DRRR (Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction) - Grade 11/12

STUDENT’S NAME GRADE/SECTION

_____________________________________ ______________________________

TEACHER DATE SUBMITTED

_______________________________________ ______________________________

I. Learning Competencies

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

 recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazard (DRRR11/12-2a-b-29)

 interpret different hydrometeorological hazard maps; and (DRRR11/12-2a-b-30)
 use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards. (DRRR11/12-2c-
d-36)

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD MAPS

Hazard maps are visual

representation of a specific location
highlighting the affected or vulnerable
areas of a hazard. These maps are
created to show a specific hazard or
multiple hazards affecting a specific
location. A hazard map may display
hydro-meteorological hazards such as
flooding, storm surge, landslide and
others. Hazard maps are used to
inform people about the risk and
dangers they are exposed to from
natural disasters.
Rapller.com, 2014. #GlendaPH: Know the hazards in your area
Retrieved from https://r3.rappler.com/move+ph/63260-glendaph-hazard-maps

In the Philippines, Project NOAH took

the challenge of mapping the
Philippine landscape showing
specific hazards. The task was to
create detailed maps that show
hazards at the barangay level.
These hazard mapping activities
simulated floods and landslides to identify hazardous areas. It was also able to
identify safe areas evacuation centers and future development of areas not prone to
natural hazards. Maps produced by Project NOAH are multiple hazard maps that
show flood hazards, landslide hazards, and storm surge hazards
Red – Inundation of >4m to 12m surges
Catandunes_Provincial_StormSurge_Final.jpg(1944x2592) Violet - Inundation of 1m to 4m
Retrieved from https://www.namria.gov.ph/Images/READY/
Ctandanes/Catanduanes_Provential_StormSurge_Final.jpg surges
Yellow - Inundation of 1m surges

How do we interpret a hazard map?

Maps are usually polygons providing a visual representation of the landscape

of an area in a flat surface. The maps basically show land forms (mountains, hills,
etc.), natural resources (water bodies, land area, etc.), and land uses (agriculture,
industrial, residential, roads and bridges, etc.) of a given community. A map legend
showing these map components in symbols and colors complete a village resource
map.
Given the village resource map, identified hazards are super-imposed to the
map to indicate specific hazards such as flooding, storm surge, etc. Mapping experts
call this technique as map over laying. Areas in the map where it is identified to be
vulnerable to a hazard are shaded with specific colors as indicated in the map
legend. With the use of GIS (Geographic Information System), map overlaying is
done with the use of computers and the maps are further digitized for accuracy. GIS
technology is important particularly with the high volume of data to produce a hazard
map.

Basically, hazard maps include the following information:

(1) a base map showing topography and land uses of a community

(2) areas vulnerable or affected by a hazard
(3) safe areas and location of evacuation centers and evacuation routes

Rainfall in the Philippines

Rainfall is the most important

climate element in the Philippines. Its
distribution throughout the country varies
from one region to another, depending
upon the direction of moisture-bearing winds and the location of the mountain
systems.
Red – High Susceptibility
Violet – Moderate Susceptibility
Yellow – Low Susceptibility
White – Not Susceptibility
Stripes Red – Possible Areas Prone to Landslides Accumulation
Catandunes_Provincial_Rain-induced_Final.
png(1944x2592) Retrieved from
https://www.namria.gov.ph/Images/READY/
Ctandanes/Catanduanes_Provential_Rain-induced_Final.png

Rainfall Observation using Color Codes

MTSAT ENHANCHED Satellite Image

4:30 a.m, 08 November 2013. PAGASA
published regularly updated color-
coded satellite images. Color codes
Red – heavy rain;
Yellow – light to moderate rain;
White – clouds;
Blue – clear sky

Satellite Image of Typhoon Yolanda

Rappler.com. Power Yolanda hits Eastern Visayas. Retrieved from
https://amp.rappler.com/nation/special-coverage-alert/4318-20131108-
yolanda-am-update

PAGASA Doppler Radar Station

Ten Doppler radar stations (Aparri,
Baguio, Baler, Subic, Tagaytay, Virac, Guiuian,
Cebu, Hinatulan and Tampakan) currently
installed in the Philippines. The black dots
represent the automated weather stations and
rain gauges.
 Racoma, BA. Ten Doppler radar stations currently installed in
the Philippines.
Retrieved fromhttps://www.reaseachgate.net/figure/Ten-Doppler-radar-
satation-currently-installed-in-the-Philippines-The-
black_dots_fig1_303289455

PAGASA Flood Monitoring System

Watershed Monitoring Network

or Flood Monitoring System use water
level sensor that measures the height
of the water level of major river system,
and can monitor impending flooding in
major river system in the Philippines.
The map on the right shows the major
waterways of Metro Manila and their
corresponding water levels. Gov’t Philippines. Philippine: Food Hazard Map of Metro
Manila (as of 31 Sep 2009)- Philippines / Relief Web Retrieved
from https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-food-hazard-map-
metro-manila-31-sep-2009
PAGASA Dry Spell / Drought
Outbreak
PAGASA publishes Drought/Dry
Spell outbreak months prior to the onset of
El Ñino. This is used to warn the public of
impending dry conditions for early
preparation for such extreme events.

