Order and Freedom

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THEME TWO: ORDER AND FREEDOM IN SOCIETY

SUB THEME: JUSTICE IN SOCIETY
Justice is the fair treatment of all people equally, it is the existence of good relationship
amongst people equally and honestly.
It refers to fair treatment of people equally in the community and ensuring good relationship.
Injustice is the opposite of justice and it refers to unfair treatment of people by denying them
some of their rights and freedom.
Justice is important to establish order, freedom and peace. It helps people to live in harmony
with each other, promotes the respect of human rights in society and also promotes protection
of life.
Characteristics of true justice

True justice is characterized by;
Respect of other people’s rights.
Exercising forgiveness and reconciliation.
Love and patience.
Allowing other people to pursue their goals and aspirations.
Allowing people to earn depending on their input or effort.
Actions that are in line with God’s commandments and the laws of the country.
Protection of people’s lives and property.
Treating others the way we would wish to be treated.
Maintaining of what is right and just.
Being fair and realistic when judging others.
Avoid discrimination of whatever form.
Forms of justice.
Religious justice.
This empowers to participate or belong to any religious grouping of their choice hence it
protects someone’s freedom to worship without being disturbed.
COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

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Natural justice.
This is enjoyed by everyone who is a human being, it promotes our fundamental human
rights i.e. protects our rights to live, eat food, associate etc.
Social justice.
This refers to respect of anyone’s rights in a given society regardless of sex, tribe, race, social
class, being disabled, elderly etc.
Personal justice
This refers to the respect of one’s lives, no one has the right to end his life.
Mob justice
This is where a group of people take the law into their hands to administer punishments to the
criminal without legally handling his/her case.
Political justice.
Here, people should have a right to participate in politics of their country such as a right to
vote, contest for elections, make choices for a candidate, have a freedom of association.
Economic justice.
This involves having equal opportunities to participate in the economic development of a
country such as getting employment, protection of workers from exploitation by employers,
consuming better goods and services etc.
Legal justice.
This refers to the rule of law in the country, people are supposed to obey the laws that
promote unity and order as stated in the constitution.
Cultural justice.
This is where members of a given society or tribe strictly follow their culture norms, customs
and taboos.
WAYS OF ADMINISTERING JUSTICE IN UGANDA TODAY

Police force has been trained and developed to keep law and order in the society e.g. traffic
police keeps law and order on roads to avoid accidents and traffic jam.
The army has also been recruited and trained to protect defend the country in case of any
external attacks.

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National bureau of standards is established to verify all goods and services produced within
or imported to ensure high and standard goods.
Prisons have been established to isolate and rehabilitate citizens who can cause problems to
innocent citizens.
Cultures of different societies are upheld and promoted by the government so that people of
different tribes are able to live in harmony with each other.
Non-government organizations are rendering service to the disadvantaged people (orphans
and needy) to cater for their welfare, UWESO, Compassion International, World Vision etc.
Uganda government has encouraged financial institutions to give soft loans to the local
people to fight poverty.
The government has established money generating programme to local level to improve on
people’s income e.g. NAADS which gives improved seeds, animals, birds to farmers.
There is free education for all school going children under the programme of USE and UPE
in Uganda.
Local councils have been formed to implement government policies and rise problems
affecting the people.
People have been granted freedom for example freedom for expression, work, and workshop
as long as they don’t affect other people’s freedom.
Provision of free social services like medical services have been provided by the government.
IMPORTANCE OF JUSTICE
It leads to good morals among members of society e.g. cultural justice where people are
taught morals.
Justice creates love and fear for God amongst members of the society.
It leads to good health of members of society because those concerned can provide health
services sufficient to the people.
Justice allows free and fair choosing of leaders and change leaders from society.
It creates respect amongst members of the society because it builds trust and confidence.
It creates love amongst members of society which supports care and sharing.
It encourages people to do well because they are contented and count themselves as part of
the society.
It brings about economic development because where there is justice, there is peace and
stability and so destruction of property looting and running up and down are absent.

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It creates social harmony and peace because it makes all the people of society contented,
satisfied and happy.
People are able to get jobs on merit without discrimination.
It eliminates corruption in society since there is no embezzlement, bribery as people feel they
are part of the system and own it.
INJUSTICES IN THE PRESENT SITUATION.

Many injustices are taking place today and the common ones include;
Tribalism. This is mainly at places of work where people occupying big posts in the
administration tend to favor people from their own tribes at the expense of others hence
discrimination in promotion, jobs, salaries etc.
Rape and defilement. Are common injustices, many women and girls are forced in to sex
against their will, young girls are defiled each day for example in April 2012, 50 girls under 9
years in Jinja were defiled by a 53 year old Turkish Emin Baro.
Abortion. Is an injustice today because it denies the unborn child the right to live yet its only
God to terminate life but many young women do so for fear of the unwanted pregnancy.
Corruption. Is increasing in Uganda especially in government offices and other social
institutes in authority use their offices to exploit others and to enrich themselves leaving the
population to suffer for example the global funds meant for malaria and AID’s treatment.
Exploitation of workers by employers i.e. workers are mistreated, under paid, sometimes
denied payment, sexual harassment done by bosses in order to promote young ladies.
Mob justice. Is an injustice today were the crowd may carry out justice without following the
right procedure and this can cause murder and injury to the victim.
Terrorism and killing of innocent people in cities and villages e.g. the 11th July 2010 attack on
the Ethiopian village in Kabalagala and Kyadondo rugby grounds (Lugogo the west gate mall
in Kenya in September 2013) which claimed very many innocent people.
Commercial injustice is common today for example over charging, selling expired goods to
get profits, smuggling of goods to avoid paying tax.
Marital Unfaithfulness were married men and women have been victims of adultery and
prostitution hence being unfaithful in their marriage.
Dodging classes by students and teachers is a common injustice in schools.
Kidnapping of young children because of desire for money and also for personal differences
for example little Kham Kakama was kidnapped on 8th June 2010 and on 13th June his body
was found in a swamp in Kamwokya a city suburb.

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Causes of Injustices Today

The following are the root causes of injustices in our society;
Influence of drugs can make people to have unjustly to others.
Anger and bad temper makes husbands beat their wives
Selfishness may lead to hoarding resources and services nepotism, tribalism or exploitation of
others.
Poverty which leads to corruption. This can sometimes be due to high costs of living and
inflation.
Peer influence can also lead to all sorts of vices thus injustice.
Poor upbringing of children and lack of parental guidance can make their children be unjust
to others.
Decline in religious conviction leads to low morals thus people become unjust.
Unhealthy competitions can lead to elimination of opponents in politics, cheating in order to
succeed.
Envy and hatred may lead to selfishness, tribalism or prejudice e.g. the Baganda may hate the
Langi because of what Dr. Obote did to them.
Poor economic policies may lead to poverty and exploitation of the people.
Superiority leads to dictatorship and oppression of others.
Poor economic policies may lead to poverty and exploitation of the people.
Bad laws may lead to bad leadership and dictatorship in society.
Greed for wealth can lead to exploitation of others by overworking them, underpayment,
overcharging among others.
Greed for power can lead to rigging elections or suppression of political opponents.
Injustices in Church today
Some church leaders have broken their vows for example some Catholic priests have married
and are extremely rich yet they make a vow of chastity and to be poor.
Some religious leaders have killed their followers e.g. it’s alleged that in 2000 Kibwetere
Joseph of Kanungu of the restoration of the Ten Commandments cult in Kanungu burnt his
followers in church.
Some religious leaders have used witchcraft in order to perform miracles e.g. it’s alleged that
Prophet Samuel Kakande of Synagogue uses witchcraft to perform miracles.

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Some religious leaders have practiced discrimination in church yet Christianity calls for
unity. In some churches, the ushers give front seats to the rich and influential people yet the
poor are left to stand or sit at the back.
Some religious leaders have preached politics in church instead of preaching the gospel.
Some religious leaders have involved and supported sexual immorality e.g. it is alleged that
Bishop Christopher Ssenyonjo supported the act of homosexuality yet the bible is against it.
Some religious leaders have encouraged revenge instead of forgiveness e.g. it’s alleged that
Pastor Yiga Augustine advocates for revenge instead of forgiveness.
Some religious leaders have given false prophesies and teachings e.g. Pastor Robert Kayanja
of Lubanga Miracle Centre in 2006 prophesied that one of the presidential aspirants was to
die but none died.
Some religious leaders have practiced individualism and selfishness yet they are meant to
share with the poor.
Some religious leaders have used the platform to air out their personal or
inter-denominational grudges instead of using the platform to preach the gospel.
Some religious leaders have offered commercialized blessings e.g. its alleged that Pastor
William Muwanguzi of former Holy fire ministries, Namulanda used to ask people to first
pay money to be prayed for.
Some religious leaders are so materialistic as they have turned churches into business e.g. its
alleged that Pastor Imelda Namutebi Kula of Liberty Worship Centre discouraged her
followers from making coinage offertory.
Some religious leaders have misused church funds to fulfill their personal interests as most of
them have bought expensive cars with personalized number plates.
CHILD ABUSES INJUSTICES AGAINST CHILDREN.

Child abuse is common injustice in the following ways;
Defilement of young girls by relatives, old men, and teachers is common in society today
while some boys are seduced in to homosexuality by old men.
Severe punishment by parents especially step mothers who stab children, beat them, burn
children for example Aisha Nabukeera was burnt in February 2006 by the step mother
Sarafina Ndagire in Masaka.
Child sacrifice today is common by witch doctors especially in Mukono, Kayunga, Masaka
and Buikwe district hence deny children a Right to live e.g. Joseph Kasirye 12 year old of
Masaka was sacrificed by Umar Kateregga and wife Nabukeera on orders of Godfrey Kato
Kajjubi in October 2008.

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Kham Kakama was kidnapped from Bugolobi in June 2010 by Gordon Asiimwe and Brian
Sajjabi with the maid Nabaasa Melon.
Children are rejected today by their parents hence abandon them in taxis, buses, taxi parks,
some men deny responsibility hence children lack proper identity e.g. the four albinos of
Mary who were rejected by their father in September 2012.
Some children are exposed to bullying and teasing in some schools, they are beaten, given
hard work, property stolen, turned into sex partners etc.
Some children are denied a right to education especially girls, some denied seats in churches,
parties, personal vehicles etc.
Female genital mutilation is still a common injustice to many young girls who suffer a lot of
pain and others die for example among the Sabiny in Kapchorwa, Pokoti, Nakapiripiriti, and
the Tephethi of Mt Moroto.
Forced marriages among the Karimajongs of Napak district and that is why girls run to the
streets to hide from their parents, also in Teso region in Eastern Uganda, girls are sold for a
sack of dry cassava.
Child labor were children are sent to work for parents, some of them sell food and water walk
in garages, practice prostitution.
In what ways have the school leaders tried to overcome the above injustices?
Counsellors are always invited to schools to counsel undisciplined students, bullies and those
involved in dark cornering.
School rules and regulations are enforced and punishment given on any social entertainment.
Students’ property is always checked for illegals such as phones, iPad, alcohol and drugs.
Sensitization and awareness talks on assembly on talk shows e.g. fire drills.
Expulsion of bullies in public to act as an example to the rest.
Suspension of students involved in injustices such as coupling, breaking school property.
Involving parents in fighting injustices like bullying, theft as parents work together with
school authorities to find out cases such behavior.
Putting of CCTV cameras to see and record wrong doers.
Monitoring students’ activities through close supervision of hidden corners, houses and
classes.
School leaders such as prefects, warden of houses have been involved in protecting students.
Members of staff assist student leaders do roll calls during lessons, school functions.

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Strict supervision of internal exams and also UNEB exams were UNEB officials like scouts
and invigilators minimize examination malpractice.
Punishing wrong doers through detention,
Disciplinary committees in schools.
INJUSTICES AGAINST WOMEN IN OUR MODERN SOCIETY (OPPRESSION OF

WOMEN)
Women are over loaded with domestic duties such as washing, digging, child care, men
simply seat and believe such are natural duties for women.
Forced marriages for young girls for cattle, money, property, without their concern e.g.
among the Karimajongs, the Acholi, for cattle and goats. The Iteso sell girls for a sake of dry
cassava.
Some women are subjected to polygamous marriages.
Exploitation of women in work places, some are sexually harassed by male bosses in
organizing to promote them or give them jobs.
Discrimination of women in some political, social, and religious aspects e.g. no woman is an
Imam, Sheikh in Islamic countries like Pakistan, deny them political roles, in 2012 Olympic
games, Arab countries denied women to represent their countries.
Some men look at women as sex objects to satisfy their desires thus cases of rape, defilement,
and prostitution are common in Kampala and Masaka.
Women are denied chances of property inheritance like land, cattle, houses yet they are part
of the family e.g. among the Banyankole of Western Uganda, land is inherited by only sons.
Some men subject wives to serious beating as a way of disciplining them hence death of
women e.g. for example Renu Joshi was murdered by husband Shammah Kooky in Kampala,
he tortured the wife with electric shock forcing her to take poison, doctor Specioza Kazibwe
former vice president was often beaten by her husband Eng. Charles Kazibwe until their
divorce in 2009.
The demand of expensive bride wealth as made women source of riches and many
commodities which has resulted into mistreatment.
Women are still discriminated in the field of work, promotions, and highly placed
appointments are given to men simply because some employers look at women as being weak
and unreliable during pregnancy.
Female genital circumcision leading to bleeding, death among the Sabiny of Kapchorwa,
Pokoti of Nakapiripiriti, Tephethi of Mt Moroto.

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BULLYING AS AN INJUSTICE IN SCHOOLS TODAY

In schools, bullying is a situation where a person uses strength and power to frighten and
hurting the weak people. It’s a mistreatment of new students by old ones.
Forms of bullying in schools include:
Wetting of students’ beds, throwing away property of a new student.
Beating of a new student and nicknaming of a new student.
Forcefully eating the grab of a new comer.
Young students are forced to work for old ones.
Denying new students to participate in games.
Old students deny new students food in the Dining Hall
Subjecting new students to heavy exercises like jumping, dancing, singing, etc.
Forcing new students into taking drugs and alcohol.
Involving them as sexual partners.
Giving wrong directions to new students egg directing them to the toilet instead of a canteen.
Killing of a new student.
Why is bullying in school an injustice today.

It is a form of injustice because it causes physical harm and injury to the new comer hence a
criminal at that should involve the law.
Bullying leads to death of a new student e.g. an S.1 student at Namilyango College was killed
in 1992 by an S.4 student, an S.1 boy of Mbarara high school was forced to swim in R. Rwizi
and died in 2010.
Bullying subjects a new comer to sleepless nights because of fear to be attacked unaware,
tortured and wetting his bed which denies him freedom to relax.
It leads to loss of property where the new comer loses his money, book, clothes, shoes which
may not be recovered.
Bullying causes humiliation of a student who is beaten in public, abusive language used on
him hence loss of human dignity.
It leads to lack of concentration on academic work since the student is disturbed by the
mistreatment inflicted on him or her which affects the performance.
Dodging classes may result because of lack of interest in education as a result of the harsh
environment hence one would dodge lessons, prep, mess etc.

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Immorality may result because such young boys and girls are promised protection by the old
boys and girls who may use them as homosexuals and lesbians.
It is an injustice because it violets people’s rights and freedom of equality i.e. all students are
supposed to enjoy their freedom and no one should be treated unkindly for no reason since all
children at school share the same rights.
It is against the commandment of love i.e. bullying shows lack of love for fellow students
since it is a Christian duty to love therefore failure to love and show sympathy are symbols of
injustice.
It brings about a spirit revenge whereby when an S.1 is teased and gets into the next class, he
also carries out bullying of the new comers.
It creates a bad name of the school to the public and community which may lead to its
decline.
Some of the solutions to bullying in schools.

The school authorities should put strict rules and punishments against the social evil.
Suspended bullies can be given a task of protecting new comers in order to establish friendly
relationships.
Counsellors should be invited to schools to do counselling and guidance to the bullies.
Parents of the bullies should work together with school authorities of such behavior to look
for solutions.
Expulsion of bullies should be done by the school authorities in public to act as an example to
the rest.
There should be close supervision at school regularly by school authorities in hidden corners
and houses.
The school should involve all school leaders in houses, classrooms, mess, around compound,
chapel to protect the new comer.
The students can also discuss in debates openly the dangers and solutions to bullying.
MOB JUSTICE AS AN INJUSTICE

Mob justice refers to a situation when an emotional crowd takes the law in their hand to
administer justice without following the legal process. It can be in form of beating severely,
stoning, killing, burning a person, striping the people naked.
It is injustice and evil because of the following;

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It causes physical harm; leads to bodily harm, injuries, deformation of an innocent person,
creating suffering to the victim and the family hence it is abuse of one’s human rights.
It denies one a chance to defend himself because some people are just suspects but victimized
innocently, denied the chance to defend themselves e.g. a driver got by robbers at gun point
to drive them may be innocently be tortured by the crowd.
It leads to public humiliation i.e. degrades human dignity, leads to shame in public like
setting fire on the victim, when is stripped naked.
It leads to murder of the suspect yet killing is prohibited in Exodus 20:13 “….Thou shall not
kill”.
It brings permanent hatred between families of the victim and those who carried out mob
justice leading to revenge.
It leads to destruction of property such as houses, vehicles, plantations, and if one is proved
innocent, compensation will be impossible.
It’s unpropotional i.e. the crime committed may not be in line with punishment e.g. killing a
thief of a basket of potatoes who could have been imprisoned for the three months,
undressing a person for stealing a bangle, stoning a person who has stolen food due to hunger.
It is injustice because it could have been a result for uncontrolled behaviour, some people
commit crimes due to uncontrolled force such as madness, drug abuse, the law can protect
such accidental offenders.
Some people go for mob justice because of personal differences e.g. a man whose wife
moves with another man forces him to mob justice.
It is against the purpose of punishment which is to help the criminal repent but it is intended
to mistreat, cause injury and death to the victim.
Mob justice is done with intentions of revenge yet a Christian is meant to love enemies other
than hating them just as how Jesus for gave his killers.
It is false accusation i.e. the victim could be accused falsely for having committed a crime
which he may be unaware of such as robbery, murder, rape, defilement etc.
It is unconstitutional according, to the 1995 Uganda constitution, everybody is innocent until
proved guilty by the court, and people have a right to fair hearing.
Causes of Mob Justice

Excessive drug abuse i.e. people act under influence of drugs such as cocaine, opium etc.
The desire to destroy evidence of the crime committed from being known e.g. other criminals
may not want to reveal the truth about them so they instigate mob justice.

