European Union Politics 7th Edition

Micelle Cini
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MICHELLE CINI | NIEVES PEREZ-SOLORZANO BORRAGAN
European Union Politics
European Union Politics

SEVENTH EDITION <

Michelle Cini

Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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This seventh edition of European Union Politics builds on the success of the previous six editions
by retaining and updating the chapters published in the previous version of the book. Innovations
in this edition include new chapters on the Migration and Refugee Crisis and on the COVID-19
pandemic.
The book remains true to its earlier ambition, which was to offer students of EU politics an
introductory text that would be both accessible and challenging, written by authors who are
experts in their field. It was designed with undergraduates in mind, particularly those coming to
the topic of the EU for the first time; but we know that it has also proven a useful basic text for more
advanced students. As in previous editions, we aim to make the study of the European Union an
appealing prospect for students. All students should, however, be reading beyond this book, and we
provide some guidance on reading at the end of each chapter with that recommendation in mind.
The large number of chapters in this volume should not be taken to imply that the book is
comprehensive; rather, it aims to provide a solid overview of a range of topics falling loosely under
the rubric of EU politics. Other textbooks focus more specifically on history, theories, institutions,
or policies. This book aims to give a taste of all these areas of EU study. We thank our contributors,
without whom this book really would not have been possible. We also owe a debt of gratitude to the
editorial and production team at Oxford University Press, and in particular to Anna Galasinska for
her flexibility and sensitivity in supporting us through the challenges we faced in putting together
this edition, and for her extremely efficient handling of this project.
Michelle Cini
Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan
June 2021
• Extensive empirical updating of content taking account of recent developments in the European
Union.
• New chapter on COVID-19 and the European Union.
• New chapter on the Migration and Refugee Crisis.
Contents

Detailed contents xi
List of figures xx
List of boxes xxi
List of tables xxiv
List of contributors xxv
List of abbreviations xxvii
How to use this book xxxiv
How to use the online resources xxxvi

I Introduction I
Michelle Cini and Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan

PART I The Historical Context 7

2 The European Union: Establishment and Development 9

David Phinnemore

3 Carrying the EU Forward: The Era of Lisbon 29

Clive Church and David Phinnemore

PART 2 Theories and Conceptual Approaches 51

4 Neo-functionalism 53
Carsten Streby Jensen

5 Intergovernmentalism 67
Michelle Cini

6 Theorizing the European Unionafter Integration Theory 81

Ben Rosamond

7 Governance in the EuropeanUnion 99

Thomas Christiansen

8 Europeanization f' • 112

Tanja A. Bdrzel and Diana Panke

9 Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union 124

Stijn Smismans
viii Contents

PART 3 Institutions and Actors 139

10 The European Commission 141

Morten Egeberg

I I The European Council and the Council of the European Union 155
Jeffrey Lewis

12 The European Parliament 175

Charlotte Burns

13 The Court of Justice of the European Union 188

Paul James Cardwell

14 Interest Groups and the European Union 202

Rainer Eising and Julia Sollik

15 Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union 219

Simona Guerra and Hans-Jorg Trenz

PART 4 Policies and Policy-making 233

16 Policy-making in the European Union 235

Edward Best

17 Trade and Development Policies 251

Michael Smith

18 Enlargement 264
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Perez-Solorzano Barragan

19 The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies 279

Ana E. Juncos and Anna Maria Friis

20 The Single Market 293

Michelle Egan

21 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 308

Emek Al. Ufarer

22 Economic and Monetary Union 324

Amy Verdun

23 The Common Agricultural Policy 339

Eve Fouilleux and Viviane Gravey

24 Environmental Policy 355

Viviane Gravey, Andrew Jordan, and David Benson
 Contents ix

PART 5 Issues and Debates 371

25 The Euro Crisis and European Integration 373

Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter

26 The Migration and Refugee Crisis 389

Andrew Geddes

27 Brexit 403
Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragdn and Michelle Cini

28 COVID-19 and EU Health Policy 421

Eleanor Brooks, Sarah Rozenblum, Scott L Greer, and Anniek de Ruijter

29 The Future of the EU 436

Brigid Laffan

Glossary 449

References 487

Index 537
Detailed contents

List of figures xx
List of boxes xxi
List of tables xxiv
List of contributors xxv
List of abbreviations xxvii
How to use this book xxxiv
How to use the online resources xxxvi

I Introduction I
Michelle Cini and Nieves Perez-Solorzano Barragan

I. I Introduction I
1.2 Why a EuropeanUnion? 2
1.3 What is the EuropeanUnion! 4
1.4 What does the European Union do! 4
1.5 The organization of the book 6

PART I The Historical Context 7

2 The European Union: Establishment and Development 9

David Phinnemore

2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Integration and cooperation in Europe: ambitions, tensions, and divisions 10
2.3 The Communities and a Europe of ‘the Six’ 14
2.4 Establishing the European Union 17
2.5 Reviewing the Union: the 1996 Intergovernmental Conference and the Treaty of Amsterdam 21
2.6 Preparing for enlargement and the twenty-first century: the 2000 Intergovernmental Conference,
the Treaty of Nice, and the ‘Future of Europe' debate 23
2.7 Conclusion 26
Que stions 27
Gui de to further reading 27

3 Carrying the EU Forward: The Era of Lisbon 29

Clive Church and David Phinnemore

3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 From the ‘Future of Europe’ debate to the Constitutional Treaty 31
3.3 The 2003-04 Intergovernmental Conference and the Constitutional Treaty 32
xii Detailed contents

3.4 From Constitutional Crisis to ‘Negotiating’ the Treaty of Lisbon 34

3.5 The main elements of the Treaty of Lisbon 36
3.6 The Treaty of Lisbon: an appraisal 40
3.7 Ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon 40
3.8 The significance of the Treaty of Lisbon 41
3.9 Implementing the Treaty of Lisbon 42
3.10 Beyond the Treaty of Lisbon: crises, Brexit, and the future of the EU 43
3.11 Conclusion 47
Questions 48
Guide to further reading 48

