Histology

Yudy Tjahjono, M.Sc. Biol.

Histology
Fixing , Colouring and documenting techniques

Tissue classification:
• Epithelial Cells
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
 THIS WEEK
Histology
Fixing , Colouring and documenting techniques

Tissue classification:
• Epithelial Cells
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
 Histology
ἱστός (histos) “Tissue“ -λογία -logia "science“

The study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues.

Tissue:
Organization of multiple cells with the same functions, and form
determined structures (Organs)
 Histological Examinations

LIGHT MICROSCOPE (LM) ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (EM)

DAYLIGHT FLUORESCENCE
 Basic preparation
of Histological Examination (LM)

FIXATION → PERMEABILIZATION → STAINING

MOUTING

ANALYZE
(Daylight /Fluorescence)
Detergent
Making Tissue Section: Microtome
 Permeabilization agents

ß-Octylglucoside

SDS

Triton-X100
Staining the cells (Daylight LM)
 Staining the cells:
Antibody staining

Immunoglobulin
(Ig) with specific
epitope. Ex. IgG1

Direct or indirect
(secondary
antibody), coupled
with colouring
agents.
 Staining the cells:
Colouring agents for fluorescence LM
 Histological Analyze:
Basic principals of Fluorescence Microscope (LM)
 ORGANS are comprised of different TISSUES:
Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle Tissue Nerve Tissue

e.g., the intestine

Submucosa
(connective tissue)

Mucosa (epithelium +
Lumen connective tissue)
Mesentery
(connective tissue
+ epithelium)

Myenteric plexus (nerve)

Muscularis Externa (smooth muscle)

 Tissue
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
 Epithelial tissue
• Covers all body surfaces( inside & outside)
• High rate of cell division (healing)
• Many tightly packed cells, usually arranged into
layers
• Epithelial tissue that occurs on the interior
surfaces of the body is known as endothelium
(e.g capillary endothelium).
• small amount of intercellular substance
• basement membrane provides structural
support for the epithelium and also binds it to
neighbouring structures.
• Forms endocrine and exocrine secretory glands.
 Epithelial tissue
Function:
Protection - epidermis of skin
Secretion - glands
Sensory - neuroepithelium in taste buds
Contraction - myoepithelium
Reproduction - germinal epithelium
 Epithelium-Classification
I. covering epithelium
II. glandular epithelium
 I. Covering Epithelium
According to number of layers :
Simple epithelium= one layer
Stratified // > one layer
Pseudostratified…

According to shape of cells:-

Squamous… like scales ,polyhedral,oval central nucleus
Cuboidal … like cube,spherical central nucleus
Columnar …oval basal nucleus
Transitional…..
Classification of Epithelium
Simple
Squamous

Simple
Cuboidal

Simple
Columnar
Simple squamous epithelium:
endothelium and mesothelium (non-specialized: renewal via mitosis)
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
kidney tubules (“non-specialized:” renewal via mitosis)
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Gut mucosa (“specialized:” renewal via stem cells)
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Gut mucosa (“specialized:” renewal via stem cells)

lumen

Two layers of smooth

muscle on the wall
Pseudostratified Epithelium
 2 types: Creatinized /not
Stratified
Squamous

Skin

Stratified
Cuboidal
Duct of Sweat Gland

Stratified
Columnar Epiglottis
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
non-keratinized keratinized

Keratin: dead epithelial cells, filled with KERATIN protein, specially structured to be
waterproof and reduce evaporation from underlying tissues. important part of the
epidermis or external skin.
 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Keratinized

Non-keratinized

Lines esophagus, oral cavity, vagina… Lines thick and thin skin
Transitional Epithelium : Urothelium
Transitional Epithelium : Urothelium

Plaques / UROPLAKIN:
specialized structure in Urothelium; to
protect against penetration of toxic
substances from the urine back into
Kierszenbaum pg 6 the body
 II. Glandular Epithelium
• A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an
aqueous fluid
• Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium:
– Endocrine: no contact with exterior of body; ductless;
produce hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals,
pancreas)
– Exocrine: open to exterior of body via ducts (sweat, oil)
• Exocrine glands classified either by structure or by the
method of secretion
• Classified by structure
– Unicellular: goblet cells
– Multicellular: sweat, oil, pituitary, adrenal
 II. Glandular Epithelium
unicellular multicellular
goblet cell sweat gland
 Multicellular Exocrine Glands
• Classified on the basis of types of ducts or
mode of secretion

• Types of ducts
– Simple: ducts with few branches
– Compound: ducts with many branches
• If ducts end in tubules or sac-like
structures: acini. Pancreas
• If ducts end in simple sacs: alveoli. Lungs
Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
 Basal Feature: The Basal Lamina
• Noncellular supporting sheet between the
epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
• Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells
• Functions:
• Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules
from capillaries enter the epithelium
• Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial
cells can migrate
• Basal lamina and reticular layers of the underlying
connective tissue deep to it form the basement
membrane
Basolateral Specializations

Structures that hold the cells

together and attach the
epithelium to the underlying
connective tissue.

Basement membrane
(basal lamina)
Hemidesmosomes function to anchor epithelial cells to their
basement membrane.

Basement
membrane
Epithelial Surface Features
 Epithelial Surface Features
• Apical surface features
– Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma membrane
• Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
• Maximize surface area across which small molecules
enter or leave
– Cilia – whip-like, highly motile extensions of apical
surface membranes
• Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
Microvilli
Microvilli and cilia

Cilia
Microvilli – “brush border” or “striated
border”

G
G

G: goblet cell
 CONTINUE NEXT WEEK
PART 2
Histology
Fixing , Colouring and documenting techniques

Tissue classification:
• Epithelial Cells
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
 CONTINUE NEXT WEEK
PART 2
Histology
Fixing , Colouring and documenting techniques

Tissue classification:
• Epithelial Cells
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue