Motivation.

AD TO
A YOUR 1. Egalitarian
DD
D
VOCAB: 2. Intraphysic
3. Decenter
4. Catastrophic
5. Rectify
 Methods

Methods
O-
YCH ANALYTIC
PS

in
in counselling.
counselling. ANALYTIC

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGY
 Theories.

CLassic Theories:
These theories explain the long-term consequences of human
behavior and why people believe, behave, and think a
certain way.
The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud,
Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered classic schools
because they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
 Theories.

THE THREE THEORIES:

PSYCHOANALITIC INDIVIDUAL ANALYTIC

THEORY THEORY PSYCHOLOGY
 Theories.

FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

The approach of Freud in counselling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as
psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the
SIGMUND FREUD mind.
Also known as talk-theraphy/psychodynamic.
Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of
intrapsychic conflict, which focuses on the internal forces such as
unconscious processes.
Unconscious - violent motives, shameful experiences, sexual
desires, immoral urges, fears
Conscious - thoughts, perceptions.
 Goals.

3 GOALS OF PSYCHOANALYSIS:
To help clients gain insights about
themselves,
To help clients work unstuck issues,
To help clients cope with the stresses of the
society.
 Technique.

TECHNIQUES UTILIZED IN
PERFORMING PSYCHOANALYSIS:
Methods used by professionals on helping their clients.
1. FREE ASSOCIATION
A method to encourage the patient to
discuss whatever comes to his mind in
order to release suppressed emotions.
Ex. The therapist says, “mother” and the
client immediately responds with “witch”
 Technique.

2. DREAM ANALYSIS
A method to explore unconscious process
using dreams.
The interpretation of dreams to determine
their underlying meanings.
Ex. A soldier with post-traumatic distress disorder may
have repetitive dreams of being angry at someone who
has not harmed them (This may be repressed anger due to
time and feelings experienced when they were in combat.)
 Technique.

3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION

A form of feedback procedure for
patients to become aware of what is
happening to him/her and to determine
areas for further analysis.
Clarification - clarify what is consciously going on in the
patient's mind
Confrontation - bringing into awareness non-verbal
aspects of the patient’s behavior
 Technique.

PSYCHO

4. INTERPRETATION
A process of giving insights to patients
about their inner conflicts which can be ANALYSIS
reflected in resistance, transference, and
other processes.
 Theories.

ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and
psychotherapy focuses on the role of
cognition as psychological functioning.
ALFRED ADLER
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess
why clients behave and think in certain ways.
 Goals.

4 GOALS OF INDIVIDUAL
PSYCHOLOGY:
Establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship.
Analysis of client’s lifestyle.
Interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes
insight.
Reorientation and reeducation of the client with
accompanying behavior change.
 Technique..

Adlerian techniques can be explained in four

phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
1. FIRST PHASE: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP.
Use of listening skills.
Effective listening skills are necessary to promote mutual
trust and respect
Winning respect and offering hope.
Winning the respect of clients and offering hope can
increase he client’s motivation towards becoming involved
in counseling.
 Phases.

Adlerian techniques can be explained in four

phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
1. First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP.
Encouragement
Encouragement gives the feeling of support to the clients
which can help believing in themselves.
 Phases.
2. Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT.
Life Style Analysis
Identify client’s strengths that may be utilized to overcome
the client’s problems
Dream Analysis
May be used to conduct lifestyle analysis.
A method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with
difficulties and challenges of life.
 Phases.
3. Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT.
Insight Process
A method that allows clients to understand the dynamics
of self-defeating patterns and utilize the insights to rectify
the said patterns during the orientation process.
4. Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION.
Spitting in the Client’s Soup
The push-button techniques
Catching oneself
Acting as-if
Task setting and commitment
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

1.
1. SPITTING IN THE CLIENTS SOUP
A method that involves determining the pay-off of the
game and interpreting it to the client; this can be used for
clients that engage in manipulative games.
It describes a therapeutic technique where the therapist
gently challenges the client's self-defeating behaviors or
hidden agendas to help them gain awareness and consider
alternative actions.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

UNDERSTANDING THE THEORY
Soup: Represents the client's current situation or behavior pattern.
Spitting: Represents the therapist's intervention, which may be
challenging, confrontational, or even paradoxical.
Client: Represents the individual seeking therapy to change or
improve their situation.
The metaphor encourages the client to view their behavior from a
different angle, recognizing it as a choice with consequences, not
an inevitable fate.
 Application.

Therapist: "John, I understand your frustrations with

your job. However, I've noticed a pattern where you
express negativity but don't take concrete steps to
change things. It's like you're choosing this
dissatisfaction, perhaps even subconsciously enjoying
the attention or sympathy it brings.

(Therapist is making John aware of his behaviour)

 Application.
Client: "Wow, I never thought of it that way."

(acknowledgement from John)

Therapist: "Perhaps we can explore why staying

frustrated feels safer than pursuing change. Could
there be a fear of failure, or maybe the unknown feels
more comfortable than trying something new?"

(Therapist further helping John on discovering why he

reacted that way)
 Application.
.
Client: "You know, I think you're right. I'm terrified of
failing and looking bad, so I stay stuck complaining."

(Finally recognizing of why he acted that way)

Therapist: "Great insight! Now, instead of dwelling on

negativity, what concrete steps could you take towards
a more fulfilling job?"

(Therapist guiding him for positive change)

 Application.

Client: "Maybe updating my resume or networking

could help. I could also practice assertiveness with my
boss instead of just criticizing."

(John understood his behaviour and now ready to be

better)
 Phases.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

2. THE PUSH-BUTTON TECHNIQUES
Focusing on pleasant and unpleasant experiences and the
feelings they generate.
The push-button symbolizes the amount of control client’s
can exert when they push the button and put the stop to
self-defeating processes.
 Phases.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

2. THE PUSH-BUTTON TECHNIQUES
The push-button technique in psychology, from Adlerian
therapy, is a powerful way to understand how you have
more control over your emotions than you might think.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

UNDERSTANDING THE THEORY
Imagine you have two (GREEN & RED) buttons on your chest, like a
remote control.

Red button: When you push this, it unleashes negative

emotions like anger, sadness, or frustration.

Green button: Pushing this triggers positive emotions

like calmness, confidence, or optimism.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

HOW IT WORKS:
1. Imagine a situation: Think of something that usually makes you feel
bad.
2. See the buttons: Picture the red and green buttons on your chest.
3. Notice your habit: Which button do you "auto-press" in that
situation?
4. Consider the other side: What if you pushed the **opposite** button
instead? How would you feel and act differently.
5. Practice the "good" button: Imagine yourself confidently pressing
the green button in that situation.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

HOW IT WORKS:
By realizing you have a choice, you can push
the "good" button more often. This leads to:
Calmer emotions
Brighter thoughts
Feeling empowered
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

3. CATCHING ONESELF
A method used to avoid old defeating patterns such as humor
when the clients catch themselves. Counselors may encourage
clients to learn to laugh at their self-defeating tendencies.
refers to a technique used in various therapies to increase self-
awareness and promote positive change. It involves learning to
notice and interrupt unhelpful thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors before they lead to negative consequences.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

3. CATCHING ONESELF
It essentially involves becoming aware of your thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors in the moment and interrupting
unhelpful patterns before they take hold.
 Application.

APPLICATION (EXAMPLE)
Example 1: Managing Impulsivity:
Situation: John tends to jump in and express his opinion
before fully considering the situation, often leading to
arguments.
Catching Oneself: He notices his rising anger and the urge to
interrupt.
Alternative Response: He takes a deep breath, counts to ten,
and asks clarifying questions to understand the situation
better before speaking.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

4. ACTING AS-IF
A method that advances “can-do” spirit and a self-fulfilling
prophecy, which can help clients experience success.
It involves acting as if the client can do whatever s/he wants
Encourages individuals to behave "as if" they already possess
the desired qualities or skills they want to develop.
 Application.

APPLICATION (EXAMPLE)
Overcoming shyness
Situation: Daniel suffers from stage fright, panicking every
time he needs to give a presentation in class.
Acting as-if: Daniel "acts as if" he's calm and collected. He
visualizes himself delivering the presentation smoothly,
practices deep breathing exercises, and focuses on connecting
with the audience. With each attempt, his confidence grows,
reducing his anxiety.
 Undestanding.

4TH PHASE: REORIENTATION.

5. TASK AND COMMITMENT
A method that provides a structure as homework assignment
which can be useful in stilling the value of ‘effort to change’
A collaboration between a therapist and client to achieve
specific goals through actionable steps.
 Application.

APPLICATION (EXAMPLE)
Imagine this scenario:
You want to climb a mountain (your goal).
- But it's too big and intimidating to tackle all at once.
- Your therapist helps you break it down into smaller,
manageable steps (tasks) like reaching the first base camp,
then the second, and so on.
- You commit to taking these steps one by one (commitment),
celebrating each climb achieved.
 Theories..

JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Jung’s approach highlights the task of the
unconscious processes in “psychological
functioning.”
CARL JUNG
A form of psychotherapy that helps individuals explore their
unconscious mind through dream analysis, active imagination, and
analysis of personal experiences. The goal is to bring unconscious
contents into consciousness, integrate them, and achieve
individuation.
Self-realization, a process known as individuation.
 Theories.

JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Its over-all goal is to work for the client’s
transcend and move towards self-
realization by helping the self-emerge.
CARL JUNG (Nystul, 2003).

Jungian counseling believes that the method of

treatment must be flexible and has to be established
by the character and persona of the clients.
 Theories.

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL
THEORIES (CBT)
Is a form of psychological therapy that focuses on the
interplay between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
It posits that our thoughts and beliefs influence our
emotions and behaviors, and
That by changing our thought patterns, we can change our
emotional state and behavior.
 Forms.

3 FORMS OF CBT (COGNITIVE

BEHAVIORAL THEORY)
ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY (REBT)
BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)
BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

1.
1. ALBERT ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
THERAPY (REBT)
Is a type of therapy that deals with overcoming irrational beliefs
and changing your reactions to the negative events that happen
in your life.
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with
assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of
internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
 Goal.

goal of rebt;
The main goal of REBT is to reform the self-
defeating cognition and assist him/her in
obtaining a more reasonable viewpoint in life.
Focused on identifying and challenging
irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional
distress and unhelpful behaviors.
 Undestanding.

REBT helps individuals identify and dispute

irrational beliefs, such as "I must be perfect to
be worthy" or "It's awful if others disapprove
of me." These beliefs often lead to unhealthy
emotions like anxiety, guilt, or anger.
 Assumption

According to Ellis, these are other common

irrational assumptions:
The idea that one should be thoroughly competent
at everything.
The idea that it is catastrophic when things are not
the way you want them to be.
The idea that people have no control over their
happiness.
 Assumption

According to Ellis, these are other common

irrational assumptions:
The idea that you need someone stronger than
yourself to be dependent on.
The idea that your past history greatly influences
your present life.
The idea that there is a perfect solution to human
problems, and it’s a disaster if you don’t find it.
 Technique.

RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR

THERAPY (REBT) TECHNIQUES

COGNITIVE
EMOTIVE
BEHAVIORAL
 Undestanding.

1. COGNITIVE
1.
Reforming ideas that are reasonable and
irrational. Focus on “defeating
cognitions”.
Focus on identifying and changing
unhelpful thinking patterns that
contribute to emotional distress.
 Undestanding.

Imagine your thoughts as buttons on a remote

control, triggering certain emotions and
behaviors.
 Application.

COGNITIVE TECHNIQUE APPLICATION

Scenario: Sarah feels intensely anxious before
presentations at work. This anxiety stems from a
belief that "If I mess up, everyone will think I'm
incompetent." This belief leads to feelings of dread
and hinders her performance.
 Undestanding.

2. EMOTIVE
Focus on the client’s “affective or
emotional domain”
Specifically target the emotional side of
unhelpful thinking patterns.
 Undestanding.

Imagine your emotions as colors on a palette,

influenced by your thoughts like a paintbrush.
 Application.

EMOTIVE
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE
TECHNIQUE APPLICATION
APPLICATION
Scenario: John constantly feels frustrated and
resentful towards his colleague, Sarah, who often
takes credit for his work. This triggers feelings of
anger, helplessness, and a desire to avoid her.
John believes, "It's unfair that she takes credit for
my work. I must be stupid for letting this happen."
 Application.

APPLYING EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE

1. Disputation of irrational beliefs:
Here, the therapist might help John challenge
his beliefs by asking:
Is it absolutely true that she always takes
credit? (Challenging all-or-nothing thinking)
Are there alternative explanations for her
behavior?" (Encouraging perspective shift)
 Application.

APPLYING EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE

1. Disputation of irrational beliefs:
Here, the therapist might help John challenge
his beliefs by asking:
What evidence supports this belief about your
intelligence?" (Questioning self-criticism)
 Application.

APPLYING EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE

2. Humor and Irony:
The therapist might help John reframe the
situation with humor, like "Maybe she needs a
medal for her impressive credit-taking skills!"
This can defuse some of the emotional intensity
and create space for rational thinking.
 Application.

APPLYING EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE

By addressing the underlying beliefs through these

techniques, John might experience a shift in his
emotions. He might feel less angry and resentful,
replaced by a sense of control and clarity. He might
even experience more constructive interactions with
Sarah.
 Undestanding.

3. BEHAVIORAL
Focus on the full array of behavioral methods
such as assertiveness training, relaxation
therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and
homework assignments.
They help you practice what you think, replacing
unhealthy behaviors with healthier ones.
 Undestanding.

Imagine you used to avoid social situations due to

a fear of criticism (based on an irrational belief like
"Everyone will judge me").
 Application.

APPLYING BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUE

Scenario: Maya suffers from social anxiety and avoids
public speaking due to a belief that "Everyone will judge
me harshly and think I'm incompetent." This avoidance
fuels her anxiety and limits her professional
development.
 Application.

APPLYING EMOTIVE TECHNIQUE

With consistent practice, Maya might gain confidence

and experience in public speaking situations. This can
help reduce her anxiety and challenge her belief that
she's incompetent. As she masters lower-level
situations, she can gradually tackle more challenging
ones.
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)
This highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking, particularly
dysfunctional thoughts. This counseling approach is
appropriate for people suffering from depression and anxieties.
Focuses on the distortions and thought processes that can lead
to negative behaviors.
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)
The goal of Beck's cognitive therapy was to help his depressed
patients identify their distorted thoughts about themselves, the
world, and the future, along with their automatic thoughts, or
surface-level cognitions.
 Technique.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)
TECHNIQUES
DECATASTROPHIZING
REDIFINING
DECENTRING
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
 Technique.

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)

1. DECATASTROPHIZING
Referred to as “what if”.
Refers to dwelling on the worst-case-scenario
outcomes of a situation, often leading to
intense anxiety and distress.
“If I fail this test, I will never pass school and be a
total failure in life.”
 Technique.

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)

2. REDEFINING
Rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be
useful.
Involves helping clients identify and modify overly broad
or unhelpful labels they place on themselves, situations,
or others. These labels often stem from distorted
thinking patterns and contribute to negative emotions
and behaviors.
 Technique.

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)

3. DECENTERING
This will help the client apprehend that they
are not the “center of attention”.
Refers to the ability to observe your thoughts
and feelings as passing events within your
mind, rather than fully identifying with them.
 Undestanding.

Imagine your mind like a busy marketplace. Thoughts

and feelings are like people shouting their opinions.
Decentering is like stepping up to a balcony and
observing the marketplace from above.
 Undestanding.

2. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY (CT)

4. BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
This method applies a broad selection of
methods to assist clients obtaining essential
skills, relaxing, preparing for difficult situations,
and exposing them to fears, preparing for difficult
situations, and exposing them to feared
situations”.
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between
people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and
child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-
aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.”
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
Is the method used to analyze this process of transactions in
communication with others. It requires us to be aware of how
we feel, think, and behave during interactions with others.
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
TA recognized that the human
personality is made up of three “ego
states,”; each of which is an entire
system of thought, feeling, and
behavior from which we interact with
each other.
 Undestanding.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
The Parent, Adult, and Child ego states
and the interaction between them form
the foundation of transactional
analysis theory.
 States.

THE THREE
EGO STATES
Parent
Adult
Child
 States.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
THE THREE EGO STATES
Parent
This ego state reflects the
internalized attitudes and behaviors of
our caregivers. It can be nurturing and
caring, but also critical and
judgmental.
 States.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
THE THREE EGO STATES
Adult
This ego state is based on reason,
logic, and objectivity. It helps us think
clearly and make rational decisions.
 States.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
THE THREE EGO STATES
Child
This ego state reflects our emotions
and impulses. It can be playful and
creative, but also impulsive and
emotional.
 States.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
THE THREE EGO STATES
According to Berne, childhood
experiences greatly impact our lives as
adults and are the basis for the
development of our personalities and
psychological or emotional issues that we
suffer.
 States.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
THE THREE EGO STATES
Berne believed that our childhood
experiences, particularly how we are
parented, affect the developmental
formation of our three ego states (Parent,
Adult, and Child).
 Technique.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THEORY

3. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS (TA)
TECHNIQUES
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
SCRIPT ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS OF GAMES
 Technique.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
By becoming conscious of their three ego states
through structural analysis, clients gain insight into
their internal dynamics, communication patterns,
and relational tendencies. This awareness allows
them to make conscious choices in their
interactions.
 Technique.

TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Assists clients to “learn to communicate with
complementary transactions.”
The objective of learning to communicate with
complementary transactions in transactional
analysis is to foster healthier relationships,
improve communication skills, resolve conflicts
constructively.
 Technique.

SCRIPT ANALYSIS
Looks into the “type of life script the client has
developed and how it can be re-written.”

ANALYSIS OF GAMES
Comprise of determining “what games the clients
play and how the games interfere with
interpersonal functioning.”
 Re-call!

RE-CALL!!
 Re-call!

TUMPAKNERS
QUESTION 1.
Who formed the Psychoanalytic Theory?
 Re-call!

TUMPAKNERS
QUESTION 2.
Alfred Adler is one of the 3 theorists
that we tackled. What theory is his
contribution?
 Re-call!

TUMPAKNERS
QUESTION 3.
Who formed Analytic Psychology?
 Re-call!

TUMPAKNERS
QUESTION 4.
It is a method in Psychoanalytic theory
that encourages the patient to discuss
whatever comes to his mind.
 Re-call!

TUMPAKNERS
QUESTION 5.
How many phases are there in Alder’s
Individual Psychology?