PART 2 Theories and Conceptual Approaches 51

4 Neo-functionalism 53
Carsten Streby Jensen

4.1 Introduction 54
4.2 What is neo-functionalism? 54
4.3 A brief history of neo-functionalism 55
4.4 Supranationalism and spillover 56
4.5 The formation of supranational interest groups 60
4.6 Critiques of neo-functionalism 61
4.7 The revival of neo-functionalism 63
4.8 Conclusion 64
Que stions 65
Guid e to further reading 65

5 Intergovernmentalism 67
Michelle Gni

5.1 Introduction 68
5.2 What is intergovernmentalism? 68
5.3 Classical intergovernmentalism andits critics 70
5.4 Variants of intergovernmentalism 72
5.5 Liberal intergovernmentalism anditscritics 74
5.6 New intergovernmentalism 78
5.7 Conclusion 79
Que stions 79
Gui de to further reading 80

6 Theorizing the European Union after Integration Theory 81

Ben Rosamond

6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 The limits of the classical debate and five ways forward 82
6.3 Political science, the ‘new institutionalism’, and the European Union 84
6.4 Social constructivist approaches to the European Union 89
6.5 International relations and international political economy revisited 90
 Detailed contents xiii

6.6 Critical theories and the European Union 95

6.7 Conclusion 97
Questions 98
Guide to further reading 98

7 Governance in the European Union 99

Thomas Christiansen

7.1 Introduction 99
7.2 Conceptualizing governance in the European Union 100
7.3 Multilevel governance 103
7.4 ‘New governance’ and the European regulatory state 105
7.5 Normative debates about governance 107
7.6 Conclusion 109
Questions III
Guide to further reading III

8 Europeanization 112
Tanja A. Bdrzel and Diana Panke

8.1 Introduction 113

8.2 Why does Europeanization matter? 115
8.3 Explaining top-down Europeanization I 16
8.4 Explaining bottom-up Europeanization I 19
8.5 Towards a sequential perspective on Europeanization! 121
8.6 Conclusion 122
Questions 123
Guide to further reading 123

9 Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union 124

Stijn Smismans

9.1 Introduction 125

9.2 From‘permissive consensus’to‘democratic deficit’ 125
9.3 Maastricht and the debate during the 1990s 127
9.4 EU democracy and the governance debate 128
9.5 The Constitutional Treaty and the Treaty of Lisbon 132
9.6 The output gap, populism, and EU legitimacy 134
9.7 Conclusion 136
Questions 138
Guide to further reading 138

PART 3 Institutions and Actors 139

10 The European Commission 141

Morten Egeberg

10.1 Introduction 142

10.2 The functions of the Commission 142
xiv Detailed contents

10.3 Commission influence 144

10.4 The President and the Commissioners 145
10.5 Commissioners’cabinets 148
10.6 The Commission administration 149
10.7 Committees, networks, and EU agencies 151
10.8 Conclusion 153
Questions 153
Guide to further reading 153

I I The European Council and the Council of the European Union 155
Jeffrey Lewis

11.1 Introduction 156

11.2 The Council system’s evolving hierarchy and enigmatic traits 156
11.3 The layers of the Council system 159
11.4 The ministers’ Councils) 162
11.5 The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 166
11.6 How does the Council system work? 168
I 1.7 Conclusion 172
Questions 173
Guide to further reading 173

12 The European Parliament 175

Charlotte Bums

12.1 Introduction 176

12.2 The evolving European Parliament 176
12.3 The powers and influence of the European Parliament 176
12.4 The internal politics of the European Parliament 182
12.5 Elections, the people, and the European Parliament 185
12.6 Conclusion 186
Questions 187
Guide to further reading 187

13 The Court of Justice of the European Union 188

Paul James Cardwell

13.1 Introduction 188

13.2 The history and development of the Court of Justice 189
13.3 Composition and status 190
13.4 Roles of the Court of Justice 192
13.5 The work of the Court of Justice 195
13.6 ‘Activism’ of the Court! 197
13.7 Conclusion 200
Questions 200
Guide to further reading 201
 Detailed contents xv

14 Interest Groups and the European Union 202

Rainer Eising and Julia Sollik

14.1 Introduction 202

14.2 The EU institutions and interest groups 204
14.3 Regulating EU lobbying: the long road towards a mandatory register of interest groups 207
14.4 The variety of European interest groups 210
14.5 Conclusion 217
Questions 218
Guide to further reading 2 18

15 Citizens and Public Opinion in the European Union 219

Simona Guerra and Hans-Jorg Trenz

15.1 Introduction 2 19
15.2 General perceptions of the European Union 221
15.3 Explaining public attitudes towards European integration 223
15.4 Conclusion 230
Questions 231
Guide to further reading 231

PART 4 Policies and Policy-making 233

16 Policy-making in the European Union 235

Edward Best

16.1 Introduction 236

16.2 EU competences and modes of governance 236
16.3 The policy cycle and EU law 238
16.4 Legislative procedures 239
16.5 Policy coordination and economic governance 245
16.6 Policy-making in external relations 247
16.7 Conclusion 249
Questions 250
Guide to further reading 250

17 Trade and Development Policies 251

Michael Smith

17.1 Introduction 252

17.2 Institutions and policy-making: the Common Commercial Policy 252
17.3 Institutions and policy-making: development assistance policy 255
17.4 The European Union’s policy objectives in trade and development 258
17.5 The European Union as a power through trade and development 260
17.6 Conclusion 262
Questions 262
Guide to further reading 263
xvi Detailed contents

18 Enlargement 264
Ana E. Juncos and Nieves Perez-Solorzano Barragan

18.1 Introduction 265

18.2 The history of enlargement 265
18.3 Enlargement: the process and actors 268
18.4 Explaining enlargement 272
18.5 The future of enlargement: key challenges 275
18.6 Conclusion 277
Questions 278
Guide to further reading 278

19 The European Union’s Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies 279

Ana E. Juncos and Anna Maria Friis

19.1 Introduction 280

19.2 The emergence of the EU as a foreign and security actor 280
19.3 CFSP institutions and actors 283
19.4 Explaining the EU as an international actor 285
19.5 CSDP operations and missions: policy in action 287
19.6 The future of EU foreign and security policy: challenges and opportunities 290
19.7 Conclusion 292
Questions 292
Guide to further reading 292

20 The Single Market 293

Michelle Egan

20.1 Introduction 294

20.2 Market integration in historicalperspective 294
20.3 What is a Single Market? 296
20.4 The politics of neo-liberalism and ‘1992’ 299
20.5 Compensatory measures and regulatory adjustment in the Single Market 301
20.6 Swings and roundabouts: the revival of the Single Market 302
20.7 Globalization, external governance, andthe Single Market 304
20.8 Conclusion 306
Questions 306
Guide to further reading 307

21 The Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice 308

Emek M. Ugarer

21.1 Introduction 309

21.2 Preludes to cooperation 309
21.3 The Schengen experiment 310
 Detailed contents xvii

21.4 Maastricht and the ‘third pillar’ 31 I

21.5 Absorbing the third pillar: from Amsterdam to Lisbon 312
21.6 Policy output: baby steps to bold agendas 315
21.7 EU migration and asylum policy before and after the migration crisis 3 18
21.8 Towards a Security Union! 320
21.9 Conclusion 322
Questions 323
Guide to further reading 323

22 Economic and Monetary Union 324

Amy Verdun

22.1 Introduction 325

22.2 What is economic and monetary policy! 325
22.3 From The Hague to Maastricht (1969-91) 327
22.4 From treaty to reality (1992-2002) 329
22.5 Explaining economic and monetary union 331
22.6 Criticisms of economic and monetary union 332
22.7 The global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis 335
22.8 A new European Commission, Parliament, and the COVID-19 crisis 336
22.9 Conclusion 337
Questions 338
Guide to further reading 338

23 The Common Agricultural Policy 339

Eve Fouilleux and Viviane Gravey

23.1 Introduction 339

23.2 The early days of the Common Agricultural Policy and the issue of CAP reform 340
23.3 After 1992: the long reform process 343
23.4 Past and present debates on the CAP and EU agriculture 349
23.5 Conclusion 353
Questions 354
Guide to further reading 354

24 Environmental Policy 355

Viviane Gravey, Andrew Jordan, and David Benson

24.1 Introduction 355

24.2 The development of environmental policy: different perspectives 356
24.3 Linking different perspectives: theunderlying dynamics of environmental policy 361
24.4 Policy challenges: new and continuing 363
24.5 Conclusion 367
Questions 368
Guide to further reading 369
xviii Detailed contents

PART 5 Issues and Debates 371

25 The Euro Crisis and European Integration 373

Dermot Hodson and Uwe Puetter

25.1 Introduction 373

25.2 From global financial crisis to euro crisis 375
25.3 EU institutions and the euro crisis 380
25.4 The euro crisis and the future of the EU 385
25.5 Conclusion 386
Questions 387
Guide to further reading 388

26 The Migration and Refugee Crisis 389

Andrew Geddes

26.1 Introduction 390

26.2 Setting the scene 391
26.3 Problematizing the policy approaches 392
26.4 The impact of crisis 394
26.5 A new agenda after 2015? 396
26.6 Four key themes 399
26.7 Conclusion 401
Questions 402
Guide to further reading 402

27 Brexit 403
Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragdn and Michelle Cini

27.1 Introduction 403

27.2 The UK in Europe between 1945 and 2016 404
27.3 The 2016 Brexit Referendum 405
27.4 The Withdrawal Agreement 409
27.5 The Trade and Cooperation Agreement 415
27.6 Conclusion 419
Questions 420
Guide to further reading 420

28 COVID-19 and EU Health Policy 421

Eleanor Brooks, Sarah Rozenblum, Scott L. Greer, and Anniek de Ruijter

28.1 Introduction: from egotism to integration 422

28.2 What is EU health policy? 422
28.3 The EU’s response to COVID-19 425
28.4 Conclusion: investing in EU health policy! 433
Questions 434
Guide to further reading 434
 Detailed contents xix

29 The Future of the EU 436

Brigid Laffan

29.1 Introduction 437

29.2 Four scenarios on the future of the EU 438
29.3 Intervening factors shaping the future of the EU 444
29.4 Conclusion 446
Questions 447
Guide to further reading 448

Glossary 449

References 487

Index 537
List of figures

Chapter I Chapter 16
1,1 Map of Europe 3 163 The policy cycle 238

Chapter 18
Chapter 2
18.1 Key stages in the negotiation process 272
2.1 The pillar structure from Maastricht to Amsterdam 21
2.2 The pillar structure from Amsterdam to Lisbon 23 Chapter 23
23.1 CAP annual expenditure (1980-2019) 346
Chapter 10
10.1 European Commission: Organization Structure Chapter 24
(simplified) 146 24.1 Environmental infringements per member
state in 2019 365
Chapter 12
12.1 Turnout in European Parliament elections 1979-2019 185 Chapter 27
27.1 Regional distribution of the Brexit vote 407
Chapter 14
14.1 Number of registrations in the Transparency Register, Chapter 29
2011-20 209 29.1 Four scenarios on the future of Europe 439
Chapter 2 4.6 Key Debates: Neo-functionalist expectations about
2.1 Background: Key dates in European integration: early European institutions 60
efforts II
Chapter 5
2.2 Case Study: The Schuman Declaration 13
5.1 Key Debates: Intergovernmentalism as description,
2.3 Background: Key dates in European integration: the theory, and method 69
establishment and growth of the Communities 15
5.2 Key Debates: The European rescue of the nation
2.4 Case Study: The Luxembourg Compromise 16
state 70
2.5 Case Study: From intergovernmental conference
5.3 Case Study: LI and De Gaulle 75
(IGC) to treaty 18
5.4 Case Study; LI and Brexit 76
2.6 Background: Key dates in European integration:
5.5 Key Debates: LI and representation 77
from Single European Act to Eastern enlargement,
9832003 19
Chapter 6
2.7 Case Study: The Treaty on European Union 20
6.1 Key Debates: Institutions and thenew institutionalism 86
2.8 Background: The European Communities: from
6.2 Key Debates: Rational choice and the science of
three to two to one 20
EU studies 2 w : ; 87

