EX NO:01

DATE: SELF INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS A SELF-INTRODUCTION?
A self-introduction contains key facts and relevant details about a
person and serves a specific objective. The objective can either be
employment, professional networking, or even just delivering a good
impression. A good and effective self-introduction should not just be
information-driven; it must also be visually captivating and
strategically outlined.
Giving a self-introduction speech is something you have to do
relatively often in most business and academic settings.
Introducing yourself can be awkward enough in one-on-one situations.
Keep your introduction short and concise

TIPS FOR A SELF INTRODUCTION

 Remember always to wish

 Provide a name
 Profession
 Location
 Hobbies
 Aims
 Discuss achievements
 Favorite or ideal persons
 Strengths and weaknesses
 Discuss likes and dislikes
 Any life-changing point
  Greeting: Say thank you and exit.

ADVANTAGES OF SELF INTRODUCTION

 Helps build connections

 Enhances self confidence
 Sharpens presentation skills
 Builds a favorable impression
 Enhances the ability to meet people
 Deep understanding
 Positive thinking
 Generated motivation
 Enhances communication skills
 One could learn and improve in self introduction.

IMPORTANCE OF SELF INTRODUCTION:

 While introducing yourself, start with a smile on your face and

greet the person or audience to whom you are introducing
yourself.
 Begin with your 'Name and Place' after greeting. And if
necessary, add family details to the introduction.
 Be brief about educational details, from sharing areas of
interest and hobbies to ideas and inspiration.
 Share your prior experience (if any) and recreational
activities.
 Give details about the skills.

Here are a few points to note on how to give a self- introduction

 Keep it short and easy to understand
 Remember to add personal references
  Define your professional goals clearly
 Support your experience with examples

SELF INTRODUCTION:

 “First of all, thank you for the opportunity to introduce

myself”.
 My name is Shaheena bee and I am 20 years old
 I am from Thiruvannamalai
 I have completed my B.Sc., aviation from vels institude of
since and technology and advance studies
[VISTAS] in [2022] with [9.49 CGPA].
 I am pursuing my MBA at Arunai engineering college
 I did a project on LCC Vs FSC[low cost carrier vs full service
carrier]
 Coming to my strengths, I am a quick learner and a hard
worker
 My hobbies are, I like drawing, listen to music, and play
badminton.
 About my family, we are 5 members, including me, my parents,
and my elder brother and sister
 My short-term goal is to get a job in a reputed airline to
improve my skills and knowledge and gain experience.
 My long-term goal is to be in the best position in my field of
work.
 This is all about me, thanks again for giving me the
opportunity.
EX NO:02
DATE: JOB APPLICATION

WHAT IS A JOB APPLICATION FORM

An application letter is a summary of your strongest and most
relevant skills and abilities that will be expanded in your resume or
selection criteria. It introduces you to potential employers and
highlights your suitability for the position you are applying for.
An effective application letter should tell the reader that you want a
particular job and explain your interest in that position. The
beginning of your letter should be memorable, according to Glass
Door. Use this as an opportunity to display your knowledge about
the company you're applying to.

How to write an application letter for a job?

 it should be written on a single page.
 It should be single spaced written a space between every paragraph and a
1- inch margin with the text aligned to the left.
 Times new roman, ariel font should be used with font size between 10- 12
points.
 It should be written like a formal business letter. It must include the
consolidates contact information of an employer.
 Make sure to add salutation at he starts and signature at the ending of the
application.
 It should be written grammatically correct to get a good impression of an
employer.
 Emphasize your skills and abilities to express yourself as a suitable
candidate for the available position.
Tips:
 Mention the job position you are applying for and where you found the
information about the job opening.
 Introduce yourself and highlight your skills and qualifications.
 State strongly why you would be right for the job.
 Use a polite tone throughout your letter.
 Stay genuine and professional.
 End the letter on a positive note.
 Proof read the letter before you send it to the concerned hiring manager/
employer.