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Delayed actions by the law i.e. the courts of law delay in judging cases and sometimes they
release suspects without taking them to court.
Idleness where by idlers influence other people to administer punishment with false belief of
being occupied.
Some people think it is a preventive measure to stop more criminal activities from being
committed hence it is a warning to others e.g. if a man of 60 years defiles a baby, the mob
will act due to the gravity of the case.
People no longer trust the police who arrest the criminals hence there is a big gap created
between the people and the police.
Bribery and corruption in courts of law force people to carry out mob justice.
Injustice of the existing law by the emotional crowd who take it upon themselves to kill the
suspects.
Permissiveness where people are free to do whatever they want and when they want hence
mob justice.
Uncontrolled anger and high temper where some people get annoyed so easily and can punish
the suspected criminal.
CHILD SACRIFICE AS AN INJSUTICE

It refers to a child ritual murder intended to appease the gods and spirits with the aim of
seeking blessings.
Causes of Child Sacrifice
The mushrooming shrines and witchdoctors who advise people to carryout human sacrifice.
Influence of the mass media especially with the misleading advertisement which may
influence one to sacrifice.
Loss of the extended family and attachment to the community where every one cared for one
another but today neigbours don’t care for other children which makes it easy for the
kidnappers to get children without being noticed.
Poverty where many people want to get money they resort to sacrificing children in order for
them to get rich. E.g. Kato Kajubi sacrificed Joseph Kasirye to a witch doctor in Masaka in
order to become rich.
Irresponsible parenthood whereby some parents have failed to care about their children and
many have failed to realize whether their children are missing.
There are weak laws in Uganda to punish the culprits which influence others to take up the
same act.

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Negligence of the local leaders who have failed to notice the existence of the shrines in their
areas.
Economic prosperity e.g. the construction of many petrol stations, houses, industries etc. has
also encouraged people to carryout human sacrifice in order to appease their gods.
The revival of the kingdom which allows traditional religion to prosper hence allowing
people build more shrines which has encouraged child sacrifice.
Increasing number of cults e.g. Henry Katstina who allows child sacrifice.
Low religious convictions leading to moral degeneration and increasing immorality whereby
people do not mind about death of children.
Permissiveness in society were people are free to do whatever they like and nobody cares
about what happens.
Ignorance of parents who believe in magic and witchcraft that by sacrificing their children,
they can attain success.
Bareness where women were asked to sacrifice a child so as she may get pregnant after
driving away a bad omen.
WHY HAVE INJUSTICE PERSISTED TODAY?

Desire to revenge.
Unemployment.
Indecent dressing.
Unfaithfulness in relationships leading to domestic violence.
Poverty leads to stealing, bribery, prostitution etc.
Love for material wealth such as land and money.
Inequality of income hence the rich exploit the poor and the poor steal and kill the rich.
Frustrations in life have cost many people to commit suicide.
Modern technology especially the use of pornography have promoted violence and sex abuse.
Jealously and envy have led to witch craft and murder.
Corruption in courts of law where the poor are denied fair trial and the rich bribe judges.
EFFORTS BY THE CHURCH TO FIGHT INJUSTICES

The church has preached the gospel to all Ugandans encouraging love.

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The church has preached equality of all people before God hence trying to fight
discrimination, based on sex, race, and tribe because all people are created in God’s image.
The church has condemned adultery and teaches married couples to remain faithful to each
other.
The church preaches forgiveness and fruitfulness, reconciliation where people should live
together as people of God in peace.
The church has built homes for the disadvantaged people such as orphans, the poor, the
elderly for example Sanyu Babies’ Home in Mengo by Namirembe Christians, Watoto by
Watoto ministries in Kampala.
Social services have been provided by the church especially education and medical care by
constructing schools and funding the church founded schools.
Through organizations such as World Vision, Compassion International. Many people have
been supported with employment to fight poverty which is a cause of injustice.
The church condemns political instability and terrorism, it also advocates for peaceful means
of setting conflicts.
The church supports women fundamental rights and women liberation movements through
groups such as Mothers Union, the Catholic Women guild.
The church encourages income generating projects to fight poverty and discrimination e.g.
projects like piggery, poultry, send a Cow by Anglican Church, the Centenary Development
Bank by the Catholic Church. Etc.
The church opposes dictators who bring injustice to people e.g. the late Archbishop Janani
Luwum with other 20 bishops protested to Idi Amin’s dictatorship and he was killed in 1977.
THE EFFORT (ROLE) OF THE GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING OR

ENFORCING JUSTICE IN UGANDA TODAY.
The government has promoted respect of human rights, everybody is allowed to exercise his
freedom, the formation of the Human Rights Commission where citizens are protected and
the commission encourages laws against rape, mistreatment, defilement, in order to protect
human rights
Security organs are put in place and the government has equipped them to help promote law
and order for a peaceful society and security in the country eg the police, the army, prisons,
etc. These arrest and punish people who do injustices such as corruption, child sacrifice,
stealing, murder etc.

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The government set up anti-corruption bodies to fight corruption in the country e.g. the
Inspector General of Government (IGP), auditor general, Public Accounts Committee (PAC),
presidential advisor on corruption, Crime Investigation Directorate (CID) etc.
Local councils were set up since 1986 and have administered justice to ordinary people at
village level, they sensitize people on their rights, they fight idleness and gambling among the
youth, they expose criminals, they look after the oppressed and abandoned children and even
volunteer to guard at night.
The government has supported women liberation struggle since women are taken as inferior
for example through the family protection unit by the police, the government supports
organization like FIDA which is a voice for women to fight for justice.
The courts of law pass judgment and the prisons enforce imprisonment sentences to wrong
doers to change them in to good citizens hence we have lawyers, magistrates are employed by
the government.
The government has protected and ensure that people buy equality products and unexpired
goods therefore organizations such as the National Chamber of Commerce (NCC), the
Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) fight commercial injustices.
The government has promoted freedom of worship in Uganda, people are free to worship and
belong to any faith hence religious justice.
The government promotes free media for people to get information through the press e.g.
newspapers, radios, televisions and the wrong doers are checked to promote justice this is
done by the police and other stake holders.
PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING JUSTICE IN UGANDA.

There are some setbacks or challenges in Uganda as the government tries to fight injustice or
promote justice. These include;
Bribery. The rich sometimes pay for justice to the lawyers and magistrates and are
innocently victimized in favor of the rich who are guilty. This is commercialized justice.
Corruption in courts of law as some officers in the judiciary delay cases sometimes they hide
files so as to loose evidence in favor of those they support because they are friends, relatives,
tribe mates. Etc.
Failure of the society to co-operate with authorities such as police, LC’s as some people hide
wrong doers and leave work to police alone.
Poor funding of those who administer justice especially the police lack cars, motor cycles,
radio calls Etc.
The rehabilitation program has been of no help, the method of putting all criminals in one
place, treat them harshly instead turns them into skilled wrong doers.

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Some politician and high ranking officials such as ministers, members of parliament in the
government have always interfered with the work of the judiciary and the police.
Some witnesses are rigid as they may refuse to witness cases such as murder, rape,
defilement.
Some cultures are rigid, they impose injustices to people and the judiciary long to check them
e.g. female genital mutilation among the Sabiny of Kapchorwa, the Tephethi and Okot
Karamajong.
The free media which has promoted violence, pornography, western culture, pre-marital sex
has been a setback.
Weakness of the law whereby in some cases wrong doers continue to walk freely due to the
inability of the law to correct them more especially, those who misuse public funds are never
arrested immediately.
Ignorance among the people commit crimes deliberately or without knowing hence effective
ways of promoting desired justice is hindered.
Modern scientific technology whereby people have new discoveries which help them commit
unknown injustices hence the promoters of justice may fail to act.
JUSTICE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY

Justice existed in the following ways;
It was promoted through public to make the rest of the public learn from ones’ experience
before punishment was given there was a chance for the offender to beg for forgiveness from
authorities and disgraced public promising never to commit the crime again.
Compensation was an aspect of injustice which promoted reconciliation, any wrong doer had
to pay for his or her sins in an agreed way such as if an animal destroyed someone’s garden,
and they had to pay.
Local courts occupied by chiefs and elders had a role to maintain justice to reconcile
members in their villages, elders would settle family matters at family level.
Strong standing army for defense and to maintain justice in some societies like Buganda and
Bunyoro.
Common sense was important in maintaining justice were disagreeing parties were allowed to
come together to sort out their differences and a decision was reached by making an
agreement.
Purification was carried out were wrong doers were meant to undergo some ceremonies
aimed at removing evils with the sin committed he would live with others before he would
live with other members normally.
The members of the community were important in some societies as community members
would provide for those in need with basic needs like food e.g. among the Azande of Zambia
in Central Africa a family that needed food would put a basket in the road junction and all
community members would contribute food, also a hungry stranger would be allowed to pick

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food in a community garden to satisfy his hunger however if he picked more than necessary,
he would be accused of stealing.
Wrong doers in society were punished as a way of ensuring the punishment were to stop the
wrong doers from repeating the same crime and remain good members of the community.
They also acted as warning to the rest of the community (people) e.g. among the Teso of
Eastern Uganda, thieves were also killed as a warning to others, among the Bakiga of South
Western Uganda, and pregnant girls were thrown in to Kisizi falls as a punishment to failing
to follow society rules.
There was team work so as to maintain harmony in the community hence individualism was
discouraged people shared the benefits of work to prevent individualism such as sharing a
beer party, helping neighbors which promoted peace and reconciliation.
INJUSTICES IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY.

In the African Traditional Society, people practiced injustice knowingly or unknowingly and
the following were the injustices.
They were social classes and discrimination in some societies, the ruled were exploited by the
rulers for example in Rwanda, the Tutsi, exploited the Hutu.
In Ankole, the Bahima who were the royals discriminated the Bairu peasants, in Buganda, the
royals (balangira) mistreated the commoners (bakopi) who were servants and squatters on
land, the Batooro discriminated the Bakonjo.
Strangers who migrated into a new tribal group were after mistreated, abused as foreigners,
were blamed for any misfortune like drought they were suspected to be spies and were
punished in case of any external attack e.g. among the Batooro of Western Uganda strangers
were nicknamed Abafuruki.
The disable, insane, albinos were mistreated, isolated, beaten, insulted and even killed by
members of society, some were sexually harassed and considered cursed.
Twins were under privileged and they was a custom of throwing away of twins who were
considered a disgrace E.g. among the Ibo of Western Uganda, the twins were buried in the
evil forest.
The kings practiced dictatorship and oppressed their subjects, some grabbed people’s wives
and would kill their subjects any time, people would kneel in sharp instruments to greet their
king for example in Buganda, the king would grab people’s wives and had authority over life
and death, kings like Kabaka Mwanga, would use force to practice homosexuality on the
pages, among the Banyankole, the king would spit in the mouth of the Bairu and the king’s
spear would rest on somebody’s foot.
Human sacrifice was practiced to please the gods in fear of war and drought E.g. among the
Ibo of Nigeria in Western Africa, among the Banyoro, a 9 month baby girl was sacrificed
during enthronement of a new king.

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Tribalism existed among some societies e.g. intermarriages were discouraged between the
Hutu and Tutsi of Rwanda, the Balangira and Bambejja were not allowed to marry bakopi in
Buganda.
Witch craft was common hence witch hunting was a common aspect were anyone suspected
of witchcraft was victimized even when he was innocent, therefore people were unique
features such as being very tall, extremely short, having red eyes, very big mouth, very big
breasts etc. Such people were killed or sent out of society e.g. among the Zulu of West Africa,
the king carried out the smelling out of riches from society on annual basis.
Slave trade was practiced among societies were African kings and chiefs together with Arabs
who raided people’s villages, set fire on huts, people were beaten even sometimes denied
food, people became homeless on seeing slave traders e.g. in societies like the Baganda,
Banyoro, the Nyamwezi and Lao of Tanzania.
Individual and ownership of property was under looked in favor of the community ones crops
would be harvested without his knowledge so as to feed people in a party or funeral.
Murder was carried out by some societies through mob justice, if a person was suspected of
crime like witch craft, he would be beaten and stoned to death e.g. the Teso would kill a thief
and the thief would never be buried to act as an example to the rest and murder was a less
serious offence which would be settled by elders.
INJUSTICES AGAINST WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY.

Female genital mutilation when girls at the age of ten and above were mutilated e.g. like the
Kikuyu of Kenya, the Sabiny of Kapchorwa, and Pokoti of Karimajongs got pain for the
reason of making them faithful in marriage.
Women had no right and freedom to take part in leadership roles because men believed it was
a disgrace to be led by a woman, they denied them attendance of village meetings and courts
even when the case discussed considered them e.g. in all African societies like Buganda,
Langi, Banyankole no woman chief existed.
Women were denied nutritious foods hence food taboos existed in order to sustain marriages
e.g. in the Ankole society, women were denied fish, chicken and if a woman ate the tongue,
jaw, kidney, she was sent back home to bring a live animal. Kikuyu denied women meat,
Baganda denied women eggs, chicken, and grasshoppers.
Polygamy was practiced as men were free to marry as many women as they wanted hence
women were looked at as sex objects to satisfy men’s sexual desires e.g. among the Baganda,
Basoga of Eastern Uganda, the Banyankole, the Nyamwezi of Tanzania.
Women were denied inheritance of property such as land and cattle, if a woman had only
daughters, a relative was looked for to inherit the property no matter the woman’s
contribution.
Girls who became pregnant before marriage were severe punished, isolated or sent away from
community as a punishment of failing to follow society for example among the Bakiga of
South Western Uganda, a pregnant girl was thrown into Kisizi falls to act as a warning to the

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rest, in Congo, the girl would be tied on a big tree in the forest for wild animals to eat her yet
boys praised for being fertile.
Husbands were oppressive to their wives, they would beat wives for failure to meet the work
expected of them and for misbehaving, women were also to show hospitality to the visitors
for example among the Bahima and Banyankole of Western Uganda, a man would his wife to
entertain a visitor with sex among the Basoga of Eastern Uganda, a wife belonged to the
whole clan.
There was discrimination based on sex were boys were more valued more than girls, a lot of
joy was experienced when a baby boy was born than a girl e.g. among the Banyankole of
Western Uganda, having one boy was better than having 100 girls.
Childlessness was blamed on the woman when it was the man who was impotent also barren
women and junior wives were mistreated by the fertile and senior wives.
African women were forcefully accused of witchcraft, cannibalism and all other misfortunes
e.g. the Iteso of Eastern Uganda blamed the suffering of leprosy on women and this was
settled by divorce.
Less compensation was paid for the murder of a woman than a man in some societies since
women were less valued e.g. among the Teso of Eastern Uganda, the murder of a woman was
a less offence solved by the little less compensation.
CHURCH HISTORY
Injustices in the Early Church.
During the early church period, there were two major injustices i.e. slavery and oppression
the minor groups in the following ways;
In the Roman Empire, Christians were the minority, they were hated and blamed for
worshipping Christ as king instead of emperor Nero of Rome.
The Christians were murdered and burnt for down the City of Rome around 64 AD yet it was
done Emperor Nero and blamed the Christians.
Christians were denied freedom of worship by Jewish leaders especially during the latter part
of the church hence Christian had meeting in hidden to share the teachings of Christ.
Christians also faced religious persecution from religious Jewish leaders for going against the
Jewish culture and religious practices.
Some of the early Christians were imprisoned even when they were innocent e.g. Peter,
James, Paul, John, for preaching the gospel of Christ and others like Stephen were murdered
by stoning.
Many Christians face political persecution, they were given to hungry lions for worshipping
Christ.

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Women were discriminated in the early church, they were denied church leadership attending
meetings if they did so, they were denied talking and also had to cover their heads during
worship.
In Palestine, the Muslims were discriminated by the Christian catholic who valued it as holy
land of God so they fought the Muslims to get their land back hence Catholic soldiers
mistreated the Muslims who were the minority.
Slavery practices were common in the Roman Empire in the whole 4th Century during
Emperor Constantine’s reign, religious leaders like bishops and priests also owned slaves
because slavery made church powerful and rich.
Slaves were mistreated sold to America and Brazil among where they worked under terrible
conditions, denied food, lacked medical care and slept in cold open nights during winter.
Married slaves experienced many forms of injustices i.e. family members were taken away or
slaves, children would also be taken away as young slaves. Married men would only be given
a chance to meet their wives for producing more slaves denied slaves a chance to live as
united families.
WHY WAS SLAVE TRADE AN INJUSTICE IN AFRICA?

Slave trade led to misery and suffering in east Africa, people were beaten and tied up with
chains carrying large luggage.
Slave trade led to depopulation of people in Africa, they raided villages and caught strong
young men and raped the women.
Slave trade led to loss of lives of people, those who were lazy and always tired were killed,
raiding villages also led to loss of lives.
Slave trade led to slowing down of economic activities like farming, craft making.
Slave trade led to displacement of people and many people and many became homeless.
Slave trade led to introduction of guns into the interior which increased the cause of war for
territorial expansion.
There was tribalism and many people lost ties with their tribal groupings and others were left
homeless.
Many families were separated i.e. many children and old people were abandoned as a result
of slave trade.
There was massive destruction of property like farms, land, stoves, and houses because slave
trade raids were very destructive .such forms were burning and looting.
Steps Taken To Bring Slavery to the End

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Treaties were signed by the Heads of States e.g. the Berlin Conference was held to bring
slavery to an end.
The introduction of machines which replaced man power helped to bring slavery to an end.
People were encouraged to be united by the church to bring slavery to an end.
The church preached against slave trade through loving each other, though caring for each
other and this also brought slavery to an end.
People were encouraged to respect each other since we were all created in God’s Image this
also brought slavery to an end.
Christians groups and individuals wrote and published the horrifying state of slaves e.g. Dr.
David Livingstone and the Quakers.
The Universities mission to central Africa (U.M.C.A) was formed to handle the issue of
slaves.
The UMCA started villages for freed slaves where they could be catered for. In 1807, the bill
prohibiting slave trade was passed.
Schools and colleges were opened settlement for freed slaves.
The holy ghost Fathers and sisters of the sacred heart of Jesus in 1869 opened settlement
schemes for freed slaves in Bagamoyo-Tanzania.
Some freed slaves were trained in seminarians for agriculture, carpentry and joinery, brick
laying and others.
They tried to create jobs in industries farms for the freed slaves and slave masters
ST. PETER CLAVER

Peter Claver was born in 1580.
He was a Spanish priest and belonged to a Christian group known as Quakers.
He worked in America with the slaves who came from Africa
He used to take food and medicine to the slaves.
He conducted fellowship with the slaves and encouraged them to work hard.
He taught the slaves how to pray, prayed for them, and encouraged them to live a prayerful
life.
He advised the slave owners to treat them well and with human dignity.
He encouraged the slaves to be submissive to their masters.
He visited the mines and plantations where the slaves worked frequently and encouraged
them to work. He also visited them in the hospitals.

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He read scriptures and taught them Christian faith through an interpreter.

He conducted catechism classes.
He baptize the new converts into Christianity he is believed to have baptized around 300,000
African slaves.
He encouraged the slaves to submit to their masters.
He arranged and cared for the sick.
He did this kind of work for forty years despite opposition for the slave owners.
His work paid off when many slave owners came to an understanding and realized that they
had for long subjected their slaves to inhuman acts.
He died on 8th September 1654.
OPPRESSION OF THE MINORITIES AND OTHER GROUPS

This oppression came up immediately slavery and slave trade were abolished. This was
because those who abolished slavery were in the minority groups. These groups included the
following;
The Jewish Minority
The Jews were oppressed for the troubles that were not really their fault. They were held
responsible for the writing of the New Testament book.
The Christian Minority
During the era of the Roman Empire, Christian were the minority. They were blamed for
worshipping Christ instead of Emperor Nero. This led to Christians to be harshly treated,
imprisoned, murdered and blamed for any wrong doing.
The Protestant Minority
In the United Kingdom where the Catholics were the majority, labelled Protestants as rebels.
This followed the expulsion of Queen Elizabeth 1 in 1571 from the Catholic Church by Pope
Pius V when she declared the protestant religion as the state religion of the United Kingdom.
The Pagan Minority
During the era of Emperor Constantine, pagans were oppressed by the Christians for failing
to respect the state religion. The Christians who were rich and powerful refused to assist the
poor pagans.
The Heretic Minority
These were the people who held different beliefs from those accepted by the church. These
were mistreated and stopped from associating with Christians.

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Christians who lived in communist countries like China, Korea, and Romania faced severe
persecutions and mistreatment for their faith. Christians were oppressed because communism
does not believe in the existence of God.
How did Missionaries in Africa try to restore justice or undermine injustice?

By decampaigning slave trade which was a source of mistreatment and encouraging
legitimate trade e.g. Dr. David Livingstone in east and central Africa.
Missionaries preached love for one another and encouraged living together peacefully other
than having inter –tribal wars, fighting in homes or families etc.
Missionaries condemned human sacrifice to tribal gods and fought murder of twins as these
contradicted Christians laws such as do not murder.
Missionaries constructed schools for girls to empower them and enable them to fight for
equal opportunities with men hence addressing the injustice of women discrimination.
Missionaries helped the needy, the lame, orphans, widows who were undermined by society
members by giving them donations and encouraged Africans to be united as brothers and
sisters.
Missionaries discouraged food taboos and preached to Africans that whatever God created
was good for both men and women.
They disapproved and opposed traditional practices like female genital mutilation among the
Kikuyu of Kenya which denied women sexual enjoyment in marriage.
They encouraged the choice of marriage partner to stop injustice of forced marriage, hey also
discouraged widow inheritance that it was the choice of a widow to remarry a person she
loved, overcharging of bride price was discouraged because it would lead to mistreatment and
buying of the girl.
GREAT PERSONALITES WHO OPPOSED INJUSTICES IN THEIR LIFE TIME IN

CHURCH HISTORY
In the world great men of personality came up to strongly oppose the injustices that caused
endless suffering of their own people and below are the case studies of the personalities who
fought for justice during their lifetime.
- Nelson Madiba Mandela
- Late Cardinal Emmanuel Nsubuga
- Lady Diana Spencer
- Mother Theresa
- Martin Luther King Junior
- Arch Bishop Janan Luwum
- Don Helder Camara

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NELSON MANDELA
Nelson Mandela was born 18 July 1918 at Quna in Transvaal region of South Africa.
He was politically active right from his youthful stage and he mobilized South African people
to oppose the injustice of racism in the apartheid regime.
It is his principled life and determination to offer himself as a living sacrifice for his country
that he came out loudly in 1985 when he rejected an offer of a condition release if he had
denounced violence and he honored the apartheid regime.
In his world he said “only free men can negotiate, prisoners can’t enter into any contract. I
can’t and I will not sign on any paper at a time when my people and the prisoners are denied
their freedom.
It was until February 11 1990 that Nelson Mandela walked out of the prison gates for his
freedom after 27 years in jail and he remains the most outstanding moral and political leader
on the African continent.
He died on 5 December 2013.
PRINCESS/ LADY DIANA SPENCER
Princess Diana was a princess of wales (England). She was the world’s most famous woman
because of her charming personality and love she had for the people.
She was married to Prince Charles.
She was popularly known as “people’s princess” and she was gifted with a smile that she
shared with everyone and she would also smile with those who were hurt which would give
them a sense of self-esteem and belonging.
As a queen of people’s heart, she dearly gave out so much love and charity to those who were
in need which was against the rules of the royal family in which she belonged.
She hugged AIDS victims and spared time to identify herself with land mine victims in
Angola. This was an achievement from a royal person like her who belonged to the royal
family in England.
Later on Princess Diana launched a campaign for total ban of production and use of
landmines elsewhere in the world.
She ended her life in a car crush when she was 36years on August 31 in 1997 and everyone
who get the news felt so sad about it because of her charming character.
Princess Diana is also remembered for her support for humanity which saved many children,
elderly people, the sick and the needy people in the society
ARCH BISHOP JANAN LUWUM
He was a Ugandan Anglican Arch Bishop that President Idi Amin wished dead for being an
active defender of human rights.

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He is greatly remembered for his selfless effort in acting as a voice for the voiceless during
Idi Amin’s regime in 1970s.
He expressed his dissatisfaction on the injustices imposed on Ugandans by the state during
Amin’s regime. He would weep with people who were hurt and his willingness to help those
who suffered during Amin’s regime invited a deeper conflict with the government.
A week before his death, the Arch Bishop had written an open letter to the president and was
signed by other 18 Ugandan Bishops which later led to a lot of injustices. For example,
kidnap, arbitrary arrests, murder etc.
In February 1977, the Arch Bishop was then arrested and shot twice in the chest by Amin
himself, an act that was not good but instead Amin told the people that the Arch Bishop was
involved in a car accident and that was God’s punishment for plotting to over throw the
government.
The letter he wrote to the president gave him a death warrant because Amin had never
accepted public criticism and he put the Arch Bishop on the firing line, a man he once loved.
The Arch Bishop is still remembered on the Ugandan calendar 16 February has been set aside
as a public holiday in memory of the Arch Bishop.
Luwum Street in Uganda was also named after Arch Bishop Janan Luwum.
MOTHER THERESA OF CALCATHA

She was a Roman Catholic nun and she remains the world’s renowned missionary for that
that time whose real name was Agnes Gonxha Bosaxhim.
She received a noble prize in 1979 for her work with the poor whom she always referred to as
“the poorest of the poor”
Mother Theresa was born in 1910 and after sometime the Catholic Church granted her
permission to leave the convent and work among the poor people.
She founded a religious order called missionaries of charity in 1950 and she used to provide
food for the needy in school, hospitals, orphanage homes and youth centers,
Mother Theresa is known for having never mixed missionary work with politics and this is
what made her effective in her mission. Indeed, before her death, many people has referred to
her as the only saint still alive.
While in Uganda in November 1958, she visited the needy in Kisenyi slum and her mission
freely educated over 300 children from Mengo Kisenyi project.
On September 5 1997, Mother Theresa died and no one could hardly find evil in her intention
CARDINAL EMMANUL NSUBUGA

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He is referred to as the grandfather of the Uganda Catholics and he went down in the history
of Uganda as the first cardinal ever who had extra ordinary pastoral devotion and love which
touched many Ugandans.
He had become a great voiceless for the voiceless and assisted the under privileged and
suffering people in Uganda.
He tirelessly without fear spoke against the abuse of power and violation of human rights in
Uganda.
He never feared to visit those who were suffering in law and looked up areas during
1980-1986 civil war.
He provided shelter for more than 1000 refugees at Rubaga through his development project.
He helped to draw closer to the common man by putting in place a primary and secondary
school at Kyankwanzi that educated many Ugandans.
He put in place the Bakateyamba home for the elderly and disabled people at Nalukolongo in
Kampala to cater for the homeless people.
He was buried at Nalukolongo among the helpless on 20th April 1991.
MARTIN LUTHER KING JUNIOR (1928-1968)

He was born in 1928 to a Baptist Church Minister. Martin Luther was born in Atlanta
Georgia in South America.
He spent his early life in South America where the Black people suffered untold
discrimination from the whites and the government.
He studied and graduated in Divinity and Theology at Boston University.
Martin Luther quickly came up to the forefront of the black struggle for equality and civil
rights.
He was inspired by an Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi and his nation to believe
non-violence as a means of fighting for their rights.
He emphasized brotherhood of masses and as a basis of justice and equality.
He preached the message of love and reconciliation even when he was imprisoned and
threatened to die.
He instilled in his people the courage to fight for equality and their rights as free citizens.
Together with other black laborers, he organized many boycotts and demonstrations to show
how the rights of the blacks were abused.
Because of this he was awarded a noble prize for the great works and struggle for the rights
of the blacks and other minorities in USA.

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He struggled for equal rights of voting for both the blacks and the whites.
All his life, he spoke out against discrimination, the problem of war and the disease of
poverty.
He was assassinated in 1968 when he was addressing a gathering of people who were
planning a match to Washington.
MAHATMA GANDI (1869-1948)

Mahatma Gandhi was born in 1869 in Porbander, Gujarat in India and he was the youngest of
the four children of Kabagandhi from his fourth wife.
His mother was deeply religious while his father was a man of integrity from a ruling clan.
He started his school education in India the place of his birth before he went to London to
study law from 1888 to 1891.
At the age of 13 he was forced to marry according to the Hindu culture.
He practiced the law in India from 1891-1893 before proceeding to South Africa for a
contract legal job.
His opposition to colour discrimination made him popular in South Africa and he was chosen
to be a leader of the Indian Community in South Africa.
He geared the formation of Napal Indian Congress which was initial important in the struggle
and rights of Indians.
He bravely campaigned against the law which didn’t allow the Indian Community to
participate in the elections.
In 1915, Gandhi returned to India permanently and was elected as a president of India
National Congress. This helped him to fight against the British Colonial rule.
Mahatma Gandhi introduced a peaceful strike in which the Indians devoted themselves to
prayers, to fasting in order to fight against Colonial rule. He believed in non-violence in the
struggle for justice and the rights of the oppressed people.
He campaigned against some traditions like early marriages and he criticized his father for
making him marry at an early/tender age.
His good acts and ways of life pleased people and they named him Mahatma meaning great
soul.
He was the leading figure in the Indian struggle for freedom and independence and he
endured prison cells many times.
When India finally gained her independence on 15th August 1947 Gandhi did not take part in
the celebrations but instead spent the day fasting and praying.

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Nevertheless, his policies of non-violence, truth, love and unity brought justice to the Indian
Community.
In 1948, Gandhi was shot dead by a militant Hindu.
DON HELDER CAMARA

He was a Brazilian Archbishop of Olinda and Recife.
He strongly advocated for peaceful opposition to injustice rather than violent means.
He said that if we used violence to solve injustice, then the world can fall into a spiral of
violence i.e. violence attracts violence in the face of many injustice.
He urged that opting for nonviolence means to believe more strongly in the power of truth,
justice and love than in the power of wars, weapons and hatred.
He was personally against the idea of killing to bring justice.
JUSTICE IN THE BIBLE

In the Old Testament, there was different cases of injustices which include;
Man’s disobedience i.e. Adam and Eve disobeyed God they ate the forbidden fruit Genesis 3,
this was injustice to God who commanded them never to eat from the tree in the middle of
the garden.
Egyptian slavery was another case of injustice where the children of Israel suffered slavery
under pharaoh, God was concerned about the injustices and sent Moses to liberate them to the
promised and.
There was injustices of over taxation and forced labor where some kings forced the Israelites
to work on their projects without playing them e.g. King Solomon over taxed people and
used over 30,000 Israelites to construct the temple and his palace (1Kings 5) ,King David
over taxed people to build cities and his palace.
Sexual immorality was a common injustice in the Old Testament e.g. incest by the daughters
of Lot who him drunk and produce children Gen (19;30) .the people of Sodom and Gomorrah
who practiced homosexuality ,Hosea’s wife practiced prostitution, Shechem son of Hamor
raped Dinah daughter of Jacob (Genesis 34…..).
Murder was a common injustice e.g. in (Genesis 4). Cain murdered his brother Abel for
presenting a good sacrifice to God, King David killed Uriah after committing adultery with
his wife Bathsheba.

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Jealousy existed for example Joseph the son of Jacob was sold by his own brothers to
Egyptians slave traders because the father loved him more than the rest (Genesis 32:12) Cain
killed his brother Abel because of jealousy.
Commercial injustices were common among traders whereby they used false measures to
cheat customers e.g. overcharging ,selling poor quality goods of high prices (Amos 8:5-8)
Amos condemned the rich women of Samaria for exploiting the poor ( Amos 4:1-5).
The Israelites worshipped small gods as an injustice to God’s protection for example King
Ahaz of Israel sacrificed his son to idols in the valley of Hinson which was forbidden by the
Commandments (2nd kings 16:3).
Women were mistreated and taken as property, they did domestic work on Sabbath yet all
people were supposed to rest on Sabbath.
Importance of the Covenant Laws to the Israelites

It promoted respect of the fundamental human rights of slaves and children by allowing them
to rest on the Sabbath in line with Exodus 20:10-11.
It helped them to be contented with what God had given them in order to avoid envy, jealousy
and stealing among others (Exodus 20:17).
It promoted faithfulness in marriage by condemning adultery which could lead to conflicts
and pave away for murder.
It promoted compensation for the lost or damaged property hence maintain justice and good
relationship.
It maintained monotheism i.e. worshipping other gods was a sin and prohibited.
They were to love their neigbours as they loved themselves.
They were to observe the Sabbath, keep it holy and dedicated to God as it is stipulated in the
covenant laws.
It maintained the use of God’s name for good purpose and avoid false swearing.
They were to respect their fathers and mothers so as to live longer.
They were to stop accusing each other falsely i.e. they were not to give false evidence so as to
humiliate others (exodus 20:16).
It helped the Israelites to live according to God’s covenant in order to be loved and blessed by
God (20:6).

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The law prohibited them to murder, no one had a right to take life (Exodus 20:13).
Roles of the Prophets in Fighting Injustices in the Old Testament.

The prophets encouraged repentance and condemned immoral behavior they called up people
to live righteous lives as God’s chosen people, for example prophet Nathan condemn David
for the sin adultery died hence David was forgiven, Prophet Jonah encouraged the people of
Nineveh repent in order to avoid destruction.
The prophets encouraged people to worship only one God and leave other gods because it
was injustices against God who delivered them for slavery for example Prophet Moses
punished the Israelites who worshipped the Golden calf in Exodus 32.
Prophets disapproved their enemies who worshipped the small gods for example Prophet
Elijah who had a contest with the prophets of Baal of Mt. Carmel to prove to the Israelites
that God was the only true God.
The prophets rebuked those who practiced injustice in Israel for example Prophet Amos
condemned the traders in Israel for example prophet Elijah who had a contest with the
prophets of Baal of Mt. Carmel to prove to the Israelites that God who worshipped alone.
How justice was maintained in the Old Testament.

In the Old Testament, justice was highly recommended by God, God wants for treatment for
all human beings.
According to the Old Testament, God created all people in his image and so they should be
treated with respect and given equal opportunities.
God gave the Ten Commandments on Mt. Sinai as a way of promoting justice in Israel, these
were meant to promote good relationship between God and the people, man and fellow man,
therefore the Ten Commandments arrived at fighting in justices like murder, adultery etc.
Exodus 20.
According to the Old Testament, God hated selfishness and jealousy because it destroyed
good relationship among people e.g. Cain became jealousy of his Brother Abel’s success and
killed him, God was unhappy with his bad act /habit and punished him.
Man and Woman are companions who need each other for proper relationships to be realized
therefore it is unfair for man to take his wife as a possession an mistreat her (Genesis 1 and 2)
The liberation of Israelites from Egypt also show God’s hatred for injustice, he promoted
justice by liberating the Israelites and destroyed the Egyptians.
In the Old Testament, punishments were put in place as a collective measure to promote
justice hence a guilty person would get some beating in order to correct wrong doing
(Deuteronomy 26).