Chapter 3 6.3 Key Debates: The EU and statehood 91

3.1 Background: Key dates in European integration: from Chapter 7

the Treaty of Nice to the Constitutional Treaty 32
7.1 Background: Definitions of'governance' 100
3.2 Background: Key dates in European integration: from
7.2 Case Study: The reform of EU regional policy and the
rejection of the Constitutional Treaty to the Treaty of
development of the multilevel governance approach 104
Lisbon 35
7.3 Case Study: The authorization of GMOs: A case
3.3 Case Study: Structure of the Consolidated Treaty on
studyof European regulatory governance 108
European Union (TEU) 37
7.4 Key Debates: Managing the eurozone crisis: Technocratic
3.4 Case-Study: Structure of the Treaty on the
governance, representative democracy, and normative
Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) 37
debate 110
3.5 Background: Key dates in European integration: the
EU and treaty reform beyond the Treaty of Lisbon 45 Chapter 8

Chapter 4 8.1 Key Debates: Europeanization 113

4.1 Key Debates: Loyalty shift in the European Parliament 57 8.2 Case Study: Top-down and bottom-up
Europeanization: the case of the economic crisis 114
4.2 Case Study: Functional spillover: from the Single
Market to the Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and 8,3 Key Debates: Explaining 'downloading' and 'taking' 117
Governance 58 8.4 Key Debates: Explaining 'uploading' and 'shaping' I 19
4.3 Case Study: Political spillover in the Brexit process 58 8.5 Case Study: Bottom-up Europeanization: the
4.4 Case Study: Cultivated spillover in the area of health Common Fisheries Policy 120
policy—the use of antibiotics in the veterinarian
Chapter 9
sector 59
9,1 Background: Good Governance according to the
4.5 Key Debates:'Elite socialization'and‘loyalty transfer' 60
European Commission 129
xxii List of boxes

9.2 Case Study: Delegated legislation 130 13.2 Case Study: The Brexit effect on the Court of Justice 191

9.3 Case Study: The European Citizens' Initiative 13.3 Case Study: Infringement actions decided by the
in practice 133 Court of Justice in 2019 193

9.4 Background: The rule of law and democratic 13.4 Case Study: The Wightman decision (2018) 194
backsliding 136 13.5 Case Study: The Cassis de Dijon decision 197
13.6 Key Debates: The Hartley and Arnull debate 198
Chapter 10
10.1 Background: The Commission as a multi-sectoral Chapter 14
and multi-functional organization 143
14.1 Key Debates: Lobbies and interest groups 203
10.2 Case Study: Has the Commission been weakened
14.2 Case Study: UK financial sector lobbying during
by the financial crisis? 144
Brexit negotiations 213
10.3 Key Debates: The growing party-politicization of the
14.3 Case Study: Interest representation during the
College of Commissioners? 147
COVID-19 crisis 216
10.4 Background: Selected Commission departments/
Directorates-General (DGs) 147 Chapter 15
10.5 Case Study: The politics of administrative 15.1 Background: Euroscepticism 220
reorganization 150 15,2 Key Debates: Public opinion: Beyond political parties,
across civil society 222
Chapter I I
15.3 Case Study: Emotions and the 2016 Brexit
1 l.l Background: EU Council configurations 157
Referendum 224
1 1.2 Background: Renovating the General Affairs Council 157
15.4 Key Debates: The constraining dissensus through
1 1.3 Case Study: Making History: the July 2020 MFF rule referendums on Europe 225
of law summit 160
Chapter 16
11.4 Case Study: The Council's Brexit (Art. 50) format 161
16.1 Case Study: The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure
11.5 Background: The President of the European Council 161
Directive 241
1 1.6 Key Debates: Poland's isolation over President
16.2 Key Debates: The troubled introduction of
Tusk's 2017 Reappointment 162
delegated acts 243
1 1.7 Background: The European Council President's
16.3 Background: Qualified majority voting 244
'Leaders’Agenda' 163
16.4 Key Debates: Trilogues and transparency 245
11.8 Background: The division of labour between
Coreper 1 and II 165 16.5 TheEUandCuba 248

1 1.9 Background: Organization of the General

Chapter 17
Secretariat of the Council 166
17. i Background: The Common Commercial Policy 253
11.10 Background: The new qualified majority voting system 167
17.2 Background: Key stages in the evolution of the EU's
1 l.l 1 Background: EU Council presidency rotations
relations with African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP)
by'trio', 2019-30 170
countries i 256
1 1.12 Key Debates: Article 7—What would it take? 173
17.3 Case Study: EU-China trade disputes: textiles,
solar panels, steel, and cyber-security 259
Chapter 12
17.4 Key Debates: Brexit and the EU's trade and
12.1 Background: The evolving European Parliament 177
development policies 261
12.2 Case Study: Agreeing budgets during crises 178
Chapter 18
12.3 Background: Appointing the Commission 179
18.1 Case Study: The accession of Turkey to the EU 266
12.4 Case Study: The seats of the European Parliament 183
18.2 Background: Accession process for a hew member
12.5 Key Debates: Accommodating Eurosceptic MEPs 184
state 268
Chapter 13 18.3 Background: The Copenhagen criteria 269
13.1 Background: The distinctiveness of the Court 18.4 Debate: Enlargement, state-building, andpeace­
of Justice 189 building in the Balkans ■ 270
 List of boxes xxiii

Chapter 19 24.2 Background: Key principles of EU environmental

19.1 Background: A chronology of the CFSP 282 policy 357

19.2 Background: The politics of the High Representative 284 24.3 Key Debates: The eighth Environmental Action
Programme 358
19.3 Key Debates: The EU’s integrated approach 286
24.4 Case Study: Plastic pollution policy 360
19.4 Background: CSDP missions and operations 288
24.5 Case Study: The Seveso accident 364
19.5 Case Study: Operation Atalanta: Fighting piracy
off the Horn of Africa 289 24.6 Case Study: Emissions trading 367

19,6 Key Debates: The EU Global Strategy 291 Chapter 25

Chapter 20 25.1 Background: The global financial and euro crises 376

20.1 Background: Stages in economic integration 295 25.2 Case Study: The ECB and the crisis 379

20.2 Background: Characteristics of capitalism 296 25.3 Background: ‘Six pack’, 'two pack', Fiscal Compact,
and Banking Union 381
20.3 Background: The Single Market programme 297
25.4 Key Debate: The euro crisis and the EU's problems
20.4 Case Study: Updating the Single Market: the digital
of legitimacy 384
economy 301
20.5 Case Study: Brexit and the importance of the Chapter 26
UK Single Market 303 26.1 Key Debates: Migration flows to the EU 391
20.6 Key Debates: Theorizing the Single Market 305 26.2 Background: Timeline of key developments 393

Chapter 21 26.3 Key Debates: Asylum seekers and refugees 395

21.1 Background: Catalysts for early cooperation in 26.4 Case Study: The COVID-19 crisis and migration 396
Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) matters 310 26.5 Key Debates: Migration and Brexit 401
21.2 Background: What is Schengen? 311
Chapter 27
21.3 Case Study: Strains on Schengen and the freedom of
27.1 Key Debates: Why did the UK vote to leave the EU? 406
movement: populism, the refugee ‘crisis', and the
pandemic 317 27.2 Background: Article 50 TEU 411
21.4 Key Debates: The Dublin Convention 318 27.3 Case Study: The Irish border 413
21.5 Key Debates: Brexit and AFSJ 319 27.4 Key Debates: The sticking points during the TCA
negotiations 416
Chapter 22
Chapter 28
22.1 Background: Three stages to economic and
monetary union 328 28.1 Background: COVID-19 as a public health
22.2 emergency of international concern 422
Background: The Maastricht convergence criteria 328
28.2 Case Study: The Union civil protection mechanism 426
22.3 Background: The Stability and Growth Pact 330
28.3 Case Study: The EU4HEALTH programme 428
22.4 Background: The European Semester 334
28.4 Key Debates: Equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines 430
Chapter 23
28.5 Case Study: Medical Devices Regulation in the EU 431
23.1 Background: The formal CAP decision-making
process 342 Chapter 29

23.2 Case Study: Eastern enlargement and the CAP 345 29.1 Background: Article 2 TEU 440
23.3 Key Debate: The CAP and developing countries 347 29.2 Case Study: Article 7 proceedings against Poland and
Hungary 440
23.4 Key Debate: The CAP and Brexit 352
29.3 Key Debate: Solutions to the economic effects of the
Chapter 24 COVID-19 pandemic 443
24.1 Background: The evolution of EU environmental
policy 356
Chapter 6 Chapter 17
6.1 Five pathways beyond integration theory 85 17.1 The European Union and its major rivals in the
gy global political economy 252
6.2 The'new institutionalisms'
17,2 EU27 net bilateral and multilateral overseas
Chapter 11 development assistance (ODA), 2019 257
1 1.1 European Council and EU Council meetings, 2009--19 159
Chapter 18
Chapter 12 18.1 Enlargement rounds 265
12.1 Special legislative procedures 181 18.2 Applications for EU membership (since 1987) 270
12.2 Composition of the European Parliament
। g2 Chapter 21
post-Brexit (2020)
21.1 JHA/AFSJ cooperation: from Trevi to Lisbon 314
Chapter IS
221 Chapter 26
15.1 Image of the EU
26,1 Mediterranean sea crossings 394
Chapter 16
16.1 EU competences category 237 Chapter 28
241 28.1 The three faces of health policy 424
16.2 Trilogues: how compromises are reached
List of contributors

David Benson is a Senior Lecturer in Politics in the Department of Politics, University of Exeter, UK.

Edward Best is Senior Expert at the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) and Senior Fellow of
Maastricht University, Netherlands.
Tanja A. Bdrzel is Professor of Political Science, holds the chair for European integration and is Director of the
Center for European Integration, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany.

Eleanor Brooks is a lecturer in health policy at the Global Health Policy Unit (GHPU), School of Social and
Political Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.

Charlotte Burns is Professor of Politics in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University
of Sheffield, UK.
Paul James Cardwell is Professor of Law and Vice Dean (Education) at the Dickson Poon School of Law, King’s
College London, UK.
Thomas Christiansen is Professor of Political Science and European Integration in the Political Science
department at Luiss University Guido Carli, Rome, Italy.
Clive H. Church is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University
of Kent, UK.
Michelle Cini is Professor of European Politics in the School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies
(SPAIS) at the University of Bristol, UK.
Michelle Egan is Professor and Jean Monnet Chair ad personam in the School of International Service at the
American University, Washington DC, USA.

Morten Egeberg is Emeritus Professor of Public Policy and Administration in the Department of Political Sci­
ence and at ARENA, University of Oslo, Norway.
Rainer Eising is Professor of Political Science in the Faculty of Social Science, Ruhr University, Bochum,
Germany.
Eve Fouilleux is a Director of Research in Public Policy Analysis at the National Centre for Scientific Research
(CNRS) and Gustave Eiffel University, and associated researcher at the French agricultural research and coopera­
tion organization (CIRAD), in Montpellier, France.
Anna Maria Friis is an independent researcher.
Andrew Geddes is Professor of Migration Studies and Director of the Migration Policy Centre at the
European University Institute, Florence, Italy.

Viviane Gravey is a Lecturer in European Politics in the School of History, Anthropology, Philosophy and Poli­
tics at Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
Scott L. Greer is Professor of Health Management and Policy, Global Public Health and Political Science at the
University of Michigan, USA.
xxvi List of contributors

Simona Guerra is Senior Lecturer in Comparative Politics in the Department of Politics at the University of
Surrey, Guildford, UK.
Dermot Hodson is Professor of Political Economy in the Department of Politics, Birkbeck College, University
of London, UK.
Andrew Jordan is Professor of Environmental Sciences in the School of Environmental Sciences, University of
East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
Ana E. Juncos is a Professor of European Politics in the School of Sociology, Politics, and International Studies
(SPAIS) at the University of Bristol, UK.
Brigid Laffan is a Director and Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies and Director of the
Global Governance Programme at the European University Institute, Fiesole, Italy.