Malano, V.B El Ñino advisory no.7: Issued on

September 3, 2015 Retrieved from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/09/03/el-nino-advisory-
no-7-essued-on-september-3-2015/

PAGASA Dry Spell / Drought Assessment

Drought/Dry spell assessment also

regularly published to report unusual climate
conditions in different parts of the
Philippines.

Gov’t Philippines. Philippine Drought/Dry Assessment (as of

September 2015) – Philippines/Relief Web Retrieved from
https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/droughtdry-spell-
assessment- september-2015

DOST-NOAH web portal

 The Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards or NOAH is a
program under the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) with the mission
to undertake disaster science research and development, advance the use of
cutting-edge technology, and recommend innovated information services in
government’s disaster prevention and mitigation efforts.

Flood/Flashflood Susceptibility Map DOST-NOAH Retrieved from http://noah.dost.gov.ph

120.28.37.250

National Mapping and Resource

Information Authority (NAMRIA) is an
agency of the Philippine government
under the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) responsible
for providing the public with mapmaking
services and acting as the central
mapping agency, depository, and
distribution facility of natural resources data. National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority (NAMRIA) Retrieved from
http://www.namria.gov.ph/download.php.
 Interpreting Hazard Map
Activity C. Directions: Study the figure below and answer the following guide
questions.

Maximum storm surge height (m) map of the Philippines

Tablazon, Judd P. Maximum storm height (m) map Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Maximum-storm-surge-height-m-map-
for-the-a-Philippines-b-Metro-Manila-c- Iloilo¬_fig1_2766337886

Legend:

Light yellow - 0.5 m -1.00 m

Yellow - 1.01 m - 2.00 m
Red - 2.01 m - 3.00 m
Violet - 3.01 m - 4.00 m
Blue - 4.01 m – above

Guide questions:

1. What does the map represent?

2. What are the 3 cities focused in the map?
3. Give at least one purpose of a map legend?
4. How can you prepare against storm surge if your province is one of the
affected areas?
TOOLS FOR MONITORING HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD

A. TEMPERATURE - the degree of hotness or coldness of a certain body.

1. Thermometer measures the degree of hotness or coldness
of a given substance. It operates on the principle of thermal
expansion of the material used, e.g., liquids like mercury
and alcohol, metallic materials, etc.

2. Maximum-Minimum Thermometer
 The minimum thermometer (orange color) uses colored
alcohol (because of its low freezing point) and gives the
lowest temperature.
 A maximum thermometer has a constriction above the bulb
that permits the mercury to rise in the capillary tube but
does not allow it to descend to the capillary tube unless the
thermometer is reset.
2. Thermograph
 An instrument that records air temperature continuously on
graphing paper. It usually consists of a cylinder made to
revolve once a week by means of clockworks inside.
 These instruments are housed in a thermometer shelter
which has double-louvered sides and a double-top roofing
designed to permit air to circulate freely through the shelter.

B. Atmospheric Pressure - the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere of
Earth.
1. Mercurial Barometer
Instrument used for measuring the change in atmospheric
pressure. To obtain accurate measurements, corrections
are made for temperature expansion of the instrument,
gravity and latitude. Values are read in millibars, millimeters
or inches of mercury.

2. Aneroid Barometer
 Device for measuring atmospheric pressure without the use
of fluids.
 The aneroid is also used as altimeters. On the altimeter, the
scale is marked off in hundreds and thousands of feet or
meters above sea level.

3. Barograph
A barograph is a recording barometer. It produces a paper
or foil chart called a barogram that records the barometric
pressure over time.
C. Atmospheric Humidity- the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the
air can "hold" at that temperature.
1. Sling Psychrometer
The sling psychrometer consists of a dry and wet-bulb
thermometer readings will give the aid of a
psychrometric table.

2. Hygrometer
The hygrometer is less accurate than the
psychrometer. It uses human hair from which the oil
has been removed by using ether. The hair becomes
longer as the relative humidity of the air increases.

3. Hygrothermograph
The hygrothermograph records both relative humidity
and temperature on graph paper in the same manner
as the thermograph and barograph do.

D. Precipitation - any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls
under gravity.
1. 8-inch Rain Gauge
The inside diameter of the collector is exactly 8 inches
above a funnel that conducts rain into a cylindrical
measuring tube or receiver. The volume of the collector
is 10 times the volume of the measuring tube. The
actual depth of rainfall is increased ten times on being
collected in the smaller measuring tube.

2. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

The tipping-bucket rain gauge is a type of rainfall
recording instrument. Each tipping is equal to one-half
millimeter of rainfall.

