Professional Documents
Culture Documents
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide
range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and
facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
https://about.jstor.org/terms
Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,
preserve and extend access to Scientific American
by Don Leet
D 1961,
10 20 30 40 50
IME (MINUTES)
HQUK WVES H S f ll S () ll l
S 85 l (5279 ) u l ll u
u () l hu u .
6
r?cj
Ɖ 8Ɖ #Ɖ 3Ɖ Ɖ ĺ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ
HƉ Ɖ &!Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ
HƉ $&Ɖ Ɖ "Ɖ 1 #Ɖ D!Ɖ8Ɖ7Ɖ
œ Ɖ Ɖ $ņƉ Ɖ Ɖ { &!Ɖ Ɖ
$ , / 1
áĭMƉ 9 "Ɖ 1Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ æNƉ
gHM= b@6XR9d
.Ɖ Ɖ !Ɖ Ň!3&óHƉ 5Ɖ ï6ř6Ĵ±ÙĮÁƅ¯į6ĵƉ
¢'#Ɖ Ɖ $&2Ɖ 1 #Ɖ Ɖ
< < < < $"%/*624< 3/+< 4"4*/30 < 4 /:< [ ,< < :94<
OƉ Ɖ !* ,Ɖ đ#Ɖ ð6# śƉ .5Ɖ DŔ:ŜƉ Ļ; /< 2/8!&;< 18'< -2;< 83< :94< 2< 92;< 4*')< #*< 4(< 57274< 7< ".47.7< /< u}t
Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ DƉ Ɖ Ɖ ŝ§6Ɖ ŧ!J
!Ũ Ɖ Ɖ !¿Ɖ 4Ɖ HƉ 9Ɖ Ɖ
. E#N.)Ɖ dƉ Ɖ X Ɖ @ôƉ * ļ; MƉ ňƉ ƉƉ Ɖ )ƉƉ Ɖ DF XƉ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ (Ɖ
żé9Ɖ :Ɖ Ɖ#ŶEƉ Ɖ .Ɖ .)Ɖ Ɖ 'Ɖ e ( Ɖ Ɖ 5Ɖ Ɖ *Ɖ Ɖ zƉ £g'Ɖ
4Ɖ Ɖ &.Ɖ Ɖ x3~w Ɖ Ľ 9Ɖ @ 'F F7 Ɖ D Ɖ Ɖ !Ɖ Ɖ ģ Ɖ 3,N2Ɖ ÒƉƉ )Ɖ Ɖ b)ƉƉ 6 Ɖ
Ɖ[*"Ɖ c! #ƉƉƉĒƉ čũ9Ɖ ,dƉ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ %Ɖ .Ɖ Ɖ # Ɖ Ɖ $ &Ɖ dƉ *Ɖ
êâXƉ 9ë)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ vƉ ĦıůƉ 5ľƉ 3.!2Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ9>! #ƉƉ Ɖ ; ( Ɖ . Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ÂƉ
õNƉ @Ɖ &ö3&Ɖ { !ã,Ɖ ÷Hē£'Ɖ !9Ɖ Ɖ g&Ɖ Ɖ *Ɖ @7Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 7Ɖ Ɖ [ Ɖ #Ɖ Ɖ )Ɖ
! 3! Ɖ #!Ɖ Ɖ HƉ Ɖ Ɖ |ąŞƉ ; / ' šƉ Ɖ $/ ' #"Ɖ Ɖ e! :Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 'J
&vƉ Ɖ @Ɖ ~Ɖ şƉ ĔƆƉ Ɖ ©Û *Ɖ Ɖ (*Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ !Ɖ *Ɖ & Ɖ "Ɖ 1 Ɖ Ɖ ()Ɖ
.Ɖ Ɖ #: 3 Ɖ Ɖ &Ɖ Ɖ ,OƉ Ɖ 'zƉ Ɖ )Ɖ ! Ɖ Ɖ *$&; Ɖ o)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ &$ÃƉ Ɖ
Ɖ v6cƉ 5Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ yƉ 63Ɖ Ɖ !!Ɖ (,Ɖ Ɖ *Ɖ #Ɖ ,)Ɖ Ɖ c 9Ɖ
Ɖ X!ìƉ ! f'2Ɖ 1Ɖ Ɖ ; Ɖ 8F7Ɖ&Ɖ7Ɖ#& ƉƉ Ɖ <J 'Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ)ƉƉ
!ŷƉ :Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ dƉ Ɖ(Ɖ Ɖ 6 Ɖ Ŏ'"Ɖ Ɖ 7Ɖ Ɖ īƉ,Ɖ Ɖ !& Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ
#í9Ɖ 5Ɖ *Ɖ !Ɖ $&{2Ɖ 4; p$EƉ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ :Ɖ .Ɖ .5Ɖ !2Ɖ ÉƉ $ &)Ɖ 5Ɖ WƉ
,ø9)Ɖ 4Ɖ @#*Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ # Ɖ !Ɖ Ɖ !Ɖ Ɖ &/ '!Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 7HƉ Ɖ 5! )Ɖ Ɖ &;
Ďĩ)Ɖ E#Ɖ ŗîƉ Ɖ Ɖ # Ɖ % Ɖ Ɖ 7!*Ɖ Ɖ ŏ[#Ɖ 5#Ɖ Ɖ 3Ɖ WƉ Ɖ )Ɖ &Ɖ ,Ɖ
.Ɖ &@Ɖ ,"Ɖ Ö Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ; ƉƉ*)Ɖ Ɖ@ ',)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 3Ɖ
ě5 6Ɖ OƉ Ɖ Ɖ 5 Ɖ Ɖ ž 2Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ #!Ɖ Ɖ WJ Ɖ "Ɖ 16:Ɖ .9Ɖ &#Ɖ *Ɖ 5 Ɖ
ùƉ .Ɖ Ɖ cƉ ¤HƉ 5Ɖ ; ¤'#Ɖ ,Ɖ Ɖ $ &Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ !#Ɖ ūƉ (!&*, Ɖ
Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ,; Ɖ Ɖ ( !Ɖ & Ɖ Ɖ <Ɖ &*:ƉƉĖƉ\Ɖ!Ɖ!ƉzƉ
Ű,Ɖ !& Ɖ #'2Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 82Ɖ ©ÜƉ #Ɖ f'#Ɖ (:*)Ɖ Ɖ :.Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 5 Ɖ 4Ɖ Ɖ
Ɖ7ƉƉƉČ Ɖ Ɖ)Ɖ [Ɖ Ɖ Ő*Ɖ Ɖ #Ɖ Ɖ
Ɖ & / Ɖ b Ɖ < ( Ɖ <F
Ɖ *Ɖ 8Ɖ Ɖ E&# Ɖ J Ɖg Ɖ $(2Ɖ
Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ > *Ɖ #)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ \Ɖ Ɖ &; 4:!Ŭ û3Ɖ Ɖ Đ!*Ɖ Ɖ
«Ɖ . Ɖ Ɖ /'Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ƉƉ*Ɖ <Ɖ!ʼnƉ 5 Ɖ Ɖ 1ĸ6Ɖ #$(sƉ &. #,Ɖ
§ĕ|#Ɖ 35Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ¢2Ɖ ªÞƉ Ɖ ; 1*Ɖ D!Ɖ ,Ɖ ĿƉ Ɖ Ɖ 3ñNƉ z Ɖ ű Ɖ ţƉ äƉ 3Ɖ &.::@ĬƉ
Š Ɖ Ɖ #7)Ɖ Ɖ nćƉ ; Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ #$&s6Ɖ7!#Ɖ%y,Ɖ Ɖ ŕ ĝ*ƉŲ#ė*Ɖ Ɖ b ,ƉoƉ \Ɖ
w! Ɖ 9Ɖ #Ɖ Ɖ wƉ Ɖ ÎƉ # / & !/ ØWƉ #$Ŋ)Ɖ Ɖ #,Ɖ 5ŖƉ 3!Ɖ 2Ɖ 1Ɖ Ɖ $Ɖ
# Ɖ 3 Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 1Ţ)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ *Ɖ ŀƉ !Ɖ ,!ç3Ɖ ,Ɖ
@!Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ '7Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 'M O 㥠Ɖ E,)Ɖ .7)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ
Ɖ @Ɖ f2Ɖ ªÝƉ 7Ɖ 6Ɖ / Ɖ Ɖ W*Ɖ Ř 2Ɖ ÌƉ «Ɖ #; ų#,Ɖ *Ɖ Ɖ &!E. Ɖ Ɖ
Ɖ # Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ XƉ ! Ɖ Ɖ ( Ɖ 6Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ 8Ɖ !Ɖ <)Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ (&y *Ɖ
eE Ɖ :µƉ Ɖ Ɖ OƉ Ɖ 'M 2Ɖ Ɖ #ĜďƉ ħ6ĪJ Ɖ <Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ÿ& Ɖ Ɖ ü!Ɖ #$EƉ
9.Ɖ 3!Ɖ 9# 66Ɖ Ɖ |¨*RMƉ ##NƉƉ #Ɖ w&Ɖ ƉO Ɖ Ɖ &òƉ ŴŤƉ !őgĨ:¾Ɖ
Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ū,"Ɖ ×Ɖ ¡Ķ,Ɖ .ķƉ Ɖ ¡úƉ \Ɖ ¨#,Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ ! ,Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ Ɖ BƉ ĤƉ ƉƉ Ɖ# Ɖ Ɖ
#.
6&,(17,),&$0(5,&$1,1&