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Endocrine system
Pituitary gland
1 Endocrine system
ٟ‫اي ف‬ٛ‫ ط‬ٍٝ‫ا ػ‬ٙ‫ تراػ‬secretion ‫ اي‬ٕٝ‫ؼ‬٠ gland ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ crine ‫ و‬ٍٟ‫ زاذ‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ Endo
‫ حاجاخ‬3 ‫ ي‬endocrine system ‫مؽُ اي‬٠ duct ‫اؾ‬ٍِٙ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ blood

‫ىرة‬١‫ (ت‬suprarenal ٚ thyroid ٚ pituitary ٞ‫ٔاخ ز‬ِٛٚ‫ا ذفطظ ٘ط‬ٙ‫فر‬١‫ظ‬ٚ ‫ غسز واٍِح‬ٟ‫ ف‬-1
)renal gland ‫ ورة‬ٟ‫ف‬
ٟ‫ جعض الٔجط٘اغ ف‬ٛ‫ْ جعء ِٓ ػض‬ٛ‫ ) ِى‬endocrine cell ( masses of cells ٟ‫ ٌىٓ ف‬-2
epithelium ٗ١‫ االضض‬Thymus ٟ‫ف‬ٚ , testis ٟ‫ ف‬interstitial cells , ‫اغ‬٠‫اٌثٕىط‬
. ‫ٔاخ‬ِٛ‫ ترؼًّ ٘ط‬reticula
Apud cells ٞ‫ ظ‬scattered ْٛ‫ ترى‬CELL ‫ ؼاػاخ اي‬-3
ductless ْٛ‫ ترى‬endocrine ‫ّا اي‬٠‫ زا‬Endocrine gland ‫ ٕ٘ثسا تاي‬
ٟ٘ ‫ لاػسج ٘اِح‬
*Group of cells separated by fenestrated blood capillaries or blood sinusoid

‫ٌح‬ٛٙ‫صً ٌٍسَ تؽ‬ٛ٠ ‫ؼطف‬٠ ِْٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ ؟ ػٍفاْ ا‬fenestrated ٗ١ٌ

Pituitary gland =hypophysis cerebri

‫ بالعربي اسمها الغدة الصنوبرية‬cone shaped ‫يتكىن‬

nervous ‫ْ جعء ِٓ اي‬ِٛ‫ترفطظ ٘ط‬ٚ nerve cell ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ neuro endoocrine gland ٟ٘
pineal ّٗ‫ اؼ‬stalk ‫ ب‬brain ٟ‫ ف‬third ventricle ًٌ connected ٛ٘ ْ‫ ٌسضجح ا‬tissue
stalk

nerve cells ‫ح‬٠ٛ‫ ـ‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠ pure endocrine gland ‫ا‬ٙٔ‫ٌد ا‬ٛ‫أا ل‬

2 Secret hormone directly in blood

stroma ‫ا‬ٙ١ٌ gland ٞ‫ ا‬

‫ز ٕ٘ا‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ ‫ ِؿ‬ٞ‫ اٌىالَ ز‬parenchyma ٚ 
capsule ‫ؼرثط اي‬٠ mai matter ‫ ب‬covered ٟ٘ ‫ ٕ٘ا‬capsule ‫ حاجٗ ـثٗ اي‬ٟ‫ٕ٘ا ف‬
lobules ‫ا ي‬ّٙ‫ ذمؽ‬fibrous septa ‫ا‬ِٕٙ ‫ ٔاظي‬, ‫ا‬ٙ‫تراػ‬

‫ٗ ؟‬٠‫ تا‬rich ٞ‫ ز‬septa ‫ اي‬

unmyelinated nerve fiber -2 Blood vessels -1
‫ اي‬ectodermal ‫ طاٌؼح ِٓ اي‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠ neuroendocrine gland ‫ح‬١ٍ‫ض تّا اْ اٌر‬ٛ‫ زور‬#
neuroectodermal

4 structure ‫ دي منها‬gland ‫ال‬

1-pinendocytes

long ‫ اي‬, axon ِٓ ‫ا اوثط‬ٙ١ٌ ْ‫ وا‬long process ‫ا‬ٙ١ٌ modified neurons ‫ا‬ٙ١ٍ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫تم‬
ِْٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ٗ ؟ ػٍفاْ ذفطظ ا‬١ٌ ‫طة‬blood vessel ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٟٙ‫ٕر‬٠ ٞ‫ ز‬process

‫ا‬٠‫اصفاخ اٌرال‬ِٛ ‫ا‬ٙ١ٌ ٝ‫ثم‬٠ ‫ٕاخ‬١‫ذ‬ٚ‫ي تط‬ٚ‫ٓ ز‬١ِٔٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ ا‬

rER ,well developed Golgi ‫ ب‬rich ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ <<<< ٓ١‫ذ‬ٚ‫صأؼح اٌثط‬

*Mitochondria

capillaries ٟ‫صة ف‬٠ٚ travel <<<<along the long process ‫ْ ب‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫*ا‬