3. Rain gauge.
Rainfall is measured in millimeters through a rain
Gauge. One millimeter of rainfall is equivalent to 1 liter
of water per square meter. Rainfall intensity is
measured in terms of volume of water rain that falls for a
given time (mm/hr) for a specific place.
E. Clouds - visible mass of liquid droplets or frozen crystals made of water or various
chemicals suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of a planetary body.
1. Ceiling Light Projector
A ceiling light projector projects vertically a narrow beam
of light on to a cloud base. The height of the cloud base
is determined by using a clinometer located at a known
distance from the projector to measure the elevation
angle included by the illuminated spot on the cloud, the
observe, and the projector.

2. Ceiling Balloon
Another way of determining the height of the cloud base
is by using a ceiling balloon. A ceiling balloon is a
meteorological balloon whose rate of ascent has been
predetermined. It is filled with gas lighter than air, usually
hydrogen, and released. The time of release and the
time the balloon disappears into the cloud are recorded.

F. WIND INSTRUMENT EXPOSURE

- A surface wind is taken as that which flows at a
height of 10 meters above the ground. The
standard exposure of the wind instrument is 10
meters above the ground and is installed in open
terrain.
- An Open Terrain is defined as an open area where
the distance, D, of the nearest obstruction, if any, is
10 times the height, h, of the obstruction.
WIND SPEED & DIRECTION
WIND SPEED – the distance to which the wind travels at a certain instant.
WIND DIRECTION - the direction from which the wind is blowing.
WIND INSTRUMENT EXPOSURE
1. Wind vane.
It tells us from what direction the wind is blowing.

2. Anemometer.
Wind speed is measured by an anemometer.
Increasing wind speeds are manifestations of
stormy weather over 220 kph categories as super
typhoon.

G. SUNSHINE DURATION MEASUREMENT

The primary purpose of measuring the duration of sunshine is to enable the hourly or
daily totals of the duration of sunshine to be measured accurately to the nearest minute.
Sunshine Recorder Pyreheliometer

a) Straight cards are used in time of the equinoxes (e.g. March 1 to April 11 inclusive
and again on Sept. 3 to Oct. 14 inclusive).
b) Long curved cards are used during summer (e.g. April 12 to Sept. 2 inclusive).
a) Short curved cards are used during winter (e.g. Oct 15 to the last day of February).

H. UPPER AIR
RADIOSONDE
An airborne instrument used for measuring pressure,
temperature and relative humidity in the upper air.
The instrument is carried aloft by a meteorological
balloon inflated with hydrogen.
I. WATER
Staff (head) Gauge
- used to measure the rise of water levels in bodies of
water and serve as early warning devices for flood.

J. OTHER INSTRUMENTS
Pilot Balloon - used in conjunction with a theodolite it is used to determine
/Theodolite the speed and direction of winds at different levels of the
atmosphere.
Rawinsonde - an electronic device used for measuring wind velocity,
pressure, temperature and humidity aloft.
Rawin - an electronic device that measures pressure, temperature
and humidity.
Wind Finding - determines the speed and direction of winds aloft by
Radar means of radar echoes

Weather Surveillance Radar

A Weather Surveillance Radar is of the long range
type which detects and tracks typhoons and cloud
masses at distance of 400 kilometers or less. This
radar has a rotating antenna disk preferably mounted
on top of a building free from any physical obstruction.

Almojuela, Melvin D., (2018). BASIC METEOROLOGY AND WEATHER SYSTEM AFFECTING IN THE PHILIPPINES.
PAGASA-DOST Southern Luzon PAGASA Regional Services Division (SLPRSD) (Power point)
AMA Online Education. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction-Hydro-meteorological Hazards Teachers’ Module. Retrieved
from hydro-notes/Lesson%2013%20Hydrometrological%20Hazards%20Part%202%20(1) pdf
Weather Surveillance Radar Images, Stock Photo &Vectors/Shutterstock Retrieved from https://www.shutterstock.com/image-
photo/radar-done-technology-on-sea-coast-400331794
VI. Application

Directions: Set a meeting with your family. Prepare your own Family
Emergency/Evacuation Plan in case of Super Typhoon, Flood and other hazard in your
area by filling in the table below.

Home Disaster Risk Reduction Management

Foreseen Event (Any hydrometeorological hazard)

Evacuation Area (set an evacuation area or a common meeting
area with your family in case you will get
separated from each other during the calamity)
Tasks
Adults (Assign individual tasks to each member (i.e.
a. Father what to bring, identify whom to assist and who
b. Mother needs to be assisted).
c. Grandparents
d. Other Relatives Living at
Home
e. Kids

SDO Catanduanes Development Team

Prepared by:
MAGIE G. RABACA, San Andres Vocational School

Layout Artist:
MONALIZA V. MARQUEZ, Catanduanes National High School

Language Editors:
HAZEL GRACE T. VARGAS, Catanduanes National High School
IMEE S. GABION, Catanduanes National High School

Content Editors:
JOSE ROY S. AGUILAR, Catanduanes National High School
MA. CLAUDETTE C. BORREGA, Catanduanes National High School

Consultant:
JEZRAHEL T. OMADTO, Education Program Supervisor