SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
JAMES MAXWELL— Scottish mathematician
and scientist who calculated the speed of
electromagnetic waves to be 3.0 x 10⁸ m/s in an
empty space.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES— Transverse
waves made of perpendicular electrical and
magnetic yield components.
- By-products of electromagnetic
processes: electric and magnetic fields
mutually produce each other continuously.
WAVELENGTHS AND FREQUENCIES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
RADIO WAVES
● LONGEST WAVELENGTH
● LOWEST FREQUENCY
● Has a Wavelength of about 1 METER and
a frequency below 3.0 x 10⁸ Hz (cycles
per second).
MICROWAVES
● Has Wavelengths between 1 METER and
1 MILIMETER.
● Its Frequencies range from 3.0 x 10⁸ to 3.0
x 10¹¹ hz in a vacuum.
INFRARED
● Has Wavelengths between 1 MILLIMETER
and 700 NANOMETER, equivalent to 10⁻⁹m
● Called “infrared” because their frequency
is just below that of red light. [infra=below]
VISIBLE LIGHT
● Human eyes can see
● Has Wavelengths from 700nm to 400nm.
● RED LIGHT— LONGEST WAVELENGTH
& LOWEST FREQUENCY.
● VIOLET— SHORTEST WAVELENGTH,
HIGHEST FREQUENCY.
● Order of Visible light in Decreasing
Wavelengths: RED, ORANGE, YELLOW,
GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET.
● The color of visible light is a continuous
spectrum.
ULTRAVIOLET RAYS
● Has Wavelengths from 400nm to 10nm
● Called “ultraviolet” because their
frequency is higher than Violet light.
● Ultra means ‘Going Beyond’
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SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3

X–RAYS Since frequency and period are reciprocals of each

● Highest amount of energy. other, the relationship between frequency, wave
● Can pass through Opaque objects speed, and wavelength is:
human tissue and bones.
● Has Wavelengths from 10nm to 100pm
(1 pm = 10⁻¹² m).

GAMMA RAYS For light traveling in a vacuum, the period or

● Has Wavelengths less than 100pm frequency can be readily obtained from a given
● Highest amount of energy. wavelength and vice versa since speed is a
● Can pass through human tissue and constant quantity.
bones.

WAVELENGTH, PERIOD, AND FREQUENCY

OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

WAVELENGTH (λ)— Distance the waves covers

per cycle of propagation.
- Can be visualized as one “complete”
wave in a series of identical waves.

PERIOD (T)— The time it takes to finish one

complete wavelength to pass through a point.

FREQUENCY (F)— Number of complete waves

passing through a point per unit of time.

VELOCITY (V)
FORMULAS IN SOLVING FOR
WAVELENGTH, PERIOD, AND FREQUENCY
OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Frequency and period are reciprocal quantities. The

relationship between the two is expressed as:

SPEED:

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SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES
RADIO WAVES:
● TRANSMISSION — The antenna converts
electric current to radio waves.
● RECEPTION— The antenna converts
received radio wave signals to electric
current.
● AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
● Bigger reach of radio signals
● Harder to eliminate interference on the
signal.
● No music.
● Used for voice comm. And broadcasts
● FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)
● Transmission of musical content.
MICROWAVES:
● Microwaves are also used in
long-distance communication for systems
such as the Global Positioning System
(GPS) for navigation and mapping
● RADAR (RADIO DETECTION AND
RANGING)--- Tracking system that sends
out radio waves and detects the waves
that bounce back. It can determine the
location and speed of the object being
tracked, such as a passing airplane.
● WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK
(WLAN) Enable communications
between the Wireless Access Point or
WAP (the device that serves as the hub
or center of LAN), and the terminals
(computers, laptops, mobile devices
connected to LAN).
INFRARED:
● Remote controls
● Night Vision Systems
X–RAYS:
● Check the Authenticity of artwork.
● Detect what is inside luggage.
● Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation [LASER]: Device
made of tube with mirrors on both ends.
○ Used for cutting purposes
○ Reading contents of optical disk
UV RADIATION:
● Can be converted to heat or trigger
chemical reactions
● Production of free radicals that can
damage DNA
● FLUORESCENCE— where substances
absorb UV radiation and emit visible
light.
○ USED TO DETECT FAKE MONEY.
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SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ON THE ENVIRONMENT
● Photosynthesis is the process that uses
electromagnetic waves in the form of
light as a source of energy to produce
food in plants and photosynthetic
organisms.
● Specifically, light-dependent reaction is a
phase in photosynthesis where electrons
absorb photons in the form of energy to
split water molecules and transfer
energy to ATP and NADPH.
● Greenhouse effect is a phenomenon
where longer wavelengths of radiation
are trapped inside that medium.
● Carbon dioxide contributes primarily to
the greenhouse effect. Other greenhouse
gases include methane, nitrous oxide,
fluorinated gases, etc.
● Trapped heat by the greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere keeps the Earth warm
enough to be habitable.
● Genetic mutation can either be germline
or somatic. Somatic mutation is caused
by factors such as radiation.
● Ionizing radiation comes from
electromagnetic waves with sufficiently
high energy that can possibly cause
cellular and DNA damage. The most
common types of ionizing radiation are
alpha-, beta-, and gamma radiation.
● Non-ionizing radiation is from
electromagnetic waves with relatively
low radiation levels believed to be
harmless to humans.
REFLECTION OF LIGHT AND PLANE
MIRRORS
● Light travels in straight-line paths called
rays and in a path that uses the shortest
time, which is an idea of Fermat’s
principle of least time.
● The law of reflection states that the
incident and reflected rays lie in the
same plane as the normal and that the
angle of reflection equals the angle of
incidence.
● Diffuse reflection happens when light is
reflected in multiple directions,
● specular reflection happens when light
hits a microscopically smooth mirror.
● A plane mirror is a smooth, flat reflecting
surface. Images formed by this mirror
are virtual images.
● Real images are opposite of virtual
images.
● The study dealing with the path of light,
as it strikes a medium that involves
straight-line rays at various angles, is
referred to as geometric optics.
● angle of incidence, θi, is the angle which
an incident ray makes with an imaginary
line perpendicular to the surface,
referred to as the normal. The angle of
reflection, θr, is the angle which the
reflected ray makes with the normal.
PARTS OF A CURVED MIRROR [CONVEX
MIRROR]
● PRINCIPAL AXIS— Imaginary line
passing through the center of the
sphere.
● VERTEX— Point on the mirror's surface
where the principal axis meets the mirror.
● CENTER OF CURVATURE [C]— Point in
the center of the sphere.
● FOCAL POINT [F]— Halfway between the
center of curvature and vertex.
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3

● FOCAL LENGTH [F]— Distance between CONCAVE MIRROR

the vertex and focal point.
CONCAVE MIRROR— Curved Mirror wherein the
CONVEX MIRRORS reflection surface is on the inner surface of the
sphere so that the center of the mirror sinks away
● CONVEX MIRRORS— Curved mirror from the viewer.
wherein the reflecting surface is on the - CONVERGING MIRROR
outer surface of the sphere so that the
center of the mirror bulges towards the
viewer.
- DIVERGING MIRROR

RAY DIAGRAMMING

RAY DIAGRAMMING— To find where an image

will be located if an object is placed in front of a
mirror.
- Uses 3 diff rays

● PRINCIPAL RAY— Reference ray;

reflects through focal point.
● FOCAL RAY— Goes through focal point
then goes parallel to the principal axis
after hitting the mirror.
● CENTRAL RAY— Goes through Central
Point then goes back to itself.

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SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
VAGINA— Elastic, muscular canal.
— Birth Canal.
— Connects the external reproductive
system to the cervix.
— Receives the Penis & Sperm during
sexual intercourse.
— Passageway of blood during
menstruation.
— Passageway of the baby during
delivery.
— Has 3 types of tissues: Connective,
Fibrous & Epithelial.
— Acidic to protect it from bacteria. This
acidity results from the pH alteration caused by
certain bacteria such as Lactobacillus
Acidophilus.
CERVIX— Muscle that Holds the fetus during
pregnancy.
— Located at the lower portion of the
uterus.
— Expands when the baby is ready to be
born.
— Contains Cervical Mucus that
facilitates the transport & nourishment of sperm
aiding in fertilization.
— Plays a role in hormonal signaling.
— Indicator of fertility.
UTERUS— Hollow muscular organ that lies
between the urinary bladder & rectum.
— Has a Very soft lining that holds the
fertilized egg & nurtures it until it becomes a
fetus.
— The lining of the Uterus Thickens &
Sheds during the different parts of the menstrual
cycle.
INTERNAL PARTS OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
3 LAYERS OF UTERINE WALL:
1. PERIMETRIUM— Outermost layer.
— Supports the entire organ.
2. MYOMETRIUM— Thickest Layer.
— Has smooth muscles that are
responsible for uterine contractions.
3. ENDOMETRIUM— Innermost Layer.
— Maintains structural integrity of the
uterus.
— Part that sheds off during the secretory
phase of the menstrual cycle.
FALLOPIAN TUBE— Narrow, 10 CM tube from
which the eggs travel from the ovaries to the
uterus during ovulation.
— Connects the ovaries to the uterus.
— Where fertilization takes place.
— Transports the egg to the uterus.
— Contains Ciliated and Non-ciliated
columnar cells.
CILIATED CELLS— Propel the egg cells
to the uterus during ovulation.
NON–CILIATED CELLS— Produces
secretions to aid the ciliated cells with
propulsion.
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— PERISTALSIS: Same wavelike motions
as the digestive system.
OVARIES— Female Gonad containing Egg cells.
— An ovary contains 70,000 immature egg
cells in each ovary. [70,000 x 2 = 140,000]
— Produces sex hormones.
[ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE]:
● Controls the menstrual cycle.
● Maintains the secondary sex
characteristics of females.
● Responsible for some changes in
pregnancy.
● Estrogen— Primary female
hormone.
EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MONS PUBIS— A layer of fat that covers part of
the pubic bones.
— Also known as Mons.
— Contains Glands that are capable of
secreting pheromones.
LABIA MAJORA— Encloses and Protects all
external reproductive organs.
— Contains Sweat Glands and
Oil-Secreting Glands.
VAGINAL ORIFICE— Outer opening of the
Vagina that contains the Hymen.
HYMEN— Thin layer of membrane that
protects the vagina.
LABIA MINORA— Surrounds the opening of the
Vagina and Urethra.
— Protects the vaginal and urethral openings.
CLITORIS— Small, sensitive protrusion at which
the 2 Labia minora meet.
— Does NOT have any significant function.
FUNCTIONS OF THE FEMALE
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The human female reproductive system has
several functions: egg cell production,
fertilization, and the development of the zygote
into a new organism.
EGG CELL PRODUCTION:
● GAMETOGENESIS— Process of
Production, nourishment, and
development of gametes.
● OOGENESIS— Gametogenesis in
Females.
● OVULATION— Process of releasing egg
cells.
FERTILIZATION:
● Occurs Internally.
● The female reproductive system is
responsible for maintaining the necessary
conditions for fertilization to occur.
● After the egg is fertilized, the female
reproductive system prepares the body for
pregnancy.
HORMONE PRODUCTION:
● Cells in the organs of the female
reproductive system that serve to
produce hormones to be delivered to the
different parts of the body.
● Signals the body to prepare for puberty.
● Triggers the changes in preparation for
pregnancy.
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SCIENCE 10
LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The male reproductive system has organs that
fulfill the functions that were mentioned above. It is
composed of the testes, scrotum, prostate gland,
urethra, penis, and sperm ducts.
TESTES [TESTIS (1)]--- Produces male sex cells
known as sperm cells.
— Produces male sex hormones
(Testosterone).
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES— Series of tubes
inside the Testes where sperm cells develop.
— Where Sperm is Produced and
Matured.
LUMEN— Space in the middle of a tube.
— Where fully matured sperm cells that
are motile and developed flagella are found.
CELLS IN TESTES:
● SERTOLI CELLS— Hormone in sperm
cell development.
● LEYDIG CELLS— Primary release
Testosterone.
● MYOID CELLS— Contraction of the
seminiferous tubules for moving cells
and substances.
SCROTUM— Bag of skin that contains testes.
— Located under the Penis.
— 2°C to 3°C: temperature that is
favorable for sperm cell production and
development.
RAPHE— Line in the middle of the scrotum.
DARTOS & CREMASTER MUSCLES—
Maintains the temperature of the scrotum.
DARTOS MUSCLES— Contacts When the
temperature is low.
CREMASTER MUSCLES— Brings the testes
closer to the body to conserve heat.
EPIDIDYMIS— tube where Mature sperm cells
are stored.
EJACULATION— Process of Releasing of
sperm.
PUBOCOCCYGEUS & BULBOSPONGIOSUS
MUSCLES— Responsible for the forceful
expulsion of fluid.
DEFENSINS— Proteins that protect against
bacterial infections.
VAS DEFERENS— Tube where sperm cells
move from the epididymis to the urethra.
VASECTOMY— Method of Birth Control that
involves cutting or blocking of the vas
deferens.
URETHRA— Tube that transports and
discharges urine and semen.
PENIS— Tube-shaped organ that contains the
urethra.
GLANS PENIS— Head of the Penis.
PREPUCE— Excess skin that protects the
glans penis.
CORPUS CAVERNOSUM— Erectile tissue
which leads to the penis becoming erect when
filled with blood.
CIRCUMCISION— Removal of the prepuce to
expose the glans penis.
—Decreases the risk of infections.
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
SPERM DUCTS— Composed of the Vas
deferens and Seminal Vesicles.
— SEMINAL VESICLES— Secretes a
fluid that makes the sperm cells more mobile,
increasing the chances of fertilization.
SPERMATIC CORD— Structure associated
with the Vas deferens.
ACCESSORY GLANDS— Secretes substances
that aid the nourishment of the sperm cells and
contribute to higher chances of fertilization.
BULBORETHRAL GLAND— Neutralizes the
acidity of the vagina.
PROSTATE GLAND— Releases substances
that increase the motility of sperm cells.
— Secretes Prostate fluid that neutralizes
vaginal acidity.
HUMAN SEMEN:
● BULBORETHRAL GLAND— 5%
● PROSTATE GLAND— 30%
● SEMINAL VESICLE— 65%
FUNCTIONS OF THE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
PRODUCTION OF SPERM CELLS:
● GAMETOGENESIS— Process of forming
gametes.
● SPERMATOGENESIS— Gametogenesis
in Male.
PRODUCTION OF HORMONES:
● TESTOSTERONE— Primary Sex
Hormone
● Responsible for the changes that occur
during puberty.
● Triggers Spermatogenesis.
● Produced by testes.
DEPOSITION OF SPERM CELLS:
● Done by the Penis.
● INTROMITTENT ORGAN— Any organ
used in depositing sperm cells to a
female.
PUBERTY
PUBERTY— Starts at ages 8-13 in Females and
9-14 for males.
—Initiated by various hormonal signals.
PITUITARY GLAND & HYPOTHALAMUS—
Primary glands involved in puberty.
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
PRIMARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS— Organs
specifically needed for reproduction. [Vagina,
Uterus, Ovary, Penis, and testes]
SECONDARY
SEX CHARACTERISTICS
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS—
Physical Characteristics that develop during
puberty.
ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE— Primary
hormones that affect the development of
secondary sex characteristics.
— These hormones are produced by
gonads.
GONADARCHE— Development of the
reproductive organs or gonads during puberty.
TESTES & OVARY— Gonads.
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY— Puberty that starts
earlier than the average.
DELAYED PUBERTY— Puberty that starts late.
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
SIGNS OF PUBERTY
HORMONES IN PUBERTY— They influence the
changes in puberty.
ORGANIZATIONAL ROLE— Prime the body
to behave in a certain way once puberty
begins.
ACTIVATIONAL ROLE— Trigger certain
behavioral and physical changes.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS— Secretes the
hormones that influence puberty.
● Hypothalamus
● Pituitary gland
● Gonads
HORMONES CONTROLLING THE
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
SPERMATOGENESIS—Type of Gametogenesis
in Males.
—Production and development of functional
sperm cells.
— Triggered when the Sertoli cells of the
testes receive Follicle-Stimulating hormone
Released by the anterior pituitary gland.
HORMONAL CONTROL IN MALES
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE [FSH] &
LUTEINIZING HORMONE [LH] — Controls
Puberty in Male.
— Released in response to
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone [GnRH].
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
[GnRH]:
● HYPOTHALAMUS— Secretes high
pulses of [GnRH] at the onset of puberty.
● PITUITARY GLAND— Pea-sized organ
attached to the base of the brain that
secretes [FSH & LH].
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE— Initiates
Sperm Cell Production or Spermatogenesis.
— Stimulates the Sertoli Cells.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE— Stimulates the
interstitial cells or the Leydig cells.
LEYDIG CELLS— Interstitial Cells that
produce and release testosterone in the
bloodstream.
TESTOSTERONE— Primary Male Hormone.
— Responsible for secondary sex
characteristics in Male.
— Essential in Spermatogenesis (production
of sperm cells.)
— Produced in the Leydig Cells of the testes.
PROCESS OF REGULATION
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK— Occurs when a change
sensed by the body occurs.
There are negative feedback mechanisms
involved in males. Some of these include:
● When the testosterone levels increase beyond
the normal range, a negative feedback system
occurs to inhibit the pituitary’s production of FSH,
LH, and GnRH.
● The Sertoli cells produce inhibin, a protein
released into the blood when the
sperm count is high. The secretion of inhibin
inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH,
which causes spermatogenesis to slow down.
When the sperm count reaches 20
million/mL, the Sertoli cells temporarily stop the
production and release of inhibin, allowing an
increase in sperm count.
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
POSITIVE FEEDBACK— Stimulus causes a
response leading to a cascade of repeating
events until a change is achieved.
● An example of a positive feedback loop in
males involves the FSH and the Sertoli
cells. As mentioned earlier, FSH targets the
Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis. In
this case, FSH acts as a stimulating
hormone.
● The Sertoli Cells produce Activin, a
protein that is responsible for the
stimulation of production of more [FSH].
HORMONES CONTROLLING THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
OOGENESIS— Gametogenesis in Females.
— Involves the development of a mature
ovum or egg cell from an Oogonium, a
diploid precursor.
FOLLICLE— Where the developing egg is
stored.
— Nourishes and Protects the developing
egg cell until released through ovulation.
HORMONAL CONTROL IN FEMALES
● The main hormones associated with
oogenesis are gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone
(LH), estrogen, and progesterone.
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE
[GnRH] — Controls the release of female
hormones.
— Causes the release of Follicle-Stimulating
hormone and Luteinizing hormone from the
pituitary gland.
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE—
Stimulates the development of egg cells.
— Promotes production of the female sex
hormones [Estrogen & Progesterone.]
FOLLICLES— Egg-nourishing structure.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE— Stimulates the
development of egg cells.
— Stimulates production of Estrogen and
Progesterone.
ESTROGEN— Primary Female Sex Hormone.
— Responsible for the development of
Breasts, Uterus, and Vagina.
— Responsible for the development of
Broadening of Hips, Growth of pubic hair
etc.
— Participates in the preparation of the
female’s body for possible fertilization of the
egg cells resulting in pregnancy.
PROGESTERONE— Pregnancy Maintainer.
— Maintains the conditions in the uterus for
the nourishment and development of the
embryo.
— Responsible for menstruation.
— Keeps the endometrium intact.
REGULATION OF FEMALE HORMONES— The
pattern of activation and inhibition of hormones
varies between the phases of the ovarian cycle.
[NEGATIVE FEEDBACK]
FOLLICULAR PHASE— The follicles produce
low levels of estrogen that inhibit the production
of GnRH, LH, and FSH. Endometrial arteries
constrict, resulting in menstruation.
LUTEAL PHASE— LH stimulates the growth of a
corpus luteum from follicular tissues.
CORPUS LUTEUM— Secretes Estrogen and
Progesterone.
● Secretion of GnRH, LH, and FSH is
blocked. Where the combination of
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3
both estrogen and progesterone in the
bloodstream inhibits the further
secretion of GnRH,
FSH, and LH.
[POSITIVE FEEDBACK]
OVULATION— The Follicles produce high levels
of estrogen that stimulate the production of
GnRH, LH, and FSH. GnRH stimulates the
production of estrogen (estradiol) and further
increases estrogen molecules present in the
bloodstream.
HORMONAL IMBALANCES IN THE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
IRREGULAR PERIODS— Result of temporary
hormonal imbalance caused by stress,
depression, severe illness, Excessive exercise,
and Extreme loss of weight.
AMENORRHEA— Absence of menstruation for
3 months.
— Caused by a condition in which the hymen
has no opening, Pituitary gland disorder,
and Regulating hormones are not secreted.
DYSMENORRHEA— Lower abdominal pain and
discomfort experienced before or during
menstruation.
— Caused by an increase of hormone-like
substances called PROSTAGLANDINS.
PROSTAGLANDINS— Makes the muscles of
the uterus contract and cause period pain.
MENORRHAGIA— Excessive heavy flow of
blood during menstruation.
— Abnormal Uterine Bleeding caused by
uterus abnormalities, bleeding disorders,
hormonal issues, or cancer.
HYPOGONADISM— Under activity and
developmental failure of the ovaries, leading to
low levels of hormones.
— Caused by abnormality of the pituitary
gland or hypothalamus.
— Symptoms include: amenorrhea, Reduced
fertility, excessive sweating, and hot flashes.
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) —
Changes in behavior such as mood swings,
food cravings, irritability, and depression.
— Causes tenderness of breast and fatigue.
ENDOMETRIOSIS— Pain because of the
abnormal growth of the endometrium outside of
the uterus.
— Can cause pain during periods and
fertility problems.
OVARIAN CYSTS— Accumulation of fluid in the
pockets inside the ovary or on the surface.
— Normal Disorder among women.
— Can cause no discomfort and often
harmless.
POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) — A
disorder that is highly associated with female
hormone levels.
— Occurs when females produce higher
amounts of Male hormones.
— Hormonal Imbalance interrupting
menstruation that affects ovulation and
fertilization.
WAYS TO AVOID MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
● HAVING A HEALTHY DIET
● PROPER EXERCISE
● ENOUGH SLEEP
● PROPER SANITATION
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LESSON 1 - LESSON 8 | QUARTER 3

POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

IN FEMALE

● A positive feedback mechanism occurs

when the changes are strengthened by
the response of the effector. The rate of
the process increases as the concentration
of the product increases.

● Examples of positive feedback in the

female reproductive system are childbirth
and Ovulation.

● A negative feedback mechanism occurs

when the change in the body, caused by
stimuli, reverses as a response of a
particular effector. For the negative
feedback to occur, a change in the
stimulus must be received by the
receptors.

● Ovulation and menstrual cycle also

exhibit a negative feedback mechanism.
After the formation of the corpus luteum,
the released progesterone inhibits the
secretion of GnRH and LH.

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