Jeffrey Lewis is Professor in the Department of Political Science at Cleveland State University, USA.

Diana Panke is Professor of Political Science at the Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany.

Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan is a Senior Lecturer in European Politics at the School of Sociology, Politics,
and International Studies (SPAIS) at the University of Bristol, UK.
David Phinnemore is Professor of European Politics and Jean Monnet Chair in the School of Politics, Interna­
tional Studies, and Philosophy, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, and Visiting Professor at the College
of Europe, Bruges, Belgium.
Uwe Puetter is Professor of Empirical European Research at the Institute of Social Sciences and Theology at
Europa-Universitat Flensburg, Germany.

Ben Rosamond is EURECO Professor and Deputy Director of the Centre for European Politics, Department of
Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sarah Rozenblum is a PhD candidate in Health Management and Policy at the University of Michigan, USA.

Anniek de Ruijter is Associate Professor of European Law and Director of Amsterdam Law Practice at the Uni­
versity of Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Stijn Smismans is Professor in Law, Jean Monnet Chair in European Law and Governance, and Director of the
Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence at the Cardiff Law School, Cardiff University, UK.

Michael Smith is Emeritus Professor of European Politics at the Department of Politics, History, and Interna­
tional Relations, Loughborough University, UK, and Professor in European Politics at the University of Warwick,
UK.
Julia Sollik is Research Assistant in Sustainability Science at Bochum University of Applied Sciences, Germany.

Carsten Streby Jensen is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hans-Jorg Trenz is Professor of Sociology of Culture and Communication at the Scuola Normale Superiore,
Pisa/Florence, Italy.
Emek M. U^arer is Professor of International Relations in the Department of International Relations at Buck­
nell University, Pennsylvania, USA.
Amy Verdun is Professor of Political Science at the University of Victoria, Canada, and visiting professor at the
Institute of Political Science, Leiden University.
List, of abbreviations

AGP African, Caribbean, and Pacific CARDS Community Assistance for

ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting and Trade Reconstruction, Development and
Agreement Stabilization
AER Assembly of European Regions CCP Common Commercial Policy
AFCO Constitutional Affairs Committee, CdT Translation Centre for the Bodies of
European Parliament the European Union
AfD Alternative fur Deutschland CDU Christian Democratic Union (Germany)
AFET Committee on Foreign Affairs CEAS Common European Asylum System
AFSJ Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice CEB Council of Europe Development Bank
AG Advocate-General CEC European Confederation of Executives
AGFISH Council for Agriculture and Fisheries and Managers Staff
CEDEC European Federation of Local Public
AGS Annual Growth Survey
Energy Distribution Companies
ALDE Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for
Europe CEDEFOP European Centre for the Development
of Vocational Training
AmCham American Chamber of Commerce
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
AMM Aceh Monitoring Mission
CEEP Centre Europeen des Entreprises Publics
AoA Agreement on Agriculture
[European Association for Public Sector
APA advance purchase agreement Firms]
APEC Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation CEFIC European Chemical Industry Council
ARNE Antiracist Network for Equality in CEMR Council for European Municipalities
Europe and Regions
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CEN European Committee for
BDI Federation of German Industries Standardization
BEPGs Broad Economic Policy Guidelines CENELEC European Committee for Electro­
BEUC Bureau Europeen des Unions des technical Standardization
Consommateurs [European Consumer CEO Corporate European Observatory
Union Bureau] CEPOL European Police College
BLEU Belgium Luxembourg Economic CETA Comprehensive Economic and Trade
Union Agreement.
BNP Banque Nationale de Paris CFC chlorofluorocarbon
BRIC Brazil, Russia, India, China CFCA Common Fisheries Control Agency
BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy CFI Court of First Instance
(‘mad cow disease’)
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
BTO Brussels Treaty Organization
CFR Charter of Fundamental Rights
BUAV British Union for the Abolition of
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
Vivisection
CGS Council General Secretariat
BUSINESSEUROPE Confederation of European Business
CIREA Centre for Information, Discussion and
CALRE Conference of European Regional
Exchange oh Asylum
Legislative Parliaments
CIREFI Centre for Information, Discussion and
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
Exchange on the Crossing of Frontiers
CAR Central African Republic and Immigration
xxviii List of abbreviations

CIVAM Network of French Alternative Farmers DG NEAR European Neighbourhood Policy and
Committee for Civilian Crisis Enlargement Negotiations Directorate-
CivCom
Management General
Court of Justice of the European DG SANTE Directorate-General for Health and
CJEU
Union Food Safety

CLA Country Landowners Association DI differentiated integration

CLRA Congress of Local and Regional D1T Department for International Trade
Authorities (UK)
CMO common market organization DQL Directorate for Quality of Legislation
CNG Compressed Natural Gas DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
CNJA Centre National desJeunes Agriculteurs DUP Democratic Unionist Party
[French Young Farmers’ Association] E&T education and training
CO2 carbon dioxide EACEA Education, Audiovisual and Culture
CoA Court of Auditors Executive Agency
CoB Council of Europe EACI Executive Agency for Competitiveness
CoFE Conference on the Future of Europe and Innovation

COGECA General Committee for Agricultural EAEC European Atomic Energy Community
Cooperation in the European Union EAGGF European Agricultural Guidance and
COMPET Competitiveness (including Internal Guarantee Fund
Market, Industry, and Research) (EU EAHC Executive Agency for Health and
Council) Consumers
CONECCS Consultation, the European EAM European Agenda on Migration
Commission and Civil Society EAP Environmental Action Programme
database
EASA European Aviation Safety Agency
COPA Committee of Professional
EAW European Arrest Warrant
Agricultural Organizations
EBA European Banking Authority
COPS SeePSC
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and
CoR Committee of the Regions
Development
Coreper Committee of Permanent
EC European Community; European
Representatives
Communities
CPMR Conference of Peripheral Maritime
ECA European Court of Auditors
Regions
ECB European Central Bank
CPVO Community Plant Variety Office
ECDC European Centre for Disease
CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy
Prevention and Control
CSG Council Secretariat General
ECHA European Chemicals Agency
CSO civil society organization
ECHO European Community Humanitarian
CSR country-specific recommendation
Office
CSU Christian Social Union (Germany)
ECHR European Convention on Human
CT Constitutional Treaty Rights
CWP Commission Work Programme ECJ European Court of Justice
DAC Development Assistance Committee ECOFIN Council of Economics and Finance
DCFTA deep and comprehensive free trade Ministers
area Ecosoc See EESC
DExBU Department for Exiting the European ECR European Conservative Reform
Union Group
DG Directorate-General ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
DG DBVCO Directorate-General for Development European Counter Terrorism Center
ECTC
and Cooperation
ecu European currency unit
DG ECHO Directorate-General for Civil
EDA European Defence Agency
Protection and Humanitarian
Operations EDC European Defence Community

DG MOVE Directorate-General for Transport and EdF Electricite de France

Mobility EDFs European Development Funds
 List of abbreviations xxix

EDIS European Deposit Insurance Scheme EPERN European Parties Elections and
EDP excessive deficit procedure Referendums Network
EDU European Drug Unit EPFSF European Parliamentary Financial
European Economic Area; European Services Forum
BEA
Environment Agency EPI environmental policy integration;
European External Action Service European policy integration
BEAS
European Environmental Bureau EPP European People's Party
EBB
European Economic Community EPPO European Public Prosecutor’s Office
EEC
European Employment Strategy EPSCO Council for Employment, Social Policy,
EES
Health and Consumer Affairs
EESC European Economic and Social
Committee ERA European Railway Agency
EFA European Free Alliance ERC European Research Council Executive
Agency
EFC Economic and Financial Committee (of
ECOFIN) ERDF European Regional Development Fund
EFD Europe of Freedom and Democracy ERICs European Research Infrastructure
Consortiums
EFDD Europe of Freedom and Direct
Democracy ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism
EFSA European Food Safety Authority ERPA European Research Papers Archive
EFSF European Financial Stability Facility ERRF European Rapid Reaction Force
EFSM European Financial Stabilization ERT European Round Table of Industrialists
Mechanism ESC Economic and Social Committee
EFTA European Free Trade Association ESCB European System of Central Banks
EGC European General Court ESDP European Security and Defence Policy
EGD European Green Deal ESF European Social Fund
EGF European Globalization Adjustment ESM European Stability Mechanism
Fund ESMA European Securities Markets Authority
EIA environmental impact assessment ESS European Security Strategy
BIB European Investment Bank ETCG Education and Training 2010
EIoP European Integration Online Papers Coordination Group
EJA European Judicial Area ETF European Training Foundation
ELO European Landowners Organization ETI European Transparency Initiative
EMA European Medicines Agency ETS Emissions Trading Scheme
EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs ETSI European Telecommunications
and Drug Addiction Standards Institute
EMEA European Medicines Agency ETSO European Association of Transmission
Systems Operators
EMS European Monetary System
ETUC European Trade Union Congress/
EMSA European Maritime Safety Authority
Confederation
EMU economic and monetary union
EU European Union
ENDS Environmental Data Services Ltd
EUAM European Union Advisory Mission
ENF Europe of Nations and Freedom
EUBAM European Union Border Assistance
ENISA European Network and Information Mission
Security Agency
EUBG EU battlegroups
ENP European Neighbourhood Policy
EUCAP European Union Capacity Building
ENPI European Neighbourhood Partnership Mission
Instruments
EUDO European Union Democracy
ENV Environment (EU Council) Observatory, European University
EONIA European Overnight Index Average Institute ■
EP European Parliament EUFOR European Union Force
EPA economic partnership agreement EUGS EU Global Strategy
EPC European Political Community; EUJUST European Union integrated rule of law
European political cooperation mission
xxx List of abbreviations

EUL European United Left FNSEA Federation Nationale des Syndicate

d’Exploitants Agricoles [French National
EULEX European Union Rule of Law Mission
Federation of Farmers’ Unions]
EUMAM European Union Military Advisory
FoodSovCAP European Movement for Food
Mission
Sovereignty and another Common
EU MAM-RCA/RAC European Union Military Advisory
Agricultural Policy
Mission—Central African Republic
FPU full political union
EUMC European Union Military Committee
FTE full-time equivalent
EUMM European Union Monitoring Mission
FRA European Fundamental Rights Agency
EUMS European Union Military Staff
Frontex European Agency for the Management
EUNAVFOR European Naval Force (Somalia)
of Operational Cooperation at the
EU-OSHA European Agency for Safety and Health External Borders of the Member States
at Work of the European Union
EUPAT EU Political Advisory Team FTA Free Trade Agreement; free trade area
EUPM European Union Police Mission FYR former Yugoslav Republic
EUPOL European Union Police Office FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of
EUPOL COPPS European Union Coordinating Office Macedonia
for Palestinian Police Support GAC General Affairs Council
Euratom See EAEC GAERC General Affairs and External Relations
EURELECTRIC Union of the Electricity Industry Council
EUROCADRES Council of European Professional and GAMM Global Approach to Migration and
Managerial Staff Mobility
EUROCHAMBRES Federation of the Chambers of GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and
Commerce in the European Union Trade
EURO-COOP European Consumer Co-operatives GDP gross domestic product
Association GDR German Democratic Republic
EURODAC European dactyloscopy (fingerprint GEMU Genuine Economic and Monetary
database) Union ,
EUROFOUND European Foundation for the GEODE Groupement Europeen de Societes et
Improvement of Living and Working Organismes de Distribution d’Energie
Conditions [European Group of Societies for the
Eurojust European Union’s Judicial Cooperation Distribution of Energy]
Unit GMO genetically modified organism
Europol European Police Office GNI gross national income
Eurostat European Statistical Office GNP gross national product
EUSA European Union Studies Association GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
EUSC European Union Satellite Centre GSA European GNSS Supervisory Authority
EUSEC European Union Security Sector GSC General Secretariat of the Council
Reform Mission Health Emergency preparedness and
HERA
EUTM European Union Training Mission Response Authority
EWG Eurogroup Working Group HLWG High-Level Working Group on Asylum
EWL European Women’s Lobby and Immigration
EYCS Education, Youth, Culture, and Sport HoA Horn of Africa
(EU Council) HOSG heads of state and government
FAC Foreign Affairs Council (EU Council) HR High Representative of the Union for
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
FDI foreign direct investment HSC Health Security Committee
FDP Free Democratic Party (Germany) HSG harder soft governance
FEU full economic union IIA inter-institutional agreement
FIFG Financial Instrument for Fisheries IIABL Interinstitutional Agreement on Better
Guidance Law-Making
FN Front National ICJ International Court of Justice
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Hause als Herrin zu wohnen und sich bedienen zu lassen, vor Allem
jedoch von dem Gedanken geschmeichelt, dem schönen Prinzen,
dem ihr Herz sogleich entgegen geflogen war, so sehr gefallen zu
haben und nun oft von ihm besucht zu werden. Seit dem Tage, als
sie der Prinz selbst mit seinem Wunsch bekannt gemacht hatte,
schwellte Glückseligkeit ihre Brust und sie bekümmerte sich wenig
über die Abreise desselben. Es verstand sich von selbst, daß das
strengste Geheimniß über Alles beobachtet werden mußte, damit
nicht etwa durch den Fürsten eine Störung erfolgte.
Bei der Rückkehr beeilte sich Mühlfels, des Prinzen Befehl wegen
des Ankaufs der Villa sofort auszuführen. Als dieser nach kurzer Zeit
erfolgte, wurde das Landhaus in der prächtigsten Weise eingerichtet,
während eine Vertraute des Prinzen, Madame Voisin, die Sorge für
Marianens Ausstattung übernahm. Der Prinz ließ darauf ganz
außerordentliche Summen verwenden, welche ihm seine
Geldfreunde vorschießen mußten, da seine Mittel dazu nicht
ausreichten.
Nachdem alle diese Geschäfte erledigt waren, wurde Mariane
durch Madame Voisin aus ihrer Heimath abgeholt und langte mit
dieser in einem schönen Reisewagen, den ihr der Prinz geschickt
hatte, eines Abends in der Villa an. Mariane war gleich einer Dame
gekleidet und führte den Namen eines Fräulein von Waldstein, wie
es der Prinz gewünscht hatte, um ihre niedere Herkunft zu
verbergen. In ihrem Namen war auch die Villa gekauft und für sie
verschönert worden. Der Prinz empfing sie, und es gewährte ihm
kein kleines Vergnügen, das erstaunte und befangene Mädchen als
die Besitzerin des prächtigen Landhauses durch die Gemächer zu
führen. Madame Voisin wurde Marianen von dem Prinzen als ihre
künftige Gesellschafterin bezeichnet, doch bemerkte er zugleich,
daß nur sie hier die Gebieterin wäre.
Das strengste Geheimniß sollte fortan über Alles beobachtet
werden. Die Dienerschaft, nur aus den nothwendigsten Personen
bestehend, war durch Madame Voisin verpflichtet worden, gegen
Jedermann sowol über Marianens Anwesenheit als des Prinzen
Besuche zu schweigen, um in solcher Weise jedem Verrath
vorzubeugen.
 Der Prinz fühlte sich in dem endlichen Besitz Marianens
außerordentlich glücklich. Seine Leidenschaft für dieselbe steigerte
sich mit jedem neuen Tage. Er führte fortan, wie er es gewünscht, in
der That ein idyllisches Leben, und jede Stunde, die er irgend
abmüßigen konnte, brachte er in der Villa zu.
Jetzt war auch für Mühlfels der Zeitpunkt gekommen, sich
Sidonien zu nähern, und er konnte dies um so bequemer und
häufiger thun, da der Prinz ihm die vollste Freiheit und Muße
gewährte. Seine Bemühungen, durch seine Mutter unterstützt, waren
wohl berechnet und verfehlten darum die beabsichtigten Wirkungen
auf Sidonie nicht. Bedacht, ihr die Wünsche abzulauschen und sie
durch deren Erfüllung zu überraschen, viel zu vorsichtig und
geschickt, seine Absicht zu verrathen, erschien er stets als der
ergebene Diener und theilnehmendste Freund der Prinzessin, dem
sie ihre Dankbarkeit für seine Ergebenheit nicht versagen durfte.
Seine Vorschläge für die Unterhaltungen zum nächsten Winter
waren ganz in ihrem Sinn ausgedacht und gewannen ihren Beifall,
und so geschah es, daß man den Baron fortan häufiger denn sonst
bei der Prinzessin sah.
Die Brust von beglückenden Hoffnungen für die Zukunft erfüllt, war
Sidonie um so mehr geneigt, ihren Freunden ein vermehrtes
Wohlwollen zu schenken, besonders Mühlfels, dessen
Diensteifrigkeit sie zu Dank verpflichtete. Dieser Umstand war
jedoch nur zu sehr geeignet, den verliebten Baron immer mehr in der
Ueberzeugung der Gunst der Prinzessin zu befestigen und daran die
besten Hoffnungen zu knüpfen. Ein wichtiges Mittel zur Erreichung
seines Ziels sah er in des Prinzen Verhältniß zu Marianen, indem er
im Hinblick auf der Prinzessin leicht verletzbaren Charakter durch
den Verrath desselben die letzte Bedenklichkeit zu beseitigen hoffte,
die sie etwa noch abhielt, seinen Bewerbungen Gehör zu schenken.

Ende des ersten Bandes.

Druck von G. Pätz in Naumburg a/S.
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