MARKING SCHEME

KABANANA SECONDARY SCHOOL

GRADE 11 END OF TERM 2 EXAMINATIONS-2022

BIOLOGY 5090
1. Figure 1.0 shows the urinary system and its blood supply.

(a) On Figure 1.1 label structures F, G and H. [3]

F= Veva cava
G = ureter
H= urethra
(b) State two processes that are involved in urine formation.
1.Ultra filtration/ pressure filtration
2. Osmoregulation [2]

1
 (c) Table 1.2 shows the relative quantities of several substances in the blood in the renal artery and
renal vein.

Explain what happens in the kidney to bring about the changes in the relative quantities of
Glucose. Glucose used in respiration by kidney cells

Oxygen. used in respiration by kidney cells

Sodium salts. Filtered during ultrafiltration

Urea Filtered during ultrafiltration [4]

2.(a)The table below shows various food tests carried out by a learner.

Nutrients Test Observation Conclusion

Colour change from brown

to blue/black
Starch 1. Iodine Starch is present

Lipids/fat /oil present

2. Lipids/fat /oil Emulsion White precipitate 3.

Protein Biuret 4. Purple/ violet Protein is present

(i) Complete the table by filling in the spaces [4]

(ii) Which nutrient in the table would cause kwashiorkor if lacking in the human body?

Proteins [1]
2
 (iii) Name a nutrient not in the table which helps to prevent constipation

Roughage / water [1]

(b) State two deficiency diseases in plants
1 Chlorosis

2 Stunted growth [2]

3. The diagrams below show a cross section of the three types of blood vessels drawn to scale

(a) (i)Identify blood vessels labeled X and Z

X Artery [1]

Z Vein [1]

(ii) Give two structural differences between blood vessels X and Z

Blood vessel X Blood vessel Z

1. Narrow/AW lumen Large/AW lumen

2. Thick wall Thin wall

3. No valve Has valve

Any Two [2]

(b) Explain the importance of screening the blood for purposes of transfusion
-to ensure blood is safe and no disease-causing micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi and
viruses
- Screening would minimize transmission of diseases such as HIV and AIDS, syphilis and
hepatitis B [2]
3
 (c) Which blood group:
(i) has no antibodies AB [1]

(ii) is a universal donor O [1]

(d) Give a reason for your answer to (c)(ii) above
has no antigens that can be attacked by antibodies in the recipient’s blood. [1]

(e) What similarities are there between the blood in the pulmonary vein and the blood in the aorta?
Both contain blood rich in Oxygen / both contain blood with less carbon dioxide [2]

4 (a) Define homeostasis.

This is the maintenance of a constant internal environment. [2]
(b) Briefly explain the role of the following organs in homeostasis;

(i) Kidney
Regulates the levels of water and salt ions in body fluids through ADH and Aldosterone
respectively

Balancing water
When the osmotic pressure of the body fluids rises due to low amounts of water caused by dehydration and
reduced water intake; the pituitary gland is stimulated by the hypothalamus to secrete anti diuretic hormone
(ADH) or vasopressin; Anti-diuretic hormone causes the kidney tubules in the nephron to be more permeable
to water; Thus, more water is reabsorbed into the bloodstream; restoring osmotic pressure of body fluids;

Balancing salt ion levels

When the amount of sodium ions in the blood is low; the adrenal glands secrete aldosterone hormone; which
causes the distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb more sodium ions into the blood stream;
When the concentration of sodium ions in the blood stream is adequate; adrenal glands are less stimulated,
hence less sodium ions are reabsorbed;
[Max 2]
(i) liver
When glucose levels are too high in blood, the pancreas secretes insulin which lowers the levels
of glucose in the following ways.
It stimulates the cells of the liver (hepatocytes) to convert excess glucose to glycogen; which is stored in the
liver and muscles.;

When glucose levels are too low in blood, the pancreas secretes glucagon which increases glucose
levels in blood in the following ways:
It stimulates the cells of the liver (hepatocytes) to convert glycogen to glucose ; [ Max 2]

4
(c) Explain what happens to the following structures of the skin during over cooling so as to bring the body
temperature back to normal

(i) erector muscles

Erector muscles contract; causing the hairs on the surface of the skin to erect or stand upright;
Air is trapped between the hair; Air is a bad conductor of heat hence preventing heat loss from
the body;.
[Max 2]
(ii) blood vessels
Vasoconstriction occurs; the lumen of blood vessels supporting the skin become narrower; thus
less blood flows near the surface of the skin; preventing excessive heat loss from the body;
[ Max 2]
(iii) sweat glands
Sweat glands become less active or inactive to minimize loss of heat; which might occur
through sweating; [2]