TYPES OF JOB APPLICATION:

 Online application
 Email application
 Physical application

Information Required for an Employment Application

You will generally be required to provide your contact information,

your work history (including companies worked for, positions held,
salary, and length of employment), and your educational background.3

Some companies will also ask you to provide references with your job
application. You may also be asked about your availability for work.
JOB APPLICATION LETTER:
S.Z.Shaheen bee
122,Thindivanam main
Road somasipadi
Thiruvannamalai -606611

The HR Manager
Interglobe aviation
Gurgaon, Haryana– 122002

Subject: Job application letter for the position of airport ground

operation
Respected Sir,
This is with reference to the job posting on LinkedIn for the position
of ground operation in your esteemed organisation. I have carefully
read the job description. I have also browsed through your official
website to understand the kind of work you do, and I am interested in
working with you.
I am an B.SC aviation graduate. I believe that I will be a good fit for
the role in your company and that I can do justice to the
responsibilities I will have to take up.
I have enclosed my resume and work samples for your kind review.
Thank you for your time and consideration. Hoping to hear from you.
Yours sincerely,
S.Z.SHAHEENA BEE
EX NO:03 INTRODUCTION AND TYPES OF
DATE: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

WHAT IS BUSINESS COMMUNICATION:

Business communication includes each time a company or its

employees are involved in an exchange of information. This type of
However, it also includes one-sided forms of communication, such as
advertisement and promotional messaging. Examples of a business's
internal and external communication include

 When a business launches a marketing or advertising

campaign
 When the employees communicate with one another
 When management and employees discuss ideas or strategies
 When a company release a new product
 When customer and employees interact
 EXTRANAL COMMUNICATION:
CONVERSATIONS WITH EMPLOYEES:
External communication a business uses include discussions
employees have with clients where they allow consumers to share
their ideas, express their concerns and develop positive
professional relationships with the organization.
MEETINGS:
Organizations may host meetings with external clients and groups
to review contracts, discuss production operations and complete
projects.

MASS COMMUNICATION:
Companies may use a variety of resources, such as social media
marketing and television advertisements, to reach members of their
target audiences and motivate them to complete an action, such as
making a purchase.

INTERNAL COMMUNICATION:

UPWARD COMMUNICATION:
Professionals share information up the chain of command, from an
employee to someone higher in the company's hierarchy. Examples
include surveys, feedback forms and Q&As in meetings.
 DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION: Professionals share
information down the chain of command, from an executive or
more senior employee to employees lower in a company's
hierarchy. Examples of this include company-wide emails, instant
message announcements from a manager to their team and
department newsletters.
LATERAL COMMUNICATION: Professionals share
information with individuals on a similar level within a business.
Transparency about communication at the top levels of an
organization can result in improved employee trust.
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION:

 Web-based communication
 Telephone meetings
 Video conferencing
 Face-to-face meetings
 Reports and official documents
 Presentations
 Forum boards and FAQs
 Surveys
 Customer management activities

Elements of Business Communication:

1. Message:This is the subject-matter which is transmitted or

passed by the sender to the other party or group of persons. This
might be opinion, order, suggestion, attitude, feeling, view, etc
2. Sender:
He/she is the person who intends to make contact for passing
information and understanding to other person.

3. Receiver:
The person to whom the message is meant for is known as receiver or
communicate.
4. Channels:
Information is transmitted through certain channels (e.g., radio,
television, telephone, letter, e-mail, etc.). The media is selected by the
sender considering various factors.

5. Symbols:
These are the words, actions and signs which are passed on by the
sender while communicating with the receiver.

6. Feedback:
When the receiver acknowledges the message of the sender and
responds back to him/her, feedback takes place. Without feedback
communication is incomplete.

PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION:
 Clarity
 Conciseness

 Objectivity

 Consistency

 Completeness

 Relevancy

 Audience Knowledge

Importance of communication
 Helps in increasing productivity
 Helps in increasing customers
 Enhances business partnership
 Information exchange
 EX NO:04 PRONOUNCIATION,INTONATION
DATE: AND ARTICULATION

PRONOUNCIATION:
Pronunciation includes features of language (vocabulary and
grammar) and skills (speaking and listening). Like vocabulary and
grammar, we pronounce by noticing and understanding rules and
patterns which lie beneath the surface of speech
Pronunciation is all about making sure you sound clear and are
easy to understand. By using the correct sounds when you speak,
others can quickly understand what you're trying to say.

To pronounce words, we push air from our lungs up through our

throat and vocal chords, through our mouth, past our tongue and out
between our teeth and lips. (Sometimes air also travels through our
nose.)

To change the sound that we are making, we mainly use the

muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips to control the shape of our
mouth and the flow of air. If we can control the shape of our
mouth and the flow of air correctly, then our pronunciation is
clearer and other people understand us more easily

There are 3 main aspects of pronunciation you need to focus on:

 Phonetics: the individual sounds in a language.

 Word stress: the syllables in a word and where to place the main
stress or accent.

 Sentence stress: how we pronounce words when we put them

together in sentences.

ELEMENTS OF PRONUNCIATION

1. Stress
2. rhythm
3. pitch and
4. intonation

RULES OF PRONOUNCIATION:
 Rule 1: Short words have short vowels
 Rule 2: Two vowels side-by-side make a long vowel
 Rule 3: Keep vowels short before double consonants
 Rule 4: Pronounce double consonants as a single letter
 Rule 5: Pronounce double consonant TT as D
 Rule 6: If E is at the end of a word, it’s silent
 Rule 7: Pronounce C like S when it’s followed by I, E, or Y
 Rule 8: Pronounce the word ending TION with a SH sound
 Rule 9: G and K are always silent before N at the beginning of a
word
 Rule 10: Pronounce S like Z at the end of a word
 Rule 11: Pronounce S like Z between two vowels
 Rule 12: Pronounce X like GZ before a stressed syllable
 Rule 13: Pronounce X like Z at the beginning of a word
 Rule 14: Y is both a consonant and a vowel
 Rule 15: NG sometimes sounds like two letters stuck together
 Rule 16: Unstressed vowels make a “schwa” sound
 Rule 17: Past tense endings aren’t always pronounced as D
 Rule 18: Sometimes H is silent
 Rule 19: Pronounce OO as a short U when it’s followed by K
 Rule 20: Pronounce EI as a long E if it comes after C in a stressed
syllable
 Rule 21: Pronounce S, Z and G like a French speaker in specific
words
 Rule 22: OU has many pronunciations
 Rule 23: Stress on the first syllable makes the word a noun
 Rule 24: L becomes dark near the end of a syllable
 Rule 25: TH can be voiced or unvoiced

Why pronunciation is important?

Without correct pronunciation, the vocabulary that you know will be
less effective when communicating.

Types of pronunciation
a. Phonetics
b. Word stress
c. Sentence stress

Benefits of pronunciation
Pronunciation is all about making sure you sound clear and are easy to
understand. By using the correct sounds when you speak, others can
quickly understand what you’re trying to say.
Good pronunciation can help improve your social skills.
INTONATION:
Intonation is a complex system of meaning communicated
through the rise and fall of a speaker's voice. English speakers use it to
communicate many different types of meaning
Intonation is very important in communication as it gives
information beyond just the basic meaning of the words. It can
express the speaker's attitude or feeling about something, as well as
giving grammatical information (such as distinguishing between a
statement and a question).

THREE MAIN PATTERNS OF INTONATION IN ENGLISH:

 falling intonation
 rising intonation
 fall-rise intonation.

FALLING TONE

 It is commonly found in statements, commands, wh-questions,

confirmatory question tags and exclamations.

RISING TONE

 Rising intonation invites the speaker to continue talking. It is

normally used with yes/no questions, and question tags that are
real questions.
 Yes/no Questions.eg: Do you like your new Questions tags
 Combination of two tones we sometimes use a combination of
rising and falling intonation in the same sentence. The
combination is called Rise-Fall or Fall-Rise intonation.
  Rise-Fall Intonation We use rise-fall intonation for choices,
lists, unfinished thoughts and conditional sentences.

FALL-RISE INTONATION
 The main function of fall-rise intonation is to show that the
speaker is not certain of the answer they are giving to a
question, or is reluctant to reply. It is also used in polite
requests or suggestions.
ARTICULATION:
Articulation refers to how clearly someone forms
words. It includes the ability of a speaker to be coherent and easily
understood. Articulation involves using proper pronunciation and
grammar and using an appropriate volume and rate of speech.
the ability to physically move the tongue, lips, teeth and jaw to
produce sequences of speech sounds, which make up words and
sentences.

STEPS YOU CAN TAKE TO IMPROVE YOUR

ARTICULATION:
1. Listen to yourself speak. To help you improve your
speaking, record yourself speaking
2. Check your speed
3. Watch for unnecessary words
4. Use pauses effectively
5. Practice pronunciation
6. Vary your pitch
7. Speak at the right volume
8. Develop confidence

Benefits of improving articulation

Becoming more articulate can impact other people’s perception of
you. Developing strong speaking skills can help you appear more
competent. Delivering a well- crafted speech or speaking easily with
collegues can show that your’e comfortable in the workplace.
Additionally, being articulate can demonstrate confidence and poise,
which are feature employers value.

When you feel comfortable speaking with others or to group, you may
ne more likely to volunteer for presentations or special projects,
making you an important asset to your company and improving your
chances of being recognized by your supervisors. This ability can help
you stand out and may lead to promotions or other career
advancements.

Why is it important to be articulate?

Being articulate in oral and written communication is correlated with
capability and intelligence.

Types of articulation
The four types of articulation disorders are collectively referred to as
SODA, which stands for;
 Substitution
 Omission
 Distortion
Addition
EX NO:05
DATE: WORK PLACE COMMUNICATION

WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION:
Workplace communication is the means by which employees
exchange information and ideas. Communicating effectively is a
critical aspect of getting any job done, whether it occurs in-person or
virtually and is part of the internal communications efforts within an
organization.

FOUR MAIN TYPES OF WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION:

 Verbal
 Body
 phone
 Written

COMMUNICATION SKILL AT WORK:

 Showing respect
 Active listening
 Positive body language
 Ask questions
 Follow email etiquette
 Be open-minded
 Give feedback
COMMUNICATION PROCESS AT WORKPLACE
• Workplace success depends on the ability to communicate
with others.
• From developing targeted messages to motivating workers and
creating messages that keep us safe with increasing productivity
and better work environment, leading to career success.
• Effective workplace communication skills are among the skills
we assume every worker picked up along the way.

BENEFITS OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

 Build consensus for decision

 Develops good relationships among the team members
 Build loyalty in a supportive climate
 Unleash creativity within yourself and others by building
on each other's ideas
 Motivate others to work more effective
  Improves information transfer
 Improve teamwork
 Key for Success

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION AT WORKPLACE:

 Formal communication
 Informal communication

FORMAL COMMUNICATION :

Communication through officially designated channels of

message flow between organization position Official information
exchange Usually found in organizational charts, policy manuals
or hierarchical structures

INFORMAL COMMUNICATION:

Episodes of interaction that do not reflect officially designated

channels of communication. It is inherent and even a necessary
aspect of organization life. Creates a relaxed, comfortable climate

MOST CONSTRUCTIVE AND BENEFICIAL HABITS YOU

CAN TRY TO DEVELOP YOUR COMMUNICATION:

 Learn to listen
 You have to over-communicate just to
communicate
 Avoid relying on visual aids
 Put Yourself in Other People’s Shoes
 Try Humility
 Ask for honest feedback
  Engage the audience in discussion
 Don’t Write, Talk
 Accept the Fear
 Start and end with key points
 Use the PIP approach
 Get to know your audience
 Focus on earning respect instead of laughs

INTERNAL OPERATIONAL
• To create, implement and track success of business operational
plan
• Discussions, instructions, reports, e-mail etc. Intranets like this
one from Deere & Company are used for internal communication.
External operational- with concerning parties outside the
organization
• Suppliers, service companies, customers, governments, general
publics
• Direct selling
• Advertising the business
• Coordinating with contractors, consultants and suppliers require
skillful communication
• Lobbing with government agencies, exchange commission,
environmental protection agencies

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION:
• Helps to make and retain relationship the business require
much
• It affects the attitude of employees and attitude affects
performance
• The culture of an organization affects the personal
communication among the employees
• Personal communication
EX NO:06 MASTERING: THE ART OF GIVING
DATE INTERVIEWS

MASTERING THE ART OF GIVING INTERVIEWS:

Job interviews represent one of the most important parts of the job
hunting process, and regardless of how many you have had so far,
they never seem to get any easier. Finding the optimal balance
between selling your skills, meeting new people and being
enthusiastic can take its toll, even on the most seasoned of candidates.
When you split the word ‘interview’ you get two words, ‘inter’ and
‘view’.
An interview is a structures conversation where one participant ask
questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the
word “interview” refers to a one-on-one conversation between an
interviewer and an interviewee.
Interview is the important step in the employee selection process. If
done effectively, the interview enables the employer to determine if an
applicants skills experience and personality meet the job’s
requirements.

OBJECTIVES OF INTERVIEW:
 It helps to verify the information provided by the candidate.
 It helps to ascertain the accuracy of the provided facts and
information about the candidate.
 What the candidate has written in the resume are the main
points. What other additional skill set does he have.
 It not only gives the interviewer information about the
candidate’s technical knowledge but also gives an insight
information of creative and analytical skills.
 It helps in establishing the mutual relation between the
employee and the company.
1. General Interview:
Tell me about yourself. Answer this question as if the
interviewer has asked, “Why are you here today?”. Present your
significant professional and academic qualities for the position.
Do not include personal information such as your age. Be
concise.

2. Informal or conversational interview:

In the conversational interview, no predetermined questions are
asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable a possible to the
interviewee’s nature and priorities; during the interview, the
interviewer goes with the flow

3. Stress Interview:
It is designed to place the interviewee in a stress situation in
order to observe the interviewees reaction.

4. Disciplinary interview:
Disciplinary interviews are occurring when an employee has
been accused of breaching the organization’s rules and
procedures.

5. Counseling interview:
This may be arranged to find out what has been troubling the
workers and why someone has not been working.

6. Evaluation interview:
This is an interview which takes place annually to review the
progress of the employee is called the evaluation interviews.
Naturally, it is occurring between superiors and subordinates.
The main objective of this interview is to find out the strengths
and weaknesses of the employees.
 7. Unstructured interview:
When the interview does not follow the formal rules or
procedures. It is called an unstructured interview.The discussion
will probably be free-flowing and may shift rapidly form on the
subject to another depending on the interests of the interviewee
and the interviewer.

8. Structured interview:
Structured interviews follow formal procedures predetermined
with an agenda or questions.

9. Standardized or open-ended interview:

Here the same open-ended questions are asked to all
interviewees; this approach facilitates faster interviews faster
interviews that can be more easily analyzed and compared.
10. Closed or fixed-response interview:
This is a interview where interviewers ask the same questions
and interviewee is asked to choose answers from the same set of
alternatives. This format is useful for those who have not
practiced in interviewing.

Golden rule of interviewing

 Be prepared
 Be professional
 Be yourself

Interview skills
Interviewing skills are the emotional and tactical techniques that make job
seekers more effective when interviewing for a new position.
These skills are important to gain, just like the technical skills and workplace
skills you need to perform well in a position.
EX NO:07 WRITING FOR MEDIA AND
DATE: CREATIVE WRITING

INTRODUCTION:
Writing for media includes new releases, feature stories,
interviewing for print and broadcast and other information gathering
technique.
It explores the linkage between print, broadcast and public relations
styles; outlines the nature of good writing and synthesis and integrates
professional skill and concepts
Media writing is the process of writing content for mass publication
through particular media outlets. This may include newspaper,
magazines, popular websites, blogs, social media and other
publications.
Many professionals from all backgrounds use media writing, but they
also require specific skills to communicate effectively with readers.

CHARACTERISTIC OF MEDIA WRITING:

1. Accuracy
2. Completeness
3. Efficiency
4. Precision
Types of media writing :
 News
 Feature
 Reviews
 Columns
 Investigate
 Digital
 Sports
 Editorial
 CREATIVE WRITING:

 Also known as 'the art of making things up,' creative writing is a

vital part of modern society.
 Traditionally referred to as literature, creative writing is an art of
sorts - the art of making things up. It's writing done in a way that
is not academic or technical but still attracts an audience.
 Though the definition is rather loose, creative writing can for the
most part be considered any writing that is original and self-
expressive.

THE PURPOSE OF CREATIVE WRITING:

 The purpose of creative writing is to both entertain and share

human experience, like love or loss.
 Writers attempt to get at a truth about humanity through
poetics and storytelling.
 If you'd like to try your hand at creative writing, just keep in
mind that whether you are trying to express a feeling or a
thought, the first step is to use your imagination.

SKILLS OF A CREATIVE WRITING:

 Talent
 Persistence
 Patience
 Ability to face criticism
 Imagination
 Technical ability
 TECHNIQUES USED IN CREATIVE WRITING INCLUDE:
 Character development
 Plot development
 Vivid setting
 Underlying theme
 Point of view
 Dialogue
 Anecdotes
 Metaphors and similes
 Figures of speech
 Imaginative language
 Emotional appeal
 Heavy description

Tips
 Know your audience
 Write what you know
 Creativity is key
 Push your imagination
 Techniques used in creative writing
 Character development
 Plot development
 Point of vie
EX NO:08
DATE: EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

Effective presentation
A presentation conveys information from a speaker to an audience.
Presentations are typically demonstrations, introduction, lecture, or
speech mean to inform, persuade, inspire, motivate, build goodwill, or
present a new idea/ product.

Types of presentation
 Informative
 Instructional
 Arousing
 Persuasive
 Decision- making

How to prepare an effective presentation

 Keep it simple
 Create a compelling structure
 Use visual aids
 Be aware of design techniques and trends
Follow the 10-20-30 rule
Tips
#1: tell stories
#2: smile and make eye contact with the audience
#3: work on your stage presence
#4: start strong
#5: show your passion
#6: plan your delivery
#7: practice
#8: breathe

Points to make successful presentation

 Clearly define your objectives before making a presentation.
 Learning and mastering your subject.
 Building the plan and thinking about storytelling.
 Prepare and rehearse your oral presentation.
 Be natural during the presentation.

Presentation skills are what you need to know to be able to give and
engaging, effective presentation.
The steps to creating a successful presentation are preparation,
delivery, and follow-up.
Employers want to know you have the necessary skills to research,
analyze, and create a presentation, plus the communication skills
needed to deliver it and field questions afterward.
You can highlight your skills to employers through your resume,
cover letter, and interview.
Create and Design the Presentation

1. Plan the structure - sections, order, headings, intro/middle/close.

2. Use the ' rule of three'
3. Points of interest ('spice') and activities - early impact - create a
credible impression.
4. Consider audience attention span and audience profile to get the
language and tone right
5. Build the presentation, prepare equipment, prepare materials
and props, and create your prompts or notes.
6. Dry-run practise timings, fall-backs/contingencies.
7. Practise full presentation ('dress rehearsal'), get feedback, refine,
practise and practise. Practice gives you control. Control gives
you confidence. Confidence and control overcome fear.

Characteristics of a Good/Effective Presentation

1. The presentation ideas should be well adapted to your
audience. Relate your presentation message/idea to the interests of
the audience. A detailed audience analysis must be made before
the presentation, i.e., an analysis of the needs, age, educational
background, language, and culture of the target audience. Their
body language instantly gives the speaker the required feedback.
2. A good presentation should be concise and should be focused on
the topic. It should not move off-track.
3. A good presentation should have the potential to convey the
required information.
4. The fear should be transformed into positive energy during the
presentation. Be calm and relaxed while giving a presentation.
Before beginning, wait and develop an eye contact with the
audience. Focus on conveying your message well and use a
positive body language.
5. A good presentation must be planned. The speaker must plan
how to begin the presentation, what to speak in the middle of
 presentation and how to end the presentation without losing
audience interests at any point of time.
6. Rehearse and practice the presentation. This will help the
speaker to be more confident and self-assured. The more the
speaker rehearses the better the presentation turns to be.
7. The speaker should encourage more questions from the
audience. He should be honest enough to answer those
questions. If any biased question is put forth by the audience,
rearticulate it before answering.
8. Summarize the presentation at the end. Give final comments.
Leave a positive impact upon the audience.
9. The speaker must have a presentable appearance while giving a
presentation. The speaker should stand with feet far apart
maintaining a good balance. He must use confident gestures. He
must use short and simple words.
10. Try to gain and maintain audience interest by using
positive quotes, humour, or remarkable fact.
11. The speaker must be affirmative and optimistic before
giving presentation. He should ensure all tools and equipments
to be used in presentation are working well.
12. The speaker must state the objectives of the presentation at
beginning of the presentation.
EX NO:09
DATE: RESEARCH WRITING

Research writing
Research writing is that uses evidence from journals, books,
magazines, the internet, experts, etc. to persuade or inform an
audience about a particular point. In academic research writing,
emphasis is put on bringing together individual insights and results.
Creating a successful paper is a different process for everyone. Some
writers require complete silence with no distractions, while others
crave noise while they work. While no guide can help you find what
situations will work best for you to write, there are steps in the writing
process that promote a cleaner, better final draft. The general steps
are: discovery\investigation, prewriting, drafting, revising, and editing.

Prewriting

Prewriting is the step in which tools such as free writing,

brainstorming, outlining, or clustering are used. In prewriting, no idea
is too off topic or too strange. It is these sometimes-dissociative ideas
that can lead you to a paper topic that you never would have
considered. Though the common perception is that there is nothing
that hasn’t been written about before, if you allow yourself to think
outside the box, you can find a way of looking at an old topic through
new eyes.

It is also during prewriting that the writer needs to make a decision

about audience. Asking questions like: “Who is going to read my
paper?”, “What is the purpose of this paper?”, and “Why are they
going to read my paper?” will help you set your audience. The simple
answer to these questions is “My professor” and “Because they
assigned it.” they are not the true answers. It could be that your paper
needs to be geared towards elementary level students or participants in
a seminar or peers at a conference. The language and tone for either of
those audiences would be very different.

Drafting

Drafting is the beginning of “writing” your paper. It is important to

remember that in drafting you should already have a thesis idea to
guide your writing. Without a thesis, your writing will be prone to
drift, making it harder to frame after the fact. In drafting, the writer
should use materials created in the prewriting stage and any notes
taken in discovery and investigation to frame and build body
paragraphs.

Many writers will tackle their body paragraphs first instead of

beginning with an introduction (especially if you are not sure of the
exact direction of your paper). Beginning with body paragraphs will
allow you to work through your ideas without feeling restricted by a
specific thesis, but be prepared to delete paragraphs that don’t fit.
Afterwards, create an opening paragraph (with an appropriate revised
thesis) that reflects the body of your essay.

Revising

There are two different scopes of revision: global and local. Global
revision involves looking for issues like cohesion and the overall
progression of your paper. If your paper has paragraphs that do not
flow into each other, but change topic abruptly only to return to a
previous thought later, your paper has poor cohesion.
If your topics change from paragraph to paragraph, it is necessary to
either consider altering the order of your paragraph and/or revising
your writing either by adding to existing paragraphs or creating new
ones that explain your change in topic. A paper that includes smooth
transitions is significantly easier to read and understand.

It is preferable to keep all like thoughts together and to arrange your

paragraphs in such a way that your argument builds, rather than laying
everything out with equal weight. Though the blueprint for your paper
is in the thesis, your main point, the end result of your argument
should not come early in the paper, but at the end. Allow the early
paragraphs serve as examples and information to build to your
conclusions.

Local issues involve looking for clarity in sentences, ensuring

coherence with your ideas. The greatest asset to avoiding and fixing
local issues is to use varied sentence structure and to avoid using the
same words repeatedly. Repeating the same sentence structure can
make your paper feel mechanical and make an interesting topic feel
boring.

Editing

The final stage in writing a paper requires a review of what you have
written. In this last read of your paper, you should look for any
grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors that have slipped through the
cracks during the revising stage, or that were introduced in your
revisions.

Reading your paper aloud, or asking a friend to read your paper to you
is a good way to catch errors. Often if you read your own paper,
especially out loud, you can catch errors in grammar, spelling, and
punctuation.
Though this step seems minor within the process of writing, it is an
easy way to prevent the loss of points over simple mistakes.

Formatting, Inner-text citation, and Works Cited

The formatting required for your paper will change depending on the
field of your topic. Generally, the sciences and business and
economics use APA or CSE formatting. English, and other humanities
will use MLA, and History uses Chicago. The appearance of inner-
text citations, and Works cited page will all be affected by these
different formats. Consult your syllabus or ask your professor to learn
what format you should use.

Steps of the research process

1. Identify and develop your topic
2. Find background information
3. Use catalogs to find books and media
4. Use databases to find journal articles
5. Find internet resources
6. Evaluate what you find
7. Cite what you find using a standard format

Types of research studies

1. Case studies
2. Correlational studies
3. Longitudinal studies
4. Experimental studies
5. Clinical traits
EXNO:10
DATE: REPORT WRITING

Report writing
Report writing is a formal style of writing elaborately on a topic. The
tone of a report and repot writing format is always formal. The
important section to focus on is the target audience. Reports make it
easy to catch someone up to speed on a subject, but actually writing a
report is anything but easy.
There are many types of reports – sales reports, marketing reports,
school reports, social media reports and more.
But no matter which type of report you have to write, it must follow
the correct report writing format. With the right format, your report
will be easy to read and understand.
First of all, a report is unlike an essay, blog post or journalistic article.
The main idea of a report is to present facts about a specific topic,
situation, or event.

It’s not about supporting ideas or hypotheses. The information must

be presented in a clear and concise way — that’s why the proper
report writing format is essential.

The Ultimate Report Writing Format in business

Now we're getting to the good part — the ultimate report writing
format. While this may vary based on the data and information you
pull, following along with this format is always going to be a great
way to start off any report.

It goes a little something like this:

 Title: A clear and concise report title.

 Table of Contents: A page dedicated to the contents of your
report.
 Summary: An overview of your entire report — you'll need to
wait you've completed the full report to write this section.
 Introduction: Introduce your report topic and what readers will
find throughout the pages.
 Body: The longest section of your report — compile all of your
information and use data visualization to help present it.
 Conclusion: Different from the summary, this concludes the
report body and summarizes all of your findings.
 Recommendations: A set of recommended goals or steps to
complete with the information provided in this report.
  Appendices: A list of your sources used to compile the
information in your report.

Recommendations

Craft the recommendations section as a set of actionable steps with

smart goals associated along with possible solutions. This section is
irrelevant for school reports or book reports, but is essential in a
business setting.

Appendices

This is the section where you list all your sources if it’s a research
report. You should also add any links that are relevant to the report —
or previous reports about the same topic.

A good rule of thumb when creating your appendices is to only add

information that is relevant to the report or that you referenced when
writing your report. Use reference annotations inside the report to link
to the content in the appendix.

Following a report writing format is only one part of the process. You
also need to be conscious of how you put the written content and the
visuals together.

Here are some tips to help you make amazing reports.

1. Write the body of the report before writing the introduction or

conclusion.

2. Use as much visualization as possible, but not “just for the sake
of using visuals.” Make sure every visual has a purpose.
 3. Review your writing skills to craft a well-written report. For
example, use active voice and refrain from using too many
acronyms. Also, use simple language and stay away from word
stuffing.

4. Stick to the facts! Be clear and concise.

5. Use a grammar checker like Grammarly. Even your best KPIs

and ROIs won’t save you from bad grammar.

6. Try to keep the appendix small. Don’t make it so long that it gets
burdensome.

Types of content in report

 Details of an event or situation
 The consequences or ongoing effect of an event or situation
 evaluation of statistical data or analytics
 interpretations from the information in the report
 Predictions or recommendations based on the information in the
report
 How the information relates to other events or reports
Structure of reports
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion
Types of reports
 Personal account
 routine report
 Special report
 Informational reports
 Analytical report
 Operational report
 Product report
 Industry report
 Department reports
 Progress reports
 Internal reports

Key elements of a report

 Title page
 Table of contents
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Discussion
 Conclusion
 Recommendations
 References

Table of Contents

Always leave the Table of Contents page until the end. After all, you
can’t write a table of contents if you don’t know all of your page
numbers yet.
However, if your Body outline already has each of your section and
subsection titles defined, you can add those to the contents and leave
the numbering for later.

Having a Table of Content pages makes it easy for your readers to find
the information they're most interested in quickly and easily,
improving overall readability. So, you absolutely do not want to skip
this step.

Summary

Likewise, the summary (also known as the abstract) of the report is

best done after you’ve finished writing the report. You can draft a
summary at the beginning to help you continue with the work, but
you’ll definitely want to revisit it at the end.

A summary is a blurb of the entire report. It must include the purpose,

the process and a snippet of the resolution. This should be no longer
than a single paragraph or two.

Introduction

In the introduction, state what the report is about and why it has been
created. Depending on the length of your report, the introduction
could range from one single paragraph to an entire page long.

For example, one paragraph is enough for a social media report

introduction while an entire page would be more suitable for an annual
report.
Take this time to introduce why your topic is so important, especially
if it's a research report. You need to focus on why your readers should
care about what you have uncovered.

Body

The body of your report is where all the information is put together
and will be the longest section of your report. This will likely span
several (anywhere from 5-50) pages. Follow your initial outline to
maintain consistent flow in the content creation. Write the body
content as sections and subsections.

Furthermore, use bullet points and data visualization as visual cues.

These will help your audience to better understand the content of your
report.

Conclusion

Close your report with a well-crafted conclusion. Formulate it as a

brief summary of what was covered within the report, and be sure to
include a mention to the recommendations section and the resources in
the appendix.

This section should never bring new information to the table —

instead; it should simply summarize all of the findings you've already
mentioned into one concise final section.

Example

Format of a magazine report

Heading- A descriptive title which is expressive of the contents of the
report.

By line- Name of the person writing the report. It is generally given in

the question. Remember, you are not supposed to mention your
personal details in your answer.

Opening paragraph (introduction)- It may include the ‘5 Ws’

namely, WHAT, WHY, WHEN and WHERE along with WHO was
invited as the chief guest.

Account of the event in detail- The proper sequence of events that

occurred along with their description. It is the main paragraph and can
be split into two short paragraphs if required.