ْٛ‫ا ترى‬ٙ‫ تراػر‬nucleus ‫ اي‬pineal body ٟ‫ح ف‬١‫ا ػصث‬٠‫ ذال‬pinealocytes ‫ اي‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠*
central ,

euchromatic nucleus‫ا‬ٙ١ٍ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫ تم‬clear nucleolus ‫ا‬ٙ١‫ف‬ٚ Rounded , active

. ٓ١‫ذ‬ٚ‫ا صأؼح اٌثط‬٠‫اصفاخ اٌرال‬ّٛ‫ ت‬rich ٚ basophilic ْٛ‫ى‬١‫ ت‬cytoplasm ‫اي‬
‫ٌد‬ٛ‫ ل‬4 structure ٟ‫ ف‬pineal body ٟ‫ٌد ف‬ٛ‫ أا ل‬
1-pinelocytes 2- frustrated blood capillary
3 unmyelinated ‫ْ ؟ اٌـ‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫اِط ذؼًّ ا‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٞ‫س‬١‫ٓ ت‬١ِ ٛ٘*

pinealocyte ‫ا‬ٙ‫ ٔفؽ‬nerve cell ‫ اي‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٟٕٙ‫ تر‬septa ‫ اي‬ٟ‫ح ف‬١‫ ِاـ‬ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬Nerve fiber
ٛ٘( neurotransmitter ٟ‫ ف‬ٞ‫ز‬terminals ‫ ب‬ٟٙ‫ ترٕر‬unmyelinated nerve fiber ‫ اي‬, ,
) ٓ١ٌ‫ٕا‬٠‫ضازض‬ٌٕٛ‫ٕ٘ا ا‬

‫اض‬ٌٕٙ‫احس تا‬ٚٚ ً١ٌٍ‫احس تا‬ٚ ٓ١ِٔٛ‫ ترفطظ ٘ط‬pinealbody ‫اي‬

‫ْ اٌؽؼازج‬ِٛ‫ ٘ط‬1-serotonin
‫اض‬ٌٕٙ‫ تررطٍغ تا‬ٞ‫ ز‬vasoconstriction ًّ‫ؼ‬١‫وّاْ ت‬
ً١ٌٍ‫طٍغ تا‬١‫ت‬ 2-melatonin
*secreted at night and inhabited at light

-: ‫ وظائف‬3 ‫الهرمىن ده ليو‬

1-Regulate gonadal fucation

precocious puberty‫ّٕغ اي‬٠ٚ ‫ االطفاي ـغاي‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝ‫حر‬

ًٌ ‫ي‬ٛ‫م‬٠ gonadal function ‫ٕظُ اي‬١‫ؽ ت‬ٍٛ‫تؼس اٌث‬ٚ ‫ظ‬ٛ‫رج‬٠ ‫ظ‬ٚ‫ طفً ػا‬ٟ‫اي ذالل‬ٚ ْ‫ا‬ٚ‫ؽ لثً اال‬ٍٛ‫اٌث‬
semin ‫ذطٍغ‬ٚ ً‫ ذفرغ‬testis ًٌ ‫ي‬ٛ‫ ذم‬ٚ‫ ا‬oval ‫ذطٍغ‬ٚ ً‫ذفرغ‬ovaries

melatonin ٟ‫ ٔمص ف‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠ ٌٗ‫ ِؿ ـغا‬gonadal function ٚ‫حس ػٕس‬ٌٛ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠*

2-Regulate sleep rhythm

َٛ٠ َ‫ك ٌّا ذطجغ تمؼس وا‬١١‫ل‬ٛ‫ ؼاػاخ ذ‬6 ‫ فطق‬ٟ‫ا ذالل‬١ٌ‫ اؼرطا‬ٚ‫ىا ا‬٠‫ ؼافطخ اِط‬ٌٍٟ‫إٌاغ ا‬
‫ظثظ اي‬٠ ْ‫ ػٍفا‬melatonin ِْٛ‫اذس ٘ط‬١٘ ٖ‫حس‬ٌٛ ‫ ِرظثطؿ‬ٌٛ ِٗٛٔ ‫ظثظ‬٠ ‫ع ػاضف‬ٛ‫اؼث‬
‫ح‬١‫ح‬ٌٛٛ١‫ِؿ ؼّؼد ػٓ اٌؽاػح اٌث‬sleep rhythm

‫ؼرّس‬١‫ ِثرؼطفؿ <<< زٖ وٍٗ ت‬ٞ‫ ٔا‬.. ‫ط‬ٙ‫ ٔاغ الظَ ذٕاِه اٌظ‬.. ً١ٌٍ‫ط تا‬١‫ٔاغ ِؿ ترؼطف ذصاوط غ‬
. ٞ‫ ـغاي ِؼان اظا‬melatonin ٍٝ‫ػ‬

*antioxidant
4
‫طج جساا ترؽّغ ػٕس حس جاٌٗ ـًٍ ٔصف‬١‫ واضثح ذط‬ٞ‫ز‬ٚ metabolism ‫أا أثٕاء‬١‫ْ اح‬ٛ‫ ترى‬ٞ‫ز‬
)o3(ٓ٠ٛ‫ ِضازاخ ٌالوؽسج ترّٕغ ذى‬,antioxidant .ٖ‫ ز‬o3 ‫ اٌمٍة وً زٖ تؽثة‬ٟ‫جٍطح ف‬
‫ذّٕغ اٌّفاوً اٌّرطذثح‬ٚ

‫ االذضط‬ٞ‫ اٌفا‬ٟ‫زج ِثال ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ*

neuroglial ٗٔ‫ واْ ِىا‬ٌٍٟ‫ا‬ٚ ct ‫ؾ‬ٛٙ‫ِف‬nervous tissue‫ٌٕا اي‬ٛ‫ ل‬ٌٝٚ‫ ؼٕح ا‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬٠‫فاوط‬
ٍِٗ‫ اض‬brain sand ‫ا‬ّٙ‫سج اؼ‬٠‫ حاجٗ جس‬ٟ‫ف‬astrocyte,‫ا‬ّٙ‫ا ـىً إٌجّح اؼ‬٠‫ا خال‬ِٕٙcells
.corpora arenacea ٚ‫ا‬psammoma bodies ,ٚ‫ ا‬brain , ‫تراػد‬

‫ ال ال ؟‬ٚ x-ray ‫ تاي‬ٛ‫ف‬ٛ‫ ؟ تف‬solid ‫ال‬ٚ soft ٞ‫ ز‬braintissue. ٛ٘ * ‫ ؟‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫ ضٍِٗ اٌّد‬ٛ٘*

‫ تػ‬secretion ٓ‫ ػثاضج ػ‬ٞ‫ ز‬corpora arancea ‫تص اي‬x-ray ‫فٗ ب‬ٛ‫ ِؿ ٘ف‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠ soft ٛ٘
ْ‫ثا‬٠ ‫ فثىسا‬ca ٟ‫اذطؼة ف‬ٚ ‫ تٕفف‬ٚ capillary ‫لغ جٕة اي‬ٚٚ ‫مح‬٠‫ ضً طط‬ٞ‫ اٌسَ ز‬ٟ‫ِرصثؿ ف‬
edge ‫س ِغ‬٠‫ ذع‬classification ‫اي‬ٚ x-ray ٟ‫ف‬

brain sand ‫ ي اي‬pineal body ‫ ي‬ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ْ اٌّىاْ اٌطث‬ٛ‫ا إٔا تى‬ٙ‫ر‬١ّ٘‫ أ‬ٞ‫ ز‬classification ‫اي‬
‫ٕا اي‬١‫ ٌم‬skull ٍٝ‫ ػ‬x-ray ‫ػٍّٕا‬ٚ ‫ حس ػًّ حازثح ِثال‬ٌٛ ٞ‫ف ظ‬ٚ‫ِؼط‬ٚ ‫ا ِىاْ ِحسز‬ٙ١ٌ ْٛ‫ى‬١‫ت‬
connected to the ٟ٘ membrane ‫ ِرؼٍمح ب‬ٟ٘ . ‫ا‬ٙٔ‫اذحطود ِٓ ِىا‬brain sand
ٍٝ‫ػ‬ٚposterior lobe,ٚ Anterior lobe ‫ا ي‬ّٙ‫ترمؽ‬ٚhypothalamus by fibular stalk
1-adenohypophysis 2-nuorohypophysis ٌٟ ‫ا‬ّٙ‫فح ألؽ‬١‫ظ‬ٌٛ‫حؽة ا‬

ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ترى‬cells. ‫ اي‬supported by reticular ct , ٚthincapsule. ‫ا‬ٙ١ٍ‫*ػ‬pars distalis

‫ط‬١‫ا وث‬ّٙ‫ حج‬cells ٟ‫ ف‬blood sinusoid ٚ‫ ا‬fenestrated capillaries‫ا‬ٕٙ١‫فصً ِات‬١‫ت‬group
basophilic ٚ acidophilic ٝ‫ا ٔمظ حّطاء تم‬ٙ١‫ف‬ٚ ُ‫ؼطح اٌحج‬ٛ‫ ِر‬cells ٚ ‫ا ٔمظ ظضلاء‬ٙ١‫ف‬
‫ ِحثح ٌٍصثغح‬chromophils (ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠

chromophobes ٟ٘ ‫ احّط‬ٚ‫ا اظضق ا‬ّٙ‫رأٗ ؼاػاخ ٔطؼ‬ٙ‫ت‬ٚ ‫طج ذاٌص‬١‫ صغ‬cells ٟ‫ف‬

cells :- 1-chromophobes 52% 2-chromophilis 48%

stem ‫ي‬ٛ‫ فثٕم‬non function ‫ي‬ٛ‫ٕا ