— Fichez-moi la paix avec mon mât d’hune, répliqua Judson, qui
commençait à trouver la plaisanterie fastidieuse.
— Oh ! mon chéri ! Écoutez donc Juddy, avec son mât d’hune !
Keate, avez-vous entendu parler du mât d’hune de la plate ? Vous
êtes prié de lui ficher la paix. Le commodore Judson est blessé dans
ses sentiments.
Keate était le lieutenant torpilleur du gros Voltigern, et il
dédaignait les petitesses.
— Son mât d’hune, dit-il tranquillement. Ah oui, oui, bien
entendu… Juddy, il y a un banc de mulets dans la baie, et je crains
qu’ils ne s’en prennent à vos hélices. Vous feriez bien de descendre
et de veiller à ce qu’ils ne vous emportent quelque chose.
— Je n’ai pas l’habitude de me laisser emporter des choses.
Vous voyez bien que, moi, je n’ai pas de lieutenant torpilleur à mon
bord, Dieu merci !
Sur le Voltigern, au cours de la semaine précédente, Keate avait
réussi à « louper » l’élingage d’un petit torpilleur, si bien que ce
bâtiment avait brisé les supports sur lesquels il reposait, et se
trouvait à cette heure en réparation dans l’arsenal, sous les fenêtres
du club.
— Attrapez, Keate ! N’importe, Juddy, vous voilà quand même
nommé pour trois ans gardien de l’arsenal : si vous êtes bien gentil,
un jour qu’il n’y aura pas trop de mer, vous m’emmènerez faire le
tour du port. Attendez un peu, commodore… Qu’est-ce que vous
prenez ? Un « vanderhum » pour « le cuisinier et le hardi capitaine,
et le second du brick Nancy et le fidèle maître d’équipage » (Juddy,
déposez cette queue de billard, ou sinon je vous mets aux arrêts
pour outrage envers le lieutenant d’un authentique navire)… « et le
midship et l’équipage du youyou du capitaine. »
A ce moment Judson l’avait acculé dans un coin et le pilonnait à
l’aide d’une queue de billard. Le secrétaire de l’amiral entra, et du
seuil vit la dispute.
— Ouf ! Juddy, je vous fais mes excuses. Délivrez-moi de ce…
hum… de ce mât d’hune ! Voici l’homme qui tient la corde de l’arc.
Je souhaiterais être un capitaine d’état-major au lieu d’un fichu
lieutenant. Sperril dort en bas toutes les nuits. C’est ce qui fait que
Sperril a le buste bien d’aplomb. Sperril, je vous défends de me
toucher ! Je suis en partance pour Zanzibar. Probable que je vais
l’annexer.
— Judson, l’amiral vous demande ! dit le capitaine d’état-major,
sans s’occuper du railleur de la Mongoose.
— Je vous le disais, que vous resteriez gardien de l’arsenal,
Juddy. Demain, une côte de bœuf frais et trois douzaines de
croquettes à la glace. A la glace, vous entendez, Juddy ?
Judson-Pardieu sortit avec le capitaine d’état-major.
— Dites donc, qu’est-ce que le vieux peut vouloir à Judson ?
demanda Keate, du comptoir.
— Sais pas. Quand même, Juddy est un rudement brave type. Je
voudrais bien l’avoir avec nous sur la Mongoose.
Le lieutenant de la Mongoose se laissa aller dans un fauteuil, et
pendant une heure lut les journaux arrivés par la malle. Puis il
aperçut Judson-Pardieu dans la rue et le héla. Les yeux très
brillants, Judson tenait la tête très haute, et il marchait allégrement. Il
ne restait plus dans le club que le lieutenant de la Mongoose.
— Judson, cela va être un beau combat, dit le jeune homme
après avoir entendu les nouvelles débitées par l’autre à mi-voix.
Vous aurez probablement à combattre, et pourtant je ne vois pas à
quoi pense le vieux, de…
— J’ai reçu l’ordre de ne livrer combat sous aucun prétexte, dit
Judson.
— Aller-regarder-voir ? Pas autre chose ? Quand partez-vous ?
— Ce soir si possible. Il faut que je m’en aille veiller aux
préparatifs. Dites donc, j’aurais besoin de quelques hommes pour la
journée.
— Tout ce qui est sur la Mongoose est à votre service. Voilà mon
youyou qui arrive là-bas. Mort, ivre ou endormi, je connais cette
côte, et vous aurez besoin d’en savoir le plus possible. Si nous
avions pu être ensemble, nous deux ! Venez avec moi.
Durant une heure entière, Judson resta enfermé dans la chambre
d’arrière de la Mongoose, à écouter et prendre des notes, penché
sur des cartes successives, et durant une heure le matelot de garde
à la porte n’entendit rien que des choses dans ce genre-ci : « Et puis
s’il y a gros temps il vous faudra vous réfugier ici. Ce courant est
ridiculement sous-évalué, et rappelez-vous qu’à cette époque de
l’année il porte à l’ouest. Leurs bateaux ne vont jamais au sud de
cette pointe, vous voyez ? Il est donc inutile de chercher après. » Et
ainsi de suite indéfiniment. Étendu de tout son long sur le coffre
voisin du trois-livres, Judson fumait en absorbant le tout.
Le lendemain il n’y avait plus de plate dans la baie Simon ; mais
un petit nuage de fumée au large du cap Hangklip montrait que
Davies, l’ouvrier mécanicien de deuxième classe, lui faisait donner
son maximum. A la résidence de l’amiral, le vieux maître d’équipage
retraité qui avait vu se succéder beaucoup d’amiraux, sortit son pot
de couleur et ses pinceaux et donna une nouvelle couche de beau
vert pomme tout pur aux deux gros boulets de canon qui ornaient,
un de chaque côté, la porte cochère de chez l’amiral. Il pressentait
qu’on était à la veille de grands événements.
Et la canonnière, construite, comme on l’a dit plus haut, pour la
défense des fleuves, rencontra la grande houle du large au cap
Agulhas : elle fut balayée de bout en bout, se cabra sur ses hélices
jumelles, et bondit d’une lame à l’autre avec toute la grâce d’une
vache dans une mare, tant et si bien que Davies en éprouva des
craintes pour la solidité de sa machine, et que les gars Krou [33] qui
composaient la majorité de l’équipage, en furent affreusement
indisposés. Elle longea une côte très mal pourvue de phares, passa
devant des baies qui n’en étaient pas, où de vilains écueils à tête
plate se dissimulaient presque au ras de l’eau, et il lui arriva un
grand nombre d’incidents extraordinaires, qui n’ont rien à voir avec
notre histoire, mais qui furent tous dûment consignés par Judson-
Pardieu sur son livre de bord.
[33] Krou : race indigène du Libéria.

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