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Ever worker was supposed to be paid after work and it was an injustice to retain worker’s
wage by an employer so the Old Testament advises employers to pay workers their wages
(Lev 19:13)
Family life in marriage was to be kept from any injustice and it was to be protected hence
divorce, prostitution are condemned as cases of injustices.
All people including slaves had a right to leisure and to share the weekly rest of Sabbath,
even foreigners who lived in Israel.
In the Old Testament, God hates exploitation and suppression of the poor and the weak that is
why he sent prophets to call upon people to change from injustice e.g. Prophet Elijah who
condemned King Ahab to death for grabbing Naboth’s vineyard and killing him.
The injustice of Cain and Abel

The two were sons of Adam and Eve and the main problem began when Abel won God’s
favour following his food sacrifice he offered as opposed to Cain’s little sacrifice he offered
to God(Gen:1-16)
This brought the following injustice:
Cain’s sacrifice was just pretense. It was not intended to glorify God.
Cain’s sacrifice was intended to compete with his brother’s offering.
Cain became jealousy of his brother Abel for winning God’s favour. This was an injustice
since he knew how best he would win God’s favour.
He moved with a spirit of hatred and killed his brother Abel.
Cain stubbornly and rudely answered God that he was not his brother’s keeper.
He deceived his brother Abel to go the field where he murdered him from.
He refused to accept God’s judgment e.g. God favoured Abel’s offering and rejected Cain’s
sacrifices.
The Act was lack of love God
He took the law in his hands and killed his brother Abel.
He lacked respect for the brother.
Lessons Christians learn from Cain and Abel’s story
Christians learn to develop love for others unlike Cain who developed hatred and jealousy
towards his brothers.
Christians learn to be humble since Abel was humble towards God and this made him to
receive God’s favour.

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Christians learn to offer to God genuinely just as Abel offered to God genuinely.
Christians learn to accept God’s judgment unlike Cain who refused God’s judgment and
killed his brother.
Christians learn to have faith in God just as Abel had faith in God.
Christians learn to be honest just as Abel offered to God without false pretense.
Christians learn to obey God faithfully just as Abel obeyed God always.
Christians learn to promote positive living among others and avoid competition just as Abel
offered to God without competing with Cain.
Christians learn to sustain life since its God alone who gives life and takes it unlike Cain who
took Abel’s life which was unfair.
Justice in the New Testament.

It teaches that carrying out charity to the needy is justice for example Jesus demonstrated this
when he fed the 500 people with 2 fish and 5 loaves of bread.
It teaches that respecting authority and other members of society is seen as justice e.g. Jesus
respected authority by paying taxes and telling his disciples to do the same.
It teaches that people should associate freely with one another without discrimination basing
on tribe, race, and sex. For example Jesus associated with men and women, Jews and
Gentiles, children and elderly people.
It teaches that people should love their God and fellow man, this is the summary of the Law
of Moses.
It teaches that forgiving and reconciling is justice because it creates peace and harmony e.g.
Jesus forgave Simon Peter when he denied him three times.
It teaches that people should exercise the spirit of peace, patience, kindness, goodness,
faithfulness, humility, and self-control (Galatians 5:22-23).
It teaches that man shall live together as sons of God (Rev 21:7).
It teaches that servant are to be treated fairly (Eph 6:9), this is because they are human beings
created in the image of God.
It teaches that praying for your enemies is justice since God is able to guide them to do the
rightful things.
It teaches that having permanent marriage is justice because it creates faithfulness among the
people e.g. Jesus said what God has put together no man to separate.
It teaches that loving one another is Justice because it’s a command from God.

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It teaches that working hard is justice since people are able to meet basic needs.
It teaches that judging oneself other than judging others is justice because God is the overall
judge.
Injustice in the New Testament

They were greedy and gave half of an offertory e.g. when Ananias and Saphhira who offered
half of their offertory to God.
They carried out bad deeds like murdering e.g. St. Stephen who was stoned to death by the
people.
Harsh punishments were given to people e.g. St. Stephen was given a punishment of being
stoned to death.
There was betrayal e.g. Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus and handed him over to the Pharisees.
Discrimination was also another injustice e.g. there was discrimination between the Jews and
Gentiles.
They turned the temple into a market which is injustice.
How did Jesus maintain justice in the community or among his own people?
In the Jewish community, some injustice existed revenge, murder, discrimination,
mistreatment of the poor, the disabled, there were hatred for enemies, Jews discriminated the
Gentiles therefore Jesus maintained justice in the following ways;
Jesus condemned the law of revenge which was accepted among the Jews i.e. an eye and a
tooth for a tooth, Jesus encouraged doing well to the one who does badly (Matthew 5:38-42).
Jesus condemned divorce and adultery which were allowed by the Jewish law, he advised
husband and wife to re-unite in marriage ,he emphasize that what God has put together , no
one separate ,hence need to respect marriage.( Matthew 5:31).
Jesus emphasized love for enemies and discouraged hatred, he even prayed for those who
crucified him, he told his father to forgive them, to pray for those who persecute others so to
be God’s children .(Matthew 5:43).

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Jesus brought by welcoming all people equally without discrimination e.g. he associated with
Jews and gentiles, with men and women like his friends Martha and Mary of Bethany, the
young children ,the thieves like Levi ,the tax collector etc. .
Jesus was a peace maker, he restored peace among people when he encouraged forgiveness
and reconciliation between men and women egg he forgave who denied him when he was
arrested, his teaching on prayer encouraging peace e.g. Matthew 6:12 “forgive us we forgive
others”.
Jesus met the needs of the people through the miracles, he had feelings for the suffering e.g.
he fed 5000 people on 4 loaves and 2 fish in Mark 6:30 he also fed the 4000 people.
Jesus called for universal brotherhood no matter the difference in race, nationality social
economic status hence broke cultural and social barriers e.g. he associate with the Samaritan
woman at Jacob’s well in (John 4:1ff) ,he also associate with the Gentiles and Jews.
Jesus was a good judge when he judged cases of injustice in order to promote justice e.g. The
woman who was going to be stoned because she committed adultery and Jesus told the
Pharisees that the one without sin should be the first to stone her, they went away by one.
According to the New Testament, Jesus encourages prayer as a way of fighting injustice to
ask God for guidance, he told to his disciples to pray and told them to protect each other in
order to promote harmony, in Mark 14:32-42, Jesus prayed in the garden of Gethsemane
asking God, the father to take way the cup of suffering.
What lessons do Ugandan Christians learn from Jesus’s teaching about justice?
People learn to treat others equally since Jesus treated people equally, men and women, poor
and rich, gentiles and Jews.
Christians learn to forgive and encourage reconciliation than revenge just like Jesus who
promoted forgiveness when he forgave those who crucified him.
Christians learn to love their enemies, pray to God for forgiveness in order to live in harmony
just like Jesus loved Judas Iscariot who was going to betray him.
Christians learn to show compassion, the suffering, the lame, the widow, the orphans like
how Jesus did to them by healing, feeding the 4,000 and 5,000 and also comforting.
Christian men learn to respect women as equal partners just like Jesus who associated with
friends like Martha and Mary of Bethany, the Samaritan woman at Jacob’s well.
The New Testament calls for universal brotherhood, no matter the race, tribe and economic
status therefore we learn to live as brothers and sisters despite our economic culture and
social status.
Christians learn to condemn injustice and unjust people who murder others like those who
sacrifice children just like Jesus condemned injustice.

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Christians learn to be faithful in their marriage in order to avoid adultery and divorce because
they interfere with peace among the married people just like Jesus encouraged faithfulness in
marriage.
SERVICE IN SOCIETY
Service can be defined as the provision of community needs by a concerned person or
organization for the good of society .The word service means to serve or to assist or to do
work for the good of the society. For service to take place, there must be authority in place.
Authority therefore is power entrusted in a person to serve others in order to bring order and
freedom in society, people are given authority to serve others as leaders e.g. doctors, teachers,
ministers, church leaders, the president, members of parliament, kings, prefects etc...
PRESENT SITUATION
They are a number of services provided to society by the youth, non-government

organizations, individuals, churches etc.
Such services include the following;
Schools have been established to provide formal education e.g. the government has provided
UPE and USE and he has made education compulsory and free.
Health centres e.g. hospitals, clinics, immunization, family planning have been put in place to
improve people’s health.
New methods of farming, new crops, and technical services are provided by the government
to improve of agriculture e.g. NAADS.
Transport and communication system e.g. roads, railways, telephones have been put in place
to ease movement and communication for people e.g. the buildings of Northern Bypass,
MTN.
The government is responsible for organizing and ensuring elections and appointing leaders
at all levels of society. This is done through electoral commission and appointment boards.
Government also establishes financial institutions e.g. banks, microfinance organizations

which help banking and giving loans to people to carry out their business.
The government provides the currency to be used by people within that country. It also
regulates the flow of money in the system.

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The government and non-government organizations have the responsibility of providing

shelter to members who cannot afford to provide themselves with housing e.g. Uganda
Housing Finance, National Housing Corporation.
Government provides ways in which the citizens can generate money to improve on their
standards of living e.g. Co-operative Societies, Credit Schemes.
FORMS OF AUTHORITY
Parental Authority
This is the natural power parents have over their children and homesteads. This enables
parents to discipline their children, provide, protection, food and other basic needs to the
entire family.
Hereditary authority
This authority is passed on from parents to their children following their death basing on
traditions of a given society.
Divine authority
It concerns the spiritual power that goes beyond man’s understanding, it’s God given to those
who have it and they include religious leaders.
Civil / government authority
Here the leaders are entrusted with enforcing laws and ordering in a given country,
government authority is divided into three organs i.e. executive, judiciary and legislature.
Symbolic authority
It is derived from respecting particular object representing some power e.g. Bible, Quran,
dove, coat of Arms, Uganda flag etc. they are sacred and carry communal respect.
Personal authority
Some individual have expert knowledge and skills in a given sphere of life e.g. authors,
traditional leaders, rain makers, mediators etc.
IMPORTANCE OF AUTHORITY.
Authority is necessary in our society for promotion of order and security ,the army or military
is given authority to safe guard the country, ensures safety of people’s lives and property, the
police keeps law and order for people to have freedom.

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Authority is important for provision of social services for the good of the society therefore we
have civil servants who provide services to people and are given power by government
include education, medical care people to have freedom.
Parents have authority of raising up children, discipline, advising counselling and guidance
towards what is good in order to bring up right members of community.
It creates unity and togetherness as members have a common figure to whom they are all
accountable.
It creates a link between the people and the law. This is when the judiciary interprets the law
to the people.
It helps in decision making through policies to govern the society and this is normally done
by the members of parliament.
It helped to protect the less fortunate in the community e.g. women, widows, children
amongst others.
It helps in effective planning when allocating the scarce resources e.g. the fathers plan for
their families.
It ensures that justice prevails in society by providing a focal point along around which
justices revolves.
It creates law and order in society. We need the three organs of the government to ensure
there is peace in society.
It gives people status. It does this by enabling members to realize who is who in the society.
It enables work to move on e.g. teaching and learning takes place in schools.
It helps preventing crimes e.g. the presence of police and other security agents.
It helps in maintaining discipline a strict standards behaviour.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD LEADER
A good leader is one who is God fearing since all leadership comes from God and He gives
leaders wisdom to lead people fairly.
A good leader should be exemplary for people keep learning each day.
A good leader should be advisable because people keep learning each day.
A good leader should be devoted to his/her work so that he/she satisfies and meets the needs
of their people.

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A good leader should be educated since he/she is leading people who are highly educated
than him/her.
A good leader should be able to sacrifice his/her time, money, family for his /her subjects.
A good leaders should be respective to his/her subjects this encourages the subject to respect
him/her.
A good leader should be honest to build trust from his/her people.
A good leader should be hardworking so that he/she brings development in his/her

community.
A good leaders should be intelligent so that he/she can get solutions to people’s problems.
A good leader should be patient with his /her subjects since they have different personalities.
HOW A HEAD PREFECT CAN USE HIS AUTHORITY TO SERVE THE SCHOOL
COMMUNITY.
He/she should communicate important messages from the administration to the students.
He/she should use his office to serve others than to dominate his subjects.
He/she should respect authorities above him e.g. teachers, administrators, non-teaching staff
etc.
He/she should provide the basic needs to the students e.g. he should ensure that the
administration provides enough food, water etc. to the students.
He/she should protect the weak students e.g. the new students of senior one from teasing and
bullying.
He/she should participate in the marketing of the school e.g. advertising it outside its
premises.
He/she should respect fellow students on various occasions like seminars, conferences and
workshops.
He/she should follow school rules and regulations at all times.
He/she reward disciplined students and advise the rest of the students to have good discipline.
He/she he should link the students to the teachers e.g. pass on the student’s complaints to the
teachers.
He/she should promote good leadership to fellow students by being impartial in judgment and
by giving fair judgment.

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HOW DO PEOPLE ATTAIN AUTHORITY TODAY?
People do attain authority;
Through elections. In a democratic society people are given the chance to choose their
leaders and the winner assumes authority e.g. K.Y. Museveni was elected for the fourth term
as the president of Uganda.
By right of birth. Some people by virtue of their birth become leaders. Leadership is inherited
by the son from the Father especially in Bunyoro and Buganda societies.
Through appointment. One who has the mandate can choose an individual into a position e.g.
President Museveni appointed Jennifer Musisi as the Director of KCCA.
By virtue of age. In most cases old people are given authority of their long experience in life.
Through inheritance. When parents grow older or die their sons or daughters are given the
headship of the parents.
Though divine callings or ordination. This is true for religious leaders like Bishops, priests,
pastors etc.
By use of force. Some leaders assume power by use of force through military coups e.g. Late
Idi Amin Dada and General Tito Ocelot Lutwa.
Through heroic acts i.e. through extra ordinary acts and abilities which make one popular e.g.
being a magician a good fighter, an athlete, e.g. Kipsiro, boxers.
By academic qualifications e.g. to be a teacher, doctor it requires academic qualifications.
Through promotions. Due to hard work, individuals are rewarded inform of promotions.
Through charisma. People with special qualities and abilities are able to influence others e.g.
rain makers, healers e.g. Mama Phone, musicians e.g. Bobi wine.
CHALLENGES IN PROVIDING SERVICES TO THE PEOPLE
Heavy taxes have hindered provision of services since costs and prices of some services are
high.
Rigid culture e.g. polygamy, circumcision, witchcraft may make a provision of services a
problem because some services may be rejected.
Ignorance and low level of education tend to do hinder provision of services e.g. male
circumcision.

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Poverty has also led to failure of provision of service e.g. some people are poor in society and
cannot provide service to the society.
Some parents have neglected their families in favour of their jobs and little time is given to
their children which has led to child moral degeneration.
Large population has also hindered services in less developed countries since the resources
are less which makes it difficult for all members to benefit.
The “I don’t care” attitude of leaders may lead to failure of providing services since leaders
do not care about their work.
Greed for wealth has also led to failure to providing services since most of the money is
embezzled by the leaders.
Poor transport and communication also led to poor services since movements are difficult e.g.
schools which are in “far to reach” areas get little services from poor services.
Political instabilities may cut off supply of goods and services to people in war torn areas for
example people in Northern Uganda suffered 20 years with poor services.
Religious differences make it difficult because of the different values and interest e.g. the
Christians and Muslims.
Political differences have also failed some people to provide services to their subjects.
HOW LEADERS HAVE MISUSED THEIR AUTHORITY IN UGANDA TODAY.
Leaders today have misused there authority through the following ways;
They have embezzled funds which has led to low development of the country e.g. the Chief
Accountant in the Office of the Prime Minster Godfrey Kazinda embezzled over 30 billion
shillings.
They are greedy for power that they end up bribing people to give those votes.
Leaders have misused funds for selfish desires e.g. the former Pastor Muwanguzi used church
funds to buy himself a Hammer with a Number Plate “Kiwedde” meaning it is finished.
Some leaders have preached a message of revenge e.g. Pastor Yiga of Kawaala “Abizayo”
meaning send back witchcraft to the sender.
Some leaders today have given little salary to their workers which has made it difficult to
meet their basic needs e.g. the government leadership has given teachers little salary which
has made them strike.

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Some leaders practice tribalism where most of the jobs and development has been given to
specific tribes e.g. H.E Kaguta Yoweri Museveni has given most of the top jobs to the
Banyankole.
Some leaders have grabbed people’s land and have left them homeless.
Others have ordered the murder of innocent people e.g. it is alleged that General Kayihura
ordered the murder of Late Felix Kaweesi.
Some leaders have sexually harassed their subjects which has led to unwanted pregnancy and
infection of HIV/AIDS e.g. The Late Professor Mukiibi Lawrence is alleged to have sexually
harassed his children/students.
Some leaders discriminate their subjects between the poor and the rich e.g. Pastor Imeda
Namutebi of Liberty worship Centre praise mainly for the rich and gives them blessing and
leaves the poor.
Some Christian leaders preach mainly about wealth instead of gospel of the cross.
Some leaders give their subjects corporal punishment which is an injustice this is done by
some student leaders in some schools.
Some leaders have failed to provide / take responsibility of the families like providing basic
needs e.g. some fathers today mind about drinking leaving the children unattended to.
Some leaders cheat exams especially in some schools where children are not given proper
preparation for the final exams.
Some church leaders have given false prophecy which misled them e.g. Pastor Robert
Kayanja prophesized that one of the presidents was going to die and none died in 2006.
PEOPLE’S ATTITUDE TOWARDS LEADERSHIP TODAY
There are both positive and negative
Positive
Some leaders have the attitude of wanting to serve others especially the less privileged.
Some leaders have the attitude of fostering development in their areas and so they work
towards that and cause development.
Some leaders feel that leadership comes from God and so they get closer to him through
prayer so that he could guide them in serving better.
Some leaders think that it’s a way of fighting freedom for others for example H.E President
Yoweri Museveni fought for freedom in Luweero hence creating peace.
Some leaders think that they are answerable to people’s needs and so they put in all efforts to
provide people’s needs.

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Some leaders regard leadership as a chance of employment to people many people have been
employment as leaders for example managers.
Some leaders feel that they are to create peace and harmony among those they lead and so
they work tirelessly towards it.
Others feel that leadership means being exemplary to those they lead and so they behave in a
good way.
Leadership is an opportunity to solve people’s problems for example judges, lawyers,

magistrates LCs, solve disputes among people.
Some leaders respect their workers so as to earn respect and he should associate with workers
so as to be secure with them.
Some leaders feel that it is their role to promote people’s rights and for that reason they
struggle to preserve the rights of others.
Some leaders consider leadership to have its source from God and as such try to use it well to
serve fellow man kind and God.
Negative
Some leaders have a negative attitude of not consulting their subjects as they assume they
know it all hence poor planning and failure.
Some people join leadership to get a chance to revenge on their enemies.
Many people join leadership as the easiest and fastest way of getting wealth and so others use
unscrupulous ways to attain wealth such as corruption, bribery etc.
Others join leadership with a view of being adored and served and so they end up not serving
others and turn to be dictators.
Some leaders have the attitude of being above the law and this makes them harsh and
dictatorial.
Others demand for respect from their subjects when they themselves don’t respect them.
Some have the attitude of wishing to gain at the expense of the minority and as such they also
take advantage of them, they grab their property etc.
Some feel independent of God as such leadership causes them to evade God.
Some regard leadership as a form of getting rich quickly; people embezzled money from the
society e.g. taxes, Gilbert Bukenya embezzled CHOGM money in 2006.
SERVICE IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

How leaders were chosen in African Traditional Society?

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Leaders were chosen through the following ways;

Lineage of birth was passed on from father to son e.g. among the Baganda a king was
inherited by his son.
They considered heroism after performing heroic act e.g. among the Acholi when a man
killed a fierce animal that lived around the village was given leadership.
Polygamy was also considered since the man was able to take control of many wives and
many children e.g. among Basoga, Baganda a polygamous man was highly respected and had
high chances of being a leader.
Age was also considered and most leaders were given leadership at the old age since they
were considered to have more wisdom than the young ones.
People with special abilities e.g. rainmakers, magicians, diviners were appointed as leaders.
It was through elections by the whole society especially if the person was well known and
loved by others.
Physical abilities were also considered in giving leadership e.g. size, height so that one was
able to protect and work for the society.
Some leaders were appointed by the kings, chiefs to represent them at lower levels e.g.
Baganda the local village chief was appointed by the king.
Others became leaders because they had produced children especially boys. The more
children one had the more he was considered responsible.
Others acquire leadership because of their sex whereby leadership was only given the men
since women we regarded as weak and inferior.
Leadership would be given to people with good moral i.e. those who respected spirits and
other members of the society.
ROLES OF LEADERS IN AFRICAN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY

Leaders guided people to do community work for the good of society e.g. among the
Baganda, leaders supervised digging wells, roads, protecting springs to provide clean water
for the good of the society.
Leaders provided skills to the young ones depending on the occupation of that society. E.g.
the Banyoro, the young ones were taught blacksmith, Banyankole were taught how to keep
and milk cattle.
They presided over special functions like marriage, initiation ceremonies.
They performed important rituals on behalf of the society e.g. naming, circumcision e.g. the
Bagisu leaders circumcised the boys into manhood.

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They appointed other leaders at lower levels like chiefs, clan heads e.g. The Baganda, and the
King appointed local chief and the chiefs appointed clan leaders.
Leaders were in-charge of society wealth like cattle, land, sheep, goats etc. and they had a
right to distribute them to the people e.g. the Baganda the King was in-charge of their land.
Leaders had responsibility of settling conflicts between groups of people or individuals
within their societies.
Leaders acted as custodians of the society laws which included norms, customs, and taboos of
that society.
Political leaders acted as religious leaders and therefore conducted worship of their society
and offered sacrifices to gods on behalf of the people.
They provided protection and security of the society and individuals from dangers e.g. wild
animals, enemy for other society and other calamities.
Some leaders could predict blessing and curses onto the society for example fortune tellers,
magicians among others.
They encouraged reconciliation and this was done through seeking compensation to be
offered to the people who were offended.
They promoted community interests more than individual interests in order to bring about
development of the whole community.
They were expected to serve with faithfulness and love so as to bring honour to the
community.
MISUSE OF AUTHORITY IN ATS

Most of the African leaders were dictators and were worshipped and had full powers to rule
society for life.
Leadership in Africa ignored females, the weak and the poor which exploited them to the
advantage of the strong.
Fathers as the head of the family made the final decision for the family which was law and
bidding.
Leaders gave harsh punishments to offenders which was not equal to the crime that one
committed e.g. death sentence.
Most leaders encouraged revenge in case of a conflict between clans and tribes which led to
death of innocent people.
They used their authority to cause suffering to some people e.g. the Omugabe of Ankole was
resting his spear one of his servant’s foot.

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Some leaders used their authority to take over society and personal resources e.g. the
Baganda, the King took over people’s wives as long as he fell in love with her.
They were warmongers. Quite often, they would drag their subjects into inter-tribal wars with
the intention of conquering more states. This only served to their selfish ambitions of being
regarded as powerful and respected in the society.
In some societies slavery practices were recognized and officially accepted by the leaders.
This was even made worse when the masses looked upon it as being their service to the
leaders such as the kings and chiefs. This instead subjected the subordinates to suffering.
Some African traditional leaders engaged in forced marriages. In such cases, leaders like
parents would push their children especially the girls to get married because of the desire for
wealth such as cows.
Some traditional leaders oppressed their subjects through forceful military recruitment. The
male youth in particular were made to serve in the army even when they were not interested.
SERVICE IN CHURCH HISTORY
Early church
The early church served by preaching the gospel to the Jews, Gentiles, male and female e.g.
Paul preached to the Corinthians, Galatians.
They baptized the newly converted people into God’s family e.g. St Peter baptized 3000
people. St Paul baptized Stephen and his family.
They prayed and encouraged their followers to pray on daily basis in order to strengthen the
faith in God.
They also trained practical skills which raised their standard of living e.g. St. Paul made tents
from which he earned a living.
They also served by solving conflicts which created peace and unity among people e.g. St
Paul settled conflicts among the Corinthians.
They spared time and read scriptures and interpreted for the people in the community.

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They also carried out the Eucharist with other Christians in order to remember their savior
Jesus Christ.
They conducted fellowship where they shared which brought unity among believers.
Some apostles performed miracles which improved on people’s health e.g. St Peter healed the
lame man who used to sit at the beautiful temple gate.
Problems faced by the apostles in delivering services
The apostles had to move long distances to deliver services, some places were remote and it
was difficult to visit new converts.
They were affected by poverty as the apostles and the church were poor, they had to do
community work some days in order to earn a living hence resources to run church services
were inadequate.
Language barriers because most of the apostles spoke Jewish yet the widely spoken
languages were Greek and Arabic so preaching outside Palestine was a problem since Jesus
had told them to preach the whole world.
There was a lot of immorality in the church. Some church members carried out incest for
example in Corinthian church a young man was having sex with the step mother, there was
prostitution, formication. Some were drunkards others thieves hence poor example to the
pagans.
The apostles were few and the church was growing geographically as many converts
increased hence shortage of preachers to support them.
There were false teachers who confused many believers as they mis-interpreted the gospel
which affected the believers because they failed to know what to follow.
There was misuse of spiritual gifts by Christians who boasted of being more spiritual, they
became proud hindering the services.
Disunity especially in the Corinthian church where Christians were divided over leadership
for example some Christians followed Peter, some followed Apollos, some followed Paul and
others followed Jesus Christ.

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Most of the apostles were uneducated apart from Paul, so they met a big challenge from the
educated Greek philosophers who would not be reasoned out by the apostles.
Middle age (Monks and Nuns)
Examples, St Francis, St Ambrose, Clement of Alexandria, St Augustine, Padre Pio, Origen.
They welcomed and comforted strangers esp. the Trans-Saharan desert traders by
accommodating, feeding and directing them to right trade routes.
They taught people how to read and write so that they would understand the word of God.
They carried out charity to the needy e.g. St Francis visited hospitals and cleaned the wounds
of the patients and also gave his riches to the poor.
They composed songs or hymns which they used to worship and praise God e.g. St Ambrose
composed most of the hymns that are still used up to date.
They wrote Christian literature that inspired most of the believers e.g. Clement of Alexandria
and St Augustine wrote books that inspired many believers.
They condemned and introduced good leisure activities that built up peoples morals e.g. St
Augustine condemned immoral leisure activities and introduced goods. They treated the sick
and improved on their health e.g. the Nuns s who had medical knowledge treated the sick
people.
They cleaned and decorated churches preparing them for church service.
They grew crops and worked in gardens and produced food that they gave to the community
e.g. the Nuns always worked in gardens to produce food for the people.
Missionaries
They built schools which provided formal education to Africans e.g. Mill Hill Fathers built
Namilyango collage in 1902, the White Fathers built St Mary’s College Kisubi (SMACK) in
1906.

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They built hospitals which improved on people’s health e.g. Albert Cook built Mengo
hospital.
They decampaigned slave trade and brought it to an end and gave people freedom e.g. Dr.
David Livingstone decampaigned slave trade in Africa.
They translated into local languages which made people to understand the word of God. E.g.
Johan Rebman and Ludwig Kraft translated the Bible into Kiswahili language.
They preached the gospel to the people and converted them into Christianity e.g. Apollo
Kivebulaya preached the gospel to the people of Toro in western Uganda and Mboga Zaire.
They introduced new crops in Africa which had high yields and this helped them during
drought season.
They trained the Africans in different skills like carpentry e.g. Alexander Mackay trained the
youth with carpentry and building skills.
They introduced the printing press which was used to preach Christian literature and
educational materials e.g. Alexander Mackay brought printing press.
They introduced new goods and services like teaching, clothes, shoes, doctor which
modernized people.
They established transport and communication network like roads and telecommunication
systems.
They introduced foreign language which made communication easier like French, Germany,
and English.
They offered scholarship to some African students to study abroad in specific fields like
medicine, engineering etc.
They established mission centres where a variety of services were provided for Africans
which included teaching, reading and writing, treating diseases etc.
Problems faced by missionaries while in Africa.

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The missionaries faced bad climatic conditions that made it difficult for them to move to
different places.
Language barrier was a problem that made it difficult to communicate to the local people.
Poor transport and communication because many areas lack roads, railway lines, and
telephone and post system were all slow.
Disunity among the Christians themselves was a problem e.g. Missionaries who came to
Africa preached the same Jesus but taught different Western Culture.
They had a problem of harsh leaders especially in Africa who threatened their lives and at
times killed them e.g. Bishop Hannnington was killed by Chief Luba under the order of
Kabaka Mwanga.
Cultural rigidity whereby many Africans were reluctant to abandon their culture and
embraced Christianity e.g. Men were unwilling to abandon their wives.
Preachers were few in number which made it difficult to preach to different parts of the
world.
Some of them died making them few through disease and martyrdom e.g. Dr. David
Livingstone died in Malawi of Malaria and river blindness.
They were persecuted because of their faith. Some were beaten, imprisoned, denied food etc.
Geographical barriers like lakes, thick forests, mountains, rivers and it difficult for them to
move.
Wild animals like lions, leopards were problem to missionaries others ended up being eaten
and their lives being threatened.
Hostile tribes which prevented Christians from preaching in their areas like Karamajongs,
Pokot, Masai etc.
Tropical diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness, affected and killed the missionaries due to
lack of drugs.

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GREAT PERSONALITIES WHO SERVED AFRICANS
BISHOP SHANAHAN JOSEPH OF SOUTH NIGERIA.
He was an Irish Bishop born in 1871
He arrived in South Nigeria in 1902 where he lived and served the Ibo people.
He was harassed by the Ibo people but continued serving them.
He established schools in Nigeria in which he encouraged competition between the poor and
the rich add and used education to teach the Word of God.
He was talented in sporting men of good personalities and appointed as village chiefs who
would maintain law and order.
He encouraged local farmers to grow cash crops and adopt better methods of farming.
He encouraged the Africans to preserve their good culture and do away with the bad cultures
like throwing away of twins.
As a model leader he would walk long distances trying to know people’s problems or needs
and find means of solving them.
He preached the gospel in agreement with African culture which helped him to win many
Africans into Christianity.
He built a teacher training college to produce teachers who helped him in spreading the
gospel to the local people.
He advocated for formal education by visiting towns, schools, villages discussing with
authorities about the same.
He started CRE lessons in schools after establishing 50 schools.
He founded the special Order of Sisters of the Holy Rosary who also served the community.
He ordained one Ibo priest before he died to continue serving the people as he retired in 1932.
In 1943, he died in Nairobi on a Christmas morning.

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ARTHUR SHEARLEY OF RHODESIA.
He was an Anglican missionary in Rhodesia (Zambia-Zimbabwe) in in 1901-1952.
He lived a simple life and shared whatever he had with Africans.
He preached the gospel in different places and moved long distances on foot.
He lived an exemplary life that was admired and emulated by many Christians that he lived
with.
He campaigned for the rights of Africans to get their case heard in London and Rhodesia
especially for their land which was being grabbed by the whites.
He was a poet and a writer of literature and also encouraged other people to do the same.
He prayed for the people and encouraged them to live a prayerful life.
He carried out charity to the needy and their lives were improved.
He never discriminated between the blacks and whites but treated them equally.
He lived a self-denial and exemplary life by practicing poverty to extent of moving on foot.
BROTHER KIZZA TOBBY OF UGANDA.
He was a Ugandan born in 1872.
He was converted and baptized by the White Fathers.
He was sent to Algeria to train as a brother and returned to Uganda to serve the people.
He taught the Ugandan Youth skills like building and carpentry since he was a carpentry
himself.
He carried out charity to the needy by building for them houses.
He built mission centres where most of the activities like medical were established e.g. the
mission Centre in Rwera in Masaka.
He prayed for the community and encouraged to keep praying for themselves.

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He carried out charity by treating the sick, giving them food, clothes, praying for themselves.
He taught many Ugandans how to read and write which enabled them to read and understand
the word of God.
He lived an exemplary life of self-sacrifice for example at the age of 80 he willingly travelled
on the back of a lorry when he was sent on a mission to Rwera.
He was cheerful, forgiving, kind and this made him to be liked by many especially the sick.
In 1961 at the age of 89 he died.
ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
He was born from a very rich family
He got converted into Christianity and was baptized to join God’s family.
He was a great reformer and created a group of Christians known as Friars (brothers).
He preached the gospel to many parts of the world including remote parts of Africa.
He conducted fellowship which helped his Christians converts grow spiritually.
He started many schools and universities to train people who served the society in different
field like medical.
He specifically trained medical officers who in turn treated the sick in their communities,
He carried out charity and shared his Father’s riches with the poor as a way of serving
society.
He lived a humble and exemplary life for the Africans to emulate and change their societies.
REVEREND EZEKIEL APINDI OF KENYA
He was born in 1885 in West Kenya to a very rich family.

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In 1905, he got converted into Christianity while working in Nairobi and Mombasa.
He preached the gospel and converted many people to Christianity which made him get
opposition from his homeland.
He founded churches in parts of Kenya and Tanzania where people would gather and pray.
He established schools in Kenya as far as Northern Tanzania which eradicated illiteracy.
He built a union school where all children of different religions were recruited and taught.
He was energetic and worked tirelessly for his people which encouraged many young people
to do the same.
He was chosen to speak on behalf of his people to British about African grievances in the
colonial rule.
He opened up many Christian missions and this made him to be ordained as a church leader
working as a rural dean of Kisumu.
He prayed for the society and encouraged them to keep praying.
He carried out charity to the poor which raised their standards of living.
He founded Christian congregation and this expanded God’s kingdom.
In 1959 he died.
HOW THE CHURCH OFFERS SERVICES TODAY
The church does not only the gospel but has a wider role to play as mentioned below.
The church acts as a voice of the voiceless and oppressed by advocating for human rights.
The church provides education through the church founded schools through which the youth
attain formal education e.g. St Joseph .S.S Nsambya, St Mary’s Kisubi etc.
The Church offers medical facilities where they offer treatment to the sick. The church
founded hospitals including; Mengo hospital, Rubaga hospital, Nsambya hospital.

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The church organizes charity. There are many church organizations that assist the needy e.g.
The Christian Children Fund (CCF), Caritas International, Action Aid among others.
The church has written books to emphasize Christian values for example The Leadership
Magazine by the Catholic Church.
The church holds retreats and recollections for the youth where the Christian virtues are
imparted such virtues include love, respect, forgiveness, kindness, mercy, humility.
The church organizes fellowship meetings and Bible studies.
It establishes self-help projects for people to earn an income e.g. Send a Cow projects
engineered by the Catholic Church.
It organizes seminars/conferences/crusades to strengthen people’s faith. These are organized

on national and international levels.
It organizes prayers to pray for individuals the nation among others. Its direct communication
with God.
It has mediated peace talks for example Archbishop Joseph Odama mediated between the
UPDF and the Lord Resistance army led by Joseph Kony who were fighting in Northen
Uganda.
It provides entertainment services i.e. through drama, music, football among others.
Misuse of Authority in the Modern Church
Some religious leaders want to be highly respected instead of humbling themselves like
Jesus did like reverends, bishops, pastors who want to occupy high tables in function e.g.
Owobushobozi claims to be God and his followers worship him instead of worshipping
Yahweh (God).
Some religious leaders are money minded. They want to amass much wealth for themselves
other than emulating Jesus who owned no property alleged for example Pastor Imelda
Namutebi Kula of Liberty worship Centre International discouraged her followers from
offering coins as offertory.

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Some religious leaders take advantage of their flock and exploit them by imposing too many
demands like frequent and unending fund rising, refusing coins as offerings.
Some religious leaders are involved in immoral acts like homosexuality, defilement, theft
among others for example it’s alleged that Pastor Kayanja Robert of Rubaga Miracle Centre
practices homosexuality.
Some church leaders are also power hungry leading to power struggles and division in their
church dues.
Some religious leaders engaged in private businesses and have forgotten their call to
Christian service.
Some religious leaders have been accused of corruption and embezzlement of church funds
for example its alleged that Pastor William Muwanguzi of former Holy Fire Ministries used
the church money to buy for himself a very expensive car called Hammer.
Some religious leaders only want to associate with the rich in the society and powerful
politicians.
Some preach false gospel and false prophesies for example Father Bakar prophesized that a
newly born child spoke to Him and ascended to Heaven.
Some religious leaders involved in dirty politics e.g. Pastor Peter Ssematimba, a Pastor who
turned a politician but rigged the Kampala Mayor elections as pronounced by the courts of
Laws.
Some religious leaders believe in revenge instead of forgiveness for example Pastor Yiga
“Abizayo” encourages revenge.
Some of the children and spouses of the religious leaders misbehave for example the ex-wife
of Pastor Kiganda was caught committing adultery.
Some religious leaders use witch craft to perform miracles e.g. it is alleged that Pastor
Kakande uses witchcraft to perform miracles.
SERVICE IN THE BIBLE

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The bible writers of the Old Testament explained God’s authority over creatures. Man is
presented as struggling to understand the nature of God’s authority in relation to their
co-existence with one another and with God.
Old Testament
God’s authority is acknowledged as supreme this means that no any other authority is above,
this means that God is the complete master of all situations.
God’s authority is creative. God used his authority to create the world, man and other
creatures with love (Gen 1:1ff).
God calls upon man to be a co-creator in exercising his authority and to bring out the best in
the earthly beings.
God is presented as reminding people about his authority through the prophets such as
Jeremiah, Amos and Isaiah. These were in cases where the Israelites could have gone astray
like worshipping Idols.
God’s authority is protective. God protected Abraham and his wife Sarah and the Israelites
while moving to the Promised Land (Exodus 23:20).
People a called upon to praise God’s supreme authority and thank him for the wonderful
things in the world. God did all these for man’s benefits (psalms 136:1ff).
God freely entrusted man with a share in his life-giving authority (Gen 1:26-31, 2:8-15). God
called on man to be a co-creator in exercising this authority and work to bring out the best in
earthly beings.
God’s authority is saving. Among others, God used his authority to save the Israelites from
the bondage of Egyptian slavery (Exodus 6:11, 9:27).
Rejection of God’s authority brings troubles to man. Adam and Eve rejected God’s command
of controlling the earth but ended up suffering (Gen 3:1ff).
God gives authority to man to serve his needs and the needs of the human community. For
example, God commanded Moses to go and liberate the Israelites from Egyptian slavery
(Exodus 3:9-10).
God hates the misuse of authority. In Genesis 4:1ff, God punished Cain for killing his brother
Abel. Even the builders of the Tower of Babel were punished for their lack of faith in God
and false wisdom in using authority (Gen 11:1ff). In Samuel 15:22, God rejected the
leadership of Saul as the King of the Israelites because of misusing authority.

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How God used His authority in the Old Testament.

He created the universe by simply saying “Let there be and there was”.
He made a way for the Israelites through the Red Sea which he did through Moses his
servant.
He used his authority to send Adam and Eve out of the Garden of Eden.
He provided food and water for the Israelites in the wilderness on their way to the Promised
Land.
He also used his power to confuse the people who were constructing the tower of Babel
looking for who God was (Gen: 11).
He showed his power on mountain Carmel contested where fire consumed offertory
presented by Elijah after a short prayer and 450 prophets of Baal were killed(1kgs 18:38).
He used His authority to liberate the Israelites from slavery in Egypt by sending them the ten
plagues.
God used His authority to fight wars on behalf of the Israelites, like the war between
Israelites and Amalekites (Exodus 17:8ff).
He demonstrated it by discovering that Adam and Eve had eaten the forbidden fruit when we
had stopped them from eating.
He rejected kings who failed their responsibilities to serve His people. E.g. He rejected King
Saul who later got possessed with evils spirits.
He appointed kings and guided them to do his only will. God gave wisdom to Solomon that
helped him to serve and judge people wisely (1 Kings 3:13).
He showed his authority when he was giving the Ten Commandments to the Israelites which
the Israelites were to obey.
He used His authority to bring the floods to punish people who had disobeyed him. It rained
for 40 days and 40 nights.
How leaders in the Old Testament misused their authority.
They grabbed people’s land because of its fertility and left them homeless e.g. King Ahab
grabbed Naboth’s land and killed him after.
They exploited people during work e.g. King Solomon made Israelites work against their
will.
They over taxed the people which brought poverty upon them e.g. King Solomon overtaxed
the Israelites in order to meet his wives’ needs.
They led people to worshipping idols e.g. King Ahab married a Phoenician woman Jezebel
who introduced foreign gods for example (Baal).

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They carried out adultery which was against God’s law e.g. King David committed adultery
with Bathsheba Uriah’s wife.
They carried out slavery e.g. Pharaoh took Israelites as slaves.
They were greedy by eating the sacrifices that were made for God e.g. Eli’s sons ate the
biggest part of the sacrifices that were given to God by Israelites.
They carried out polygamy which was against God’s law of monogamy e.g. King Solomon
married 700 wives and 300 concubines.
They grabbed people’s land and left the homeless e.g. King Ahab killed him after.
They married foreign women who brought in foreign god (Baal) for people to worship e.g.
King Ahab married Jezebel a Phoenician and brought her foreign god.
They carried out forced labour e.g. King Solomon subjected his people to forces labour in
promoting his building projects.
SERVICES RENDERED BY MOSES AS A LEADER
He was a liberator where he liberated the Israelites from slavery in Egypt after suffering for
430 years (Exodus 12:40).
He acted as a mediator between God and the Israelites whereby he carried messages from
God to people and from the people to God.
He acted as a prophet to the people of Israel by telling them what would happen in the future
and what they should do incase it’s bad.
He gave them the laws (10 commandments) which were given to him by God and were to be
followed by the Israelites.
He served as a priest by conducting worship/prayers and offering sacrificing on behalf of his
people.
He also served as an intercessor whereby he prayed to God in times of trouble by requesting
to forgive and pardon the Israelites.
He served as shepherd to his people by providing with them with food, water and other
necessities of life.
He served his people by performing miracles that saved them from danger and moments of
death.
He worked as an army commander by leading the Israelites in battles with their enemies on
their way to the Promised Land.
He served as a judge by settling disputes and conflicts among his people.
What lessons do leaders learn from Moses as a leader?

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Leaders learn to be obedient to authority just as Moses was obedient to God when he
accepted to liberate the Israelites out of Egypt.
Leaders learn to be dedicated to serve God just like Moses served as a priest by conducting
worshipping and offering sacrifices on behalf of his people.
Leaders learn to be mediators between God and the Isrealites just like Moses acted as a
mediator between God and Man, the Israelites when by he carried messages from God to
people and from the people to God.
Leaders learn to be hard working just like Moses worked as an army commander by leading
Israelites in the Battle with their enemies who attacked them on their way to the Promised
Land.
Leaders learn to listen to their subjects just like Moses was a miracle performer that he saved
the Israelites from danger and moments of death.
Leaders learn to serve God at any time just like Moses was the political leaders when he
served the people with constitution which was to be followed that was the ten commandment.
Leaders learn to be exemplary just like Moses served as a shepherd to his people by
providing them with food, water and other necessities of life like he gave the Quails and
manna in the wilderness.
Leaders learn to act as a judge by settling disputes and conflicts among his people just as
Moses was a judge and settled disputes among his people.
Leaders learn to be prayerful just like Moses was an intercessor where he prayed for the
people in times of trouble by requesting God to forgive and pardon the Israelites.
SERVICES OFFERED BY DAVID

King David was the second King of Israel after King Saul and he provided the following
services to the people.
He led the Israelites into battle where they defeated their enemies e.g. he led them to fight the
Philistine and they conquered Goliath their leader.
He expanded the Israelites boundaries by conquering their neighbouring nations.
He was able to recapture the city of Jerusalem from the neighboring nations which had
defeated the Israelites and condemned the worship of Baal.
He made the Israelites nation respected by others because of his good organization and
management of his people.
He trained his son Solomon to become the next ruler of Israel with leadership skills.
He was able to unit all the Israelites who had separated and brought back the 12 tribes
together.

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He was able to return the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem which was a symbol of God’s
presence among the Israelites and this brought God closure to the people.
King David served as a good example to the rest of the people by accepting to repent his sins
especially after committing adultery with Bathsheba.
As a leaders he promoted and developed good leisure by composing songs and encouraging
people to compose songs for praising and worshipping God.
Failures of King David

He committed adultery with Bathsheba, Uriah’s wife
He plotted for the death of Uriah when he ordered that Uriah should be put on the battle front.
He violated laws concerning the army/war when he had sex with Bathsheba at the time when
his men were at the battlefield.
He became autocratic towards the end of his reign by centralizing all powers around him’
He was tribalistic towards the end of his reign for he favoured his tribe mates by delegating
them power.
He entered into foreign alliance with pagan nations especially Tyre which was against the
will of God.
He attempted to carry out a census which kings of Israel were not allowed to do so. He
wanted to know the number of men who could be subjected to forced labour.
He forcefully recruited the people of Israel into the army during his fighting ambitious wars.
He failed to control his family members e.g. His son Ammon raped his half-sister Tamar and
failed to control the succession disputes between his sons Solomon and Adonijah.
He over taxed people with the aim of fulfilling his selfish ambitions of his building
programmes.
Lesson that we learn from David’s Leadership

We learn to be exemplary just like King David was exemplary to the Israelites by accepting
to repent his sins especially after committing adultery with Bathsheba.
We learn to be determined just like David was determined to bring the Ark of the Covenant to
Jerusalem which was symbol of God’s presence among Israelites.
We learn promote to unity among people just like David united all the Israelite and brought
back the 12 tribes together.
We learn to rest from work and have leisure just like David spend his leisure by composing
songs and encouraging people to compare songs for praise and worship.

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We learn to be hardworking just like David was hardworking by leading Israelites into battle
to fight the Philistines.
We learn to be organized and well managed just like David was organized which made the
Israelites nation to be respected.
We learn to fight for the people we lead just like David was able to fight and recapture the
city of Jerusalem from neighboring country.
We learn to train other people skills just like David trained his son Solomon leadership skills.
We learn to be courageous just like David was courageous when he led the Israelites to fight
the philistines.
We learn to repent our sins just like David repented when he committed adultery with
Bathsheba Uriah’s wife.
SOLOMON AS A LEADER
He built the Jerusalem temple for the Lord where worship was centralized.
He promoted peace and stability of the Kingdom by eliminating his enemies like Joab (the
military commander) and Adonijah who was his brother.
He extended the boundaries of the Kingdom of Israel like he annexed the territory of Hannah
to the Northern part of the Kingdom.
He built a strong standing army in Israel, he had a force of 2000 chariots and 12000 which
maintained security.
He re-organized the internal administration of Israel recruiting and appointing people with
talents in administration.
He promoted justice in Israel when he settled a dispute between the two prostitutes.
He promoted monotheism by building the temple of Jerusalem.
He composed 300 proverbs and 1000 songs which are still relevant today.
He carried out development projects using the revenue he collected inform of taxes.
He strengthened the political and diplomatic ties with the neighbouring states.
He constructed many cities like Hazam, Megidddo, and Geizen which added on the beauty
of Israel.
He installed the Ark of the Covenant in the temple making Jerusalem a central worshipping
place.
Failures of King Solomon

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He was unrepentant even when he was warned by God’s prophet to turn back to the worship
of Yahweh.
He lived an extravagant life e.g. during the dedication of the temple, he offered 22000 cattle
and 12000 sheep as a sacrifice to the Lord when people were very poor.
He was polygamous in that he married 700 wives and 300 concubines.
He went ahead and worshipped foreign gods like Astarte the goddess of Sidon and Molech.
He used forced labour to build the temple and his palace. This was equivalent to slavery.
He overtaxed the people of Israel in his effort to raise the funds necessary for the building of
the Jerusalem temple and his palace.
He married foreign women whish was against the covenant law. The Israelites were forbidden
from marrying intermarrying e.g. the married the Princess of the Egyptian Pharaoh, married
from Moab, Sidon, and Amnon.
He sold towns which were in the region of Galilee. This was to help him to pay for the debt
that the kingdom had accumulated.
He partly contributed to the division of Israel because of his unfair policies.
He made alliance with pagan states which was against God’s expectations.
He promoted nepotism during his reign whereby he gave positions of responsibility to his
relatives from the southern region.
He promoted inequality whereby people from the southern region were rich compared to
those from the Northern region.
NEW TESTAMENT.
It teaches that leaders to serve their subjects impartially without discrimination e.g. Jesus
rebuked James and John’s mother when she wanted disciples to be discriminated.
It teaches that service requires humility while serving others e.g. Jesus was humble when he
washed his disciples’ feet.
It teaches that people should dedicate themselves to serve others than being served, Jesus
washed his disciples’ feet, explained the parables. Etc.
It teaches that leaders/ servants should endure hardships e.g. Jesus went through pains like
being beaten and continued to die for man’s sins.
It teaches that leaders should pray for God’s wisdom and guidance to serve fairly e.g. Jesus
prayed before he began his ministry and God gave him strength and wisdom.
It teaches that leaders should serve up to the end for example Jesus worked and completed his
work when he said it is finished.

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It teaches that leaders should be patient with their subjects since they are serving people with
different personalities.
Leaders should serve impartially without discrimination e.g. Jesus was impartial when he
served male and female children and adults, the sick and the healthy ones.
It teaches that leaders should be hard working in order to develop the areas they live.
It teaches that fathers as heads of homes should provide to their families since they are
leaders in their homes.
It teaches that leaders should live exemplary for their subjects to emulate.
JESUS AS A GOOD LEADER

Jesus was a good leader by overcoming, Satan’s temptations at the being of his ministry to
enable him serve mankind.
He was a good leader by carrying out charity to the needy and sharing fruits of his work e.g.
he fed the 5000 men on two fish and five loaves of bread.
He was a good leader by offering his life for the forgiveness of man’s kind.
He was a good leader by having a good plans for his people e.g. he went to heaven to prepare
for them.
He was a good leader by living a humble life and serving others e.g. he washed his disciple’s
feet as a sign of humility.
He was a good leader by keeping his promise and fulfilling it e.g. he promised to send the
Holy Spirit upon his disciples /apostles to guide them.
He was a good leader by teaching his followers the Lord’s Prayer to enable them
communicate to God directly.
He was a good leader by obeying government laws by paying and encouraging his disciples
to pay taxes to the Roman government.
He was a good leader by correcting wrong teaching to the rightful teaching e.g. he corrected
the Law of Moses which promoted revenge by encouraging forgiveness and reconciliation.
He was a good leader by bringing people back to life which caused and happiness to the
people.
He was a good leader by having good plans for his people e.g. he went to heaven to prepare
for them.
He was a good leader by forgiving those wronged him which brought peace and harmony e.g.
he forgave Simon Peter who denied him and forgave those who killed him.

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He was a good leader by preaching about the kingdom of God to all people regardless of
status which enabled them to come closure to God.
LOYALTY IN SOCIETY
Loyalty refers to one’s ability of being fully committed or submissive to give demands by
society, group, and state of individual therefore it calls for faithfulness and trustworthiness
from the concerned members.
Types/forms of loyalty
Loyalty to God
This requires man to absorb and respect his spiritual obligations like praying, repenting,
loving God and fellowman.

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Loyalty to state
This is accepting and following government policies like USE, UPE, NAADS, National
Constitution, paying taxes etc. which is a way of being committed to the government.
Loyalty to one’s culture
This is absorbing traditions, customs, norms, rituals, taboos, etc. of one’s society of origin.
Loyalty to one’s family
Here people respect and obey family demands, parents, sisters and other relatives.
Loyalty to judiciary
It calls / demands that all citizens abide by the laws that govern the country therefore failure
to respect laws of the country is committing crime leading to corporal punishments,
imprisonment/ death sentence.
Loyalty to work
It demands that one works hard and should remain faithful and honest while doing his/her
work. This should be by the work and the employer.
Loyalty to symbols and signs.
These represent authority of institutions, companies, countries such symbols include emblem,
court of arms, flag etc.
Loyalty to Human rights
By observing other people lives food, education, medicine.
Loyalty to instructions.
Like schools, universities, colleges etc.
Loyalty to one’s group
Like peer group, class, stream, house, school etc.
Loyalties expected from Christians
Christians are expected to have regular prayer because it’s direct communication to God by
the one praying.
Christians are expected to organize fellowships as a way of encouraging each other in the
Christian faith e.g. a number of born again Pastors organize fellowships every 31st December
at Namboole, Nakivubo stadium and different churches.
Christians are expected to develop the spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation after all even
God is a forgiving father.

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Christians are expected to go and make pilgrimages to holy places e.g. every 3rd June,
Catholics and Anglicans are expected to go Namugongo shrines to make a pilgrimage.
Christians can show their loyalty by offering to God do demonstrate their spirit of giving
back to God who gives everything. Offering can be in form of cash, foodstuffs among others.
Christians are expected to obey and follow the Ten Commandments in order to demonstrate
their loyalty to God.
Christians are expected to compose hymns that praise and worship God. These hymns contain
Christian messages for Christians.
Christians are expected to repent for their sins and by doing so they turn back to God. Since
God is Holy, He likes to associate with Holy people.
Christians are expected to organize bible studies as a way of understanding more about God.
Christians are sharing with others and fight the spirit of selfishness among Christians. It’s
normally the rich who share with the poor.
Christians are expected to extend charitable services to the needy like orphans, widows,
disabled e.g. Gary Skinner of the Watoto church under the child care ministries takes care of
orphans by paying school fees for the orphans.
Christians have gone ahead to receive sacraments like Holy Communion, baptism to show
their commitment to God.
HOW A STUDENT CAN BE LOYAL TO HIS/HER SCHOOL
A student can be loyal to the school by paying school fees on time so that they are able to
run its daily errands.
A student can be loyal by putting on a full school uniform in order to be identified and
advertise the school.
A student can be loyal by performing well in class and school so that they can advertise the
school.
He/she can be loyal by protecting school property e.g. library books, desks, chair etc.
A student can be loyal by participating in school activities like music, dance, and drama,
MDD and sports competition in order for the school to win.
A student can be loyal by directing visitors to the rightful places e.g. administration or
teachers concerned.
A student can be loyal by respecting prefects, teachers, fellow students, cleaners etc.
A student can be loyal by praying for the school for God’s guidance and protection.

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A student can be loyal by eating all school meals in order to be healthy and strong.
A student can be loyal by taking care of the new comers and giving the right direction of
different place.
A student can be loyal by keeping the school clean which keeps hygiene in the school
environment.
A student can be loyal by speaking English all the time as the school’s language.
LOYALTIES OF CITIZENS TO STATE OR COUNTRY
They are expected to remain loyal to their jobs i.e. they should avoid acts e.g. corruption,
tribalism, and embezzlement.
They are expected to defend and protected their country whenever calamities arise e.g. war,
drought, and diseases among others.
Citizens are expected to conserve the environment of their country by practicing good
farming methods and planting trees.
They expected to respect and observe the public holidays of the country like Independence
Day. Hero’s day, and liberation day.
They are expected to follow and respect the constitution of the country for it spells out the
laws that govern the country.
They are expected to pay taxes which revenue can be used to develop the country.
They are supposed to respect the symbols of the country like the national flag, court of arms,
and national anthem among others.
They should report wrong doers in their societies to the relevant authorities like the police,
inspector General of Government (IGG).
They should remain loyal to their jobs by avoiding corruption and bribery while in office.
They should respond to the government policies like immunization of children, universal
primary and secondary education, census among others.
HOW CHRISTIANS SHOW LOYALTY TO BOTH THE STATE AND

CHRISTIANITY.
They participate in state activities such as elections, immunization, and census and at the
same time participate in religious activities such as making pilgrimages, choir practice among
others.

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They respect the state symbols such as the national anthem, national flag and also respect
religious symbols such as the bible, rosary etc.
They follow and respect the constitution of the country and at the same time they follow and
respect the Ten Commandments.
They observe the state days such as Independence Day, heroes’ day and also observe
religious days such as Christmas, Easter days, among others.
They also pay taxes to the state to develop the country and they also pay the tithe in church
which does God’s work.
They respect the political leaders such as ministers, members of parliament and at the same
time respect religious leaders like priests, bishops, pastors, catechists.
They educate their children in good schools and at the same time educating them in the
Christian faith through catechism.
They love God with all their hearts, soul and strength and at the same time love their
neigbours the way they love themselves.
They pray for the state and the state leaders to have peace, harmony and justice and at the
same time pray for the religious leaders like priests, bishops, pope etc.
They apologize to those offended in the community and at the same time confess to God for
forgiveness.
Qn: Show how a Christian can express his/her dual citizenship.
HOW RELIGIOUS LEADERS EXPRESS THEIR LOYALTY TO THEIR COUNTRY

TODAY.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through respecting state
symbols like the Court of Arms, the flag, and road signs and also observe the National
holidays of the country like Independence Day celebrations.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through preaching the
Gospel to the people so that they become morally upright. They do this through Sunday
services in their homilies or through organizing crusades.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through acting as a voice for
the voiceless i.e. the oppressed, orphans, widows for example Arch Bishop John. B. Odama
and Bishop Oneno Onweny exposed to the world the plight of children affected by war in
Northern Uganda when they spent nights with them at the Gulu Bus Park.

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The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through volunteering to
initiate peace between the government and the rebels for example Arch Bishop Odama led
the Acholi Religious Leaders to talk peace with Kony rebels on behalf of the government.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through abiding by the
government policies, rules, and regulations. They follow the constitution and participate in
government programmes like poverty eradication.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through paying taxes to the
government through vehicle licenses, driving permits, paying VAT through purchase of
commodities.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today by guiding and counselling
the sick and suffering like those in prisons or affected by AIDS.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through helping in fighting
illiteracy and produce professionals for the state through establishing church founded schools
and institutions/ colleges like King’s college Buddo, Uganda Christian University Mukono
among others.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through taking up key
positions in governments as ministers for example the Minister of Ethics and Integrity Father
Lukodo.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through taking care of the
less fortunate in society by building them homes for example Watoto care, SOS-Kakiri,
Sanyu Babies Home among others.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through regular praying for
the nation for example during national functions and end of year prayers.
The religious leaders express their loyalty to their country today through taking part in
politics of the nation i.e. they campaign, vote, elected in the local councils as a sign of
loyalty.
DISLOYALTY IN UGANDA TODAY
There is murder of innocent people which denies them a right to live e.g. IGP Andrew
Kaweesi who was murdered by unknown people in Kampala in 2017, the continuous
murdering of women in Entebbe in 2017.
There is sexual harassment like rape, defilement which at times leads to diseases like HIV,
unwanted pregnancies etc. e.g. the Director of AYA baking Industry raped his maid
continuously in 2017.

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High taxes have been imposed on goods which affects the business because of low profits
e.g. the Business men community striked and kept their shops closed in 2013 because of high
taxes.
There is tribalism especially in the working sector which denies the rightful people to get
employment e.g. H.E Museveni Yoweri Kaguta is alleged forgiving high posts to the
Banyankole.
Bribery has been carryout among workers e.g. some traffic officers ask for money from
wrong road users to excuse them from being charged.
There are malpractices in schools especially with the examinations where students copy
which leads to withdrawing of their results e.g. Luyanzi college in Bweyogerere their results
were withheld in 2015.
There is continuous robbery of people property which leads to low development among the
people.
There is tax evasion especially with the business community due to high taxes imposed on
goods.
Bullying and work places is common which leads to low self-esteem and sometime to death.
For example a boy in Namilyango was bullied to death by other students in 1992.
There is exploitation of workers by the employers whereby they are given more work and
less pay. For example some schools can over work the teachers and pay them less salary.
Mob justice is a disloyalty since people take the law into their hands and end up killing or
making some people disable.
Causes of disloyalties in Uganda today.
Poverty since it make people of society vulnerable to temptations as they are needy and ready
to accept anything.
Influence of western culture especially on youth and women has led to disloyalty because
many Africans look at their culture inferior.
Greed for power makes people disloyal to the country, political constitution e.g. the age limit
rule which caused fights in the parliament.
Unemployment leads to disloyalty like drug abuse sexual abuse whereby women are forced
into sex they can be given higher jobs.
Greed for material wealth leads to disloyalty like murder, theft in order for them to get rich.
Having a revengeful heart leads to disloyalty since such people long for such opportunity to
pay back to those who have offended them for example child kidnapping.

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Presence of pornography has created a lot of disloyalty among the youth because they want to
see as they do.
Permissiveness in society where people are free to do whatever they want.
Poor back ground / grooming esp. those who brought up in dysfunctional homes.
Low/delayed salary lead to disloyalty like theft since they have to meet their basic needs.
Weak government laws which are given at time not implemented.
Solutions to disloyalty.
It is important to the most of the people to listen, think then talk because if you listen you
learn more than one who talks.
Enforcing law and order helps to overcome disloyalties like bribery, embezzlement.
Guidance and counseling from elders help to overcome disloyalties like the embezzlement of
funds, abortion etc.
Hard work helps to overcome disloyalties like theft since one is able to get income through
hardworking.
Increased salary by bosses and government in order to overcome the disloyalty of

embezzlement of funds by workers.
Reducing taxes on goods in order to over disloyalty of tax evasion since it makes the workers
get low profits.
Encouraging forgiveness through preaching in order to overcome disloyal of revenge.
Self-control and consciousness are also important in times of disloyalty because they helps to
take independent judgment.
Fellowship where people share different challenges with solutions helps to overcome
disloyalties of pornography since they out are occupied with sharing instead of watching
pornography.
Being open and sincere to other people is a solution since it helps to say out your mind and
other people to know what you’re thinking about.
Preaching love helps to overcome the disloyalty of revenge, bullying, mob justice, murder
etc.
People should attain practical skills which can lead to self-employment to over idleness
which leads to theft.
We should develop patience and enduring during hard times that require us to get the rightful
decision.

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Being open and sincere to the people is a solution since it helps to say out your mind and
other people to know what you’re thinking about.
Christian disloyalties to God today
Some Christians have given out wrong teachings and prophesies for example in 2006
presidential elections, Pastor Robert Kayanja prophesized that one of the presidential
aspirants was to die.
Some Christians have practiced discrimination in church as the rich and influential Christians
are made to sit in front and the poor sit at the back or stand throughout the church service.
Some misuse the church platform by uttering out their grudges e.g. it’s alleged that Pastor
Solomon Male attacks Pastor Samuel Kakande using the church platform.
Some Christians neglect prayers, the church today has a lot of activities that little time is
spared for prayer as time is spent in committee meetings.
Some Christians have misused church funds to fulfil their personal needs e.g. it’s said that
Pastor. Muwanguzi William of the Holy Fire ministries used the church funds to buy himself
a Hammer which is an expensive car.
Some Christians neglect evangelism, there has been loss of eagerness to spread of Good
News to all the people.
Some Christians neglect repentance, many Christians have continued to live in sin without
repenting which has blocked God’s blessings to the church.
Some have supported and engaged in sexual immoralities for example Bishop Ssenyonjo
Christopher supported the act of homosexuality and its alleged that Pastor. Robert Kayanja
practices homosexually with the usher boys in his church.
Some Christians do practice disunity, the need for power and position of influence in the
church has left the church divided.
Some married Christians are unfaithful in their marriage which has led to domestic violence
in family’s e.g. former wife of Pastor. Kiganda was caught cheating with a chapatti baker and
the two divorced.

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Some Christians are selfish yet Christians are supposed to share esp. with those that do not
have like the poor, orphans, widows etc.
Some Christians have become so materialistic by turning churches into business e.g. its
alleged that Pastor. Imelda Namutebi of Liberty Worship Centre International discourages her
followers from offering coins as offertory.
Some Christians have killed fellow Christians for example Joseph Kibwetere of the former
restoration of the Ten Commandment cult burnt his followers in 2000.
Some Christians use witchcraft and magic when performing miracles for example it’s alleged
that Pastor. Samuel Kakande uses witchcraft to perform miracles.
Some Christians have encouraged revenge instead of forgiveness amount their followers for
example Pastor Yiga also known as “Abizayo” encourages revenge among others.
Some Christians have called themselves God and their followers have gone ahead to worship
them e.g. the Late Owobushobozi claims to be God and his followers worship him.
CONFLICTING LOYALTIES
Conflicting loyalty is a situation where an individual is faced with two or more demands at
ago and one may end up failing to meet demands of their party.
Examples of conflicting loyalties
Giving a bribe or remaining faithful to the gospel demands and refusing to be corrupted.
Observing cultural rituals related to worship or remain faithful to the gospel and be rejected
by family or cultural societies, among others.
Cheating examination to pass or leave to fail, being loyal to a Sabbath day demands and
missing a lesson or examination given on Saturday for a seventh day Adventist student.
Remaining faithful to a childless marriage where it is possible to marry another woman who
can produce.
Taking a patient to a traditional healer or medical doctor for treatment.
Revenging to an enemy yet Christianity emphasizes forgiveness and love.
For a Christian either attend church on Sabbath day or attend a friend’s burial.
A Christian lawyer pronouncing a capital punishment to a criminal and yet Christianity

prohibits or encourages forgiveness.
Following instructions of a corrupt boss to tell lies to retain the job or to remain loyal to God
and lose the Job.

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Going by the Bible truth or going by scientific discoveries.
Conflicting loyalties faced by students at school.
Attending night/evening preps or escape from school to go and attend a Trans night disco.
Wearing acceptable uniform for the hostel students during weekends or wearing an
unacceptable casual wear to appear unique.
Accepting to be punished for breaking the school rules and regulations or refusing to be
punished in order to appear heroes or heroines.
Attending lessons or remaining in the dormitory pretending to be sick because you dodged
the teacher’s exercise.
Revenging against a fellow student who has offended you or forgiving him or her.
Reporting a fellow student who escaped from school and being ready to tell the truth as a
witness or keeping quiet and telling lies to save your colleague from being punished.
A Seventh day Adventist student doing examination on the Sabbath day or going to church to
worship God and hence miss examinations.
A student may face a conflicting loyalty to either cheat in examinations to succeed or leave
cheating and fail.
A student with AIDS may face a conflicting loyalty of either committing suicide or to live
with AIDS and undergo suffering till death.
Taking abortion which is against the Christian teaching so that to continue with education or
keep the pregnancy and drop out of school.
When it comes to choosing a marriage partner a student may face a conflicting loyalty to
either follow the decision of the parent or follow their own decision.
To either attend church on the Sabbath day or attend a friend’s burial.
Causes of Conflicting Loyalty
Drug abuse is responsible for conflicting loyalty as for people who take drugs like marijuana,
kuba have gone ahead to encourage crimes like rape, using vulgar languages among others.
People have many areas that call for loyalty for example job, family, religion among others.
Having different goals and visions in the life. This is true of students who have different
professions they want to take up goals which are different from what their parents wants.

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Being in contact with different people having different views in life.
The existences of two cultures i.e. African culture and Western culture. Most youth consider
African culture outdated.
Unexemplary leaders like pastor/parents and political leaders. These are meant to be role
models but their behaviour tends to be central which leaves the youth confused for example
Hon. Jim Muhwezi misused the Global Fund money which was meant to benefit the victims
of Malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS.
Individualism or selfishness as people feel independent and have refused to share with others
which has resulted into jealousy and envy.
The existence of permissiveness i.e. too much freedom of doing whatever one wants. This
makes you lose track when they go by their decisions.
The existing generation gap has caused conflicting loyalty. The youth look at what their
elders are telling them as out dated and yet they have to follow them.
Lack of Christian convictions. Today people lack religious virtues like love, hope, respect
among others which would help them when faced by conflicting loyalty.
Modern education causes conflicting loyalty. This is because the literate tend to think
differently from what the society think thus conflicting loyalty.
The influence of peer groups, here the friends may give advice which is different from what
is accepted by the society.
Poverty causes conflicting loyalty. With the need to survive people engage in corruption,
strikes, witch craft which is disloyalty Kato Kajubi who visited a witch doctor in Masaka and
sacrificed to him Joseph Kasirye.
How One Can Overcome Conflicting Loyalties
One can overcome conflicting loyalty through praying to God so that he gives one wisdom to
how to overcome it.
One can seek for guidance and counselling from professional counselors for advice for
problems or conflicts they are going through.
One can overcome a conflicting loyalty by reading educative literature of people who have
gone through similar experience and how they overcome it.
Young people can overcome conflicting loyalty by seeking advice from parent and adults
since they are wiser than their children.

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One can attend fellowship of different groups and listen to different challenges and how they
got the solutions.
One can read a bible which is the best book of wisdom.
One can overcome conflicting loyalty by getting good company which gives him good advice
and good examples for them to emulate.
One can overcome conflicting loyalty by taking a retreat away from home to mediate upon a
conflicting loyalty in order to make the rightful decision.
One can also overcome a conflicting loyalty by taking a strong decision whereby no is no and
yes is yes.
One can also be helped by washing inspiration movies to the similar problem.
Others can overcome by taking their time to make up the final decision over the conflicting
loyalty.
AFRICAN TRADITONAL SOCIETY
The traditional Africans had the following attitude towards loyalty.
Loyalty meant being faithful, trustworthy dependable having a sense of duty of being realty
to defend one’s group. This is why communal way of life was emphasized.
Loyalty meant giving respect to religious values and the spirits of the dead. It was one way of
seeking for blessing.
Loyalty meant promoting one’s cultural values. Culture helped to reflect the identity and
created the sense of belonging e.g. the Bagishu promoted their culture through male
circumcision.
Loyalty was working for the good of benefit of the community since individualism and
discouraged.
Loyalty meant creating justice in traditional African society because their faithfulness and
devotion made them to respect one another in all ways.
Loyalty was meant to guarantee security against threats or attacks on members by another
even if he/she was on the wrong.
To the Africans, loyalty meant ensuring stability. This was possible by each members
depending personal loyalty to parents, husbands and wives among others.
Loyalty meant promoting the behaviour of the people i.e. any member misbehaving could
easily be disowned by the society.

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HOW WAS LOYALTY SHOWN IN ATS
The following are ways how people in ATS expressed their loyalty.
Through being loyal to their leaders like kings, chiefs, and clan leaders among others. People
considered them to be God’s representatives on earth.
Through being loyal to religious leaders such as rainmaker, diviners and others. These had
supernatural powers and rendered services to the society.
Through being loyal to sacred places objects like mountains, forests, beads, and royal drums
among others. They were respected by people.
Through being loyal to friendship more especially blood brotherhood. Each member in such a
friendship was meant to defend one another’s life, family, property, reputation and to share
with each other for example among Banyoro they had “Omukago” which was highly
respected by people of this society.
Through being loyal to the Supreme God and gods. Africans could show them their loyalty
by praying, offering sacrifices, building shrines among others.
They expressed their loyalty to God and gods by praying before doing any activity for
example among the Baganda they would pray to Ddungu when going for hunting, they would
pray to Kibuuka when going to war.
Through building shrines where they praised and worshipped their God and gods.
Through being loyal to customs and traditional values like circumcision, respect, language,
dress and behaviuor for example the Bagishu boys were loyal to circumcision, Baganda and
Basoga girls were loyal to bush visiting “Okukyalira ensiko” were they carried out pulling.
By giving their children names to their children that symbolized God’s glory e.g. among the
Banyankole they named children Agaba, Byamukama and among the Baganda they named
Musasizi meaning merciful.
Through being loyal to marriage relationship. Marriage was compulsory aspect of life and
members had to show their commitment to it.
Through being loyal to informal education. Elders had a collective responsibility of

upbringing children.
Through being loyal to the spirits of the dead. Africans would offer sacrifices and even
named places and children after them.
Though being loyal to parenthood. Parents had commitment to being responsible of

producing and raising children in a way accepted in the community.

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Through being loyal to informal education which were the traditional schools of the time e.g.
among the Baganda and Basoga, the aunties (SSengas) imparted sex education to their
daughters.
HOW DID TRADITIONAL AFRICANS SHOW LOYALTY TO THEIR

ANCESTORS?
Traditional Africans showed loyalty to their ancestors in the following ways;
By dedicating sacred places to them e.g. forests, mountains.
By swearing by the names of ancestors.
By leaving morally upright lives in order not to be punished by ancestors.
Through constantly praying to them for protection, blessings among others.
By giving name of ancestors to the newly born children as a sign of respect.
By regularly giving sacrifices and offerings of their ancestors to seek for blessings e.g. in
Buganda, people would offer sacrifices to ancestors like animals without defects to ancestor
to thank them for good harvest.
By burying them with materials possessions to use in the next world e.g. in Buganda they
were buried with bark cloth to wear in the next world.
Through passing on their heroic acts to the children through legends, myths, songs etc.
By moulding, curving and designing of sacred objects which would be dedicated to ancestors.
By keeping their graves or burial places clean and respected. Children were exempted from
playing from such places.
By involving them in family affairs like in solving disputes they would be invoked.
By installing a heir to carry on the duties of the deceased.
By sharing meals and libations with them.
WHY LOYALTY WAS MORE PRONOUNCED IN ATS?
Africans gave maximum respect and honour to God and Godly issues were not questioned
but simply believed.
Loyalty was taught to children right from childhood by their adults who taught them the dos
and don’ts of the society.

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Taboos and totems were used to prevent children and other members of society from
conflicting with society values.
People were trained to respect the culture of their society therefore it was difficulty for one to
go against their culture hence loyalty.
Harsh punishments were attached to all forms of disloyalty that scared people from going
against society norms.
Parents lived an exemplary life for their children to emulate or copy therefore children took
up the behaviour of the parents.
All members of society worked for the good of that society therefore all the basic needs were
meant which eliminated social evils like stealing.
Decision making in ATS was made by elders especially the roles that women and children
were supposed to implement.
All members of society accepted their position in society like the poor accepted their position
of being slaves to the rich e.g. among the Baganda, the Bakopi had to work for the Balangira.
People lived in communities of the same tribal clan therefore it was easy for people to agree
upon one thing.
It was the responsibility of society to bring up children with good morals therefore most
children were disciplined.
LOYALTY IN CHURCH HISTORY
They taught and preached the gospel to the people which converted them into Christianity
e.g. St Paul preached the gospel to the people Corinth, Galatia, and they were converted into
Christianity.
They were loyal by living a prayerful life since they depend on prayers on whatever
situations they went through e.g. the apostles gathered to pray in the upper room when the
Holy Spirit came upon them.
They conducted fellowship where they shared challenges and encouraged one another.
They were loyal to God by composing Christian’s songs and hymns which they used in praise
and worshipping God e.g. St. Ambrose composed hymns that are being sang up today in
church.
By baptizing new converts as assigned by their Master Jesus Christ e.g. Peter baptized 3000
new converts in Samaria.

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By enduring suffering they experienced for the sake of Christ e.g. Peter, Stephen accepted to
be martyred by Saul and his men.
By making missionary journeys as a way of showing loyalty to Christ e.g. St Paul made three
major missionary journeys to Cyprus, Corinth etc.
Through remaining loyal to the Roman government as long as this did not compromise their
faith e.g. Paul and Peter appealed to their followers to be loyal to the governors and the
emperor.
Through selling their properties and shared the proceeds with others who did not have like
the needy.
They were also loyal to God by visiting holy places e.g. Jerusalem, Rome which showed
commitment in their faith e.g. the Apostles went to Jerusalem once a year for thanksgiving.
They were also loyal by carrying out charity to the needy to meet their basic needs and get
God’s blessing e.g. St. Francis shared his riches with the poor, Tabitha sowed and gave the
clothes to the widows and orphans.
Others praise God by singing Christians music while others listened to the Christian songs.
They wrote Christian literature as a way of showing their faith which inspired believers e.g.
St. Paul wrote letters like 1st and 2nd Corinthians, St Ambrose wrote “The Confession” which
encouraged Christians.
They were loyal to God and man by establishing and building churches across the world
where people met to pray and worshipped.
They were also loyal by settling conflicts between brothers and sisters in church to create
unity, love and peace among them e.g. St Paul settled conflicts among the Corinthians and
people got united.
They were loyal to man by building health centres which provided treatment for the people
and cured their diseases.
How the Uganda Martyrs were loyal to God
The Uganda Martyrs were loyal to God by preaching the gospel and converting people to
Christianity e.g. St Charles Lwanga preached the gospel to Kizito the youngest martyr and
got converted.
Through baptizing new believers to join God’s family e.g. St Charles Lwanga baptized Kizito
after converting to Christianity.

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By abandoning their positions in the King’s palace in order to serve God e.g. St Charles
Lwanga left the King’s palace where he was working as a page to go and preach the gospel.
By accepting persecution for the sake of Christianity e.g. St. Balikudembe accepted his hands
to be cut off for the sake of Christianity.
Through following the preaching that was given out by the missionaries and rejected the
Kings’ orders of worshipping idols, homosexuality etc.
Through travelling long distances to attend preaching’s and catechism e.g. St, Matia
Mulumba travelled from Mityana to Luwero in order to attend catechism classes.
Through denouncing cultural beliefs and deeds e.g. Matia Mulumba sent away his two wives
and remained with one practising monogamy hence Christianity.
Through turning down the request of their relatives to leave Christianity so that they could
survive death e.g. Kizito turned down the request of his relatives and friends and accepted to
be burnt for the sake of Christianity.
By contributing to the building of churches where people gathering to pray. The martyrs
collected building materials and set up missionary churches.
Through conducting fellowship as a way of being loyal to God shared challenges and
testimonies.
By dying a shameful death for the sake of Christianity e.g. the martyrs were bitten and
stripped naked and burnt for the sake of Christian.
By praising God by singing praises even when they were being burnt.
Through carrying out charity to the needy which improved on their standards of living.
LOYALTY IN THE BIBLE
The Old Testament
How God was loyal to man in the Old Testament.
God was loyal to people in Old Testament through the following ways.
He was loyal by forgiving their sins in order to be in Good relationship e.g. God forgave King
David when he repented after committing adultery with Bathsheba.
God was loyal to man by sending prophets to the people against their sinful nature e.g. God
sent Prophet Nathan to warn King David about the sin he had committed of adultery and
repent.

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God showed his loyalty by making covenants with the people and fulfilling them. E.g. God
made a covenant with Abraham to be a father of all believers.
Through liberating man from slavery and gave them freedom e.g. God liberated the Israelites
from Egypt after 430 years.
God was loyal by granting them wisdom to rule the people fairly e.g. God gave Kong
Solomon wisdom and he ruled Israel with fairness.
God was loyal by giving Israel a king when they asked for one e.g. he gave them Saul, David,
Solomon, Ahab etc.
God was loyal to people by answering their prayers e.g. Hannah prayed to God for a child
and God answered by giving her a son called Samuel.
By giving them wealth in the Promised Land.
God was loyal to man by giving them protection against their enemies e.g. the Israelites were
protected by a cloud by day and fire at night.
God showed loyalty giving the Israelites the Ten Commandments which made them worship
the overall God and Moses to give the Israelites the Ten Commandments.
God was Loyal by sparing the first sons of the Israelites when the first sons of the Egyptians
were killed by an Angel sent by God during the Passover.
How the Israelites showed loyalty to God.
They showed loyalty to God through;
Building synagogues and temples as places where God could be worshipped e.g. King
Solomon built a temple in Jerusalem for the Lord.
Respecting religious leaders such as priests, prophets e.g. Moses, Joshua, Eli among others
were respected by the Israelites.
By observing the Sabbath. In Exodus 20:8-9, God commanded them to observe the Sabbath
and keep it Holy and they were loyal to that command.
By believing in monotheism i.e. they believe in one God as commanded by God.
Seeking for forgiveness from God whenever they did wrong e.g. King David sought for
forgiveness from God after committing the double sin of murder and adultery.
Observing and respecting the Passover. This was done in remembrance of God’s effort of
their deliverance from Egyptian slavery.

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Obeying the Kings appointed by God to show loyalty to their God. E.g. King Saul and King
David.
Regularly praying to God as a way of communicating to God e.g. Hannah always prayed to
God to give her child and God blessed her with Samuel.
By making annual pilgrimages to Jerusalem, the Holy City as expression of their commitment
to Yahweh.
Offering sacrifices in form of animals, cereals. They mostly sacrificed male animals without
defects and deformations like blindness, lameness etc.
By following the Ten Commandments. These were laws given to the Israelites through
Moses.
How the Israelites were disloyal to God
The Israelites were disloyal to God through;
Disobeying God’s rules which was punishable e.g. Adam and Eve disobeyed God and ate the
fruit and they were chased out of the Garden of Eden.
Worshipping the foreign gods instead of the Almighty God e.g. the Israelites worshipped
Baal brought by the foreign wives of the King.
Misusing sex from God’s original intention e.g. the people of Sodom and Gomorrah had
which was total abuse of sex.
Murdering innocent people which was against the Ten Commandments e.g. Ahab murdered
Naboth’s after grabbing his land/ Cain murdered Abel because of his good sacrifice to God.
Grabbing people’s land which was against God’s law of society e.g. King Ahab grabbed
Naboth’s vineyard because it was very fertile.
Practicing polygamy which was against God’s laws of monogamy.
Committing adultery which was against the Ten Commandments e.g. King David carried out
adultery with Bathsheba.
Carrying out prostitution in the temple which was a holy place where God’s was worship e.g.
Eli’s two sons carried out prostitution in the temple they were temple leaders.
Being greedy and eating sacrifices that were meant for God e.g. Eli’s sons picked the biggest
piece of the sacrifice and ate them.
Worshipping idols and modelling them e.g. the Israelites modelled the golden calf and
worshipped it after crossing the Red Sea.

84
Enslaving others and forcing them to work e.g. the King of Egypt forced the Israelites to
work hard for 430 years.
New Testament
How Jesus was loyal to God and man
Loyalty to God
He was loyal to God by accepting to be born by a human being (John 1:1-5). Jesus was with
God and was God himself, but he became human in order to fulfill the father’s will of
bringing salvation to mankind.
Jesus was loyal to God by accepting to be baptized so that he could be recognized as a child
of God.
He was loyal to God through resting after work just like his father rested after creating the
universe.
He was loyal by preaching the word of God to the people which turned people’s hearts
towards God.
He was loyal to God by destroying the traders and their property in the temple which
cleansed the temple where people went and worshipped God.
Jesus was loyal to God by accepting to come to earth to do God’s work among the people.
Jesus was loyal to God by praying to God and fasting as he sought for God’s wisdom and
strengthen preparing for His ministry.
He was loyal to God by accepting to undergo persecution like spitting on Him, trial carrying
the cross but He never gave up.
He was loyal to God by declaring Himself publically as the true Son of God who had come to
do the will of God.
He was loyal to God by putting the will of God first before the demands of His family and
self. He pointed out clearly that he had to be in His father’s house when his parents had been
looking for him (Luke 2:4ff, Mark 3:34-35)
He was loyal to God by performing many miracles. He healed the sick, raised the dead like
the daughter of Jairus (Mark 5:36ff). All these miracles proved the realty of his preaching that
later on brought glory to the kingdom of God.
He was loyal to God by attacking the religious leaders for over emphasizing the observing of
petty laws but neglecting the urgent needs of man for example the Sabbath Laws.

85
He was loyal to God by accepting to be arrested by the group that come with Judas Iscariot.
He had prior knowledge of His arrest but allowed to fulfill God’s will.
Loyalty to Man
He was loyal to man by keeping his promises to man e.g. He promised to send his disciples
the Holy Spirit and fulfilled his Promise.
He was loyal to man uplifting the status of children. He mixed freely with children which was
unacceptable among the Jews.
He was loyal to man by serving people’s lives from danger e.g. he calmed the storm and
saved his disciples.
He was loyal to man by protecting marriage relationship. He condemned adultery, polygamy

and divorce and referred to them poisons in marriage that could only ruin the relationship
(Mathew 5:27ff, Mark 10:1ff)
He was loyal to man comforting hose who were lonely for example he comforted Mary and
Martha, when they had lost their brother Lazarus.
Jesus was loyal to man by teaching people the word of God in the temples. E.g. he entered
the temple and taught teachers of the law.
He was loyal to man uplifting the status of women who were marginalized in society for
example He appreciated a widow’s offer of a coin and it’s a woman who anointed Him.
Jesus was loyal to man and God by accepting to die for man’s sins so that he could be
reconciled by God.
He was loyal to man associating with everybody regardless of sex, status and tribe for
example He had dinner with a tax collector (rich) called Zaccheus.
Jesus was loyal to man by helping the needy e.g. he fed 5000 men who were hungry.
He was loyal man by obeying government policy when he paid taxes to the Roman
government.
He was loyal to man by loving and forgiving his enemies. He prayed to his father to forgive
those who plotted for his arrest and crucifixion (Luke 6:12-16, 23:33-34).
He was loyal to man by calling Himself a servant. He emphasized that he had come to serve
but not to be served (Mathew 20: 26-28).
Why the Jews chose to be disloyal to Jesus?
He accepted to be baptized by John the Baptized yet to the Jews baptism was meant for the
sinners but Jesus was meant to be the Messiah.

86
They thought in the temple was for everyone but Jesus personalized it by calling it “My
Father’s house.” This made the Jews to be disloyal to Him.
Jesus was coming from a poor background yet a Messiah was expected to come from a rich
background e.g. his father was a mere carpenter.
He faced a miserable death and he was undressed they spat on him, blind folded humiliated
and beat him on the cross.
He associated with unclean people i.e. sinners (Outcasts) for example to associated with
prostitutes for example tax collectors, lepers among others.
He was tempted by Satan yet they never expected the Messiah to be tempted. This happened
when the devil told Jesus to change stones into bread among other trials.
Jesus’ teaching conflicted with those of Moses for example he changed the law of divorce,
the law of Sabbath.
Jesus’ was unmarried yet according to the Jews a Messiah was expected to be married.
Jesus taught in parables which were hard to understand for the Jewish community since they
had little understanding.
His disciples never fasted yet the disciples of John the Baptist and the Pharisees fasted which
made them annoyed and they decided to be disloyal to Him.
He was betrayed by his own disciple, Judas Iscariot when the Roman Soldiers wanted Jesus
and this made the Jews reject Him.
He was denied by his own disciples e.g. Simon Peter. Simon Peter was identified as one who
knew Jesus however he denied Him.

Order and Freedom

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Order and Freedom

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1

THEME TWO: ORDER AND FREEDOM IN SOCIETY

Characteristics of true justice

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

WAYS OF ADMINISTERING JUSTICE IN UGANDA TODAY

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

INJUSTICES IN THE PRESENT SITUATION.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

Causes of Injustices Today

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

CHILD ABUSES INJUSTICES AGAINST CHILDREN.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

INJUSTICES AGAINST WOMEN IN OUR MODERN SOCIETY (OPPRESSION OF

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

BULLYING AS AN INJUSTICE IN SCHOOLS TODAY

Why is bullying in school an injustice today.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

Some of the solutions to bullying in schools.

MOB JUSTICE AS AN INJUSTICE

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

Causes of Mob Justice

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

CHILD SACRIFICE AS AN INJSUTICE

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

WHY HAVE INJUSTICE PERSISTED TODAY?

EFFORTS BY THE CHURCH TO FIGHT INJUSTICES

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

THE EFFORT (ROLE) OF THE GOVERNMENT IN PROMOTING OR

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES IN PROMOTING JUSTICE IN UGANDA.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

JUSTICE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

INJUSTICES IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

INJUSTICES AGAINST WOMEN IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN SOCIETY.

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

WHY WAS SLAVE TRADE AN INJUSTICE IN AFRICA?

Steps Taken To Bring Slavery to the End

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

ST. PETER CLAVER

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

He read scriptures and taught them Christian faith through an interpreter.

OPPRESSION OF THE MINORITIES AND OTHER GROUPS

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

How did Missionaries in Africa try to restore justice or undermine injustice?

GREAT PERSONALITES WHO OPPOSED INJUSTICES IN THEIR LIFE TIME IN

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

MOTHER THERESA OF CALCATHA

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

MARTIN LUTHER KING JUNIOR (1928-1968)

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

MAHATMA GANDI (1869-1948)

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

DON HELDER CAMARA

JUSTICE IN THE BIBLE

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA

Importance of the Covenant Laws to the Israelites

COMPILED BY NAMAROME ELIZABETH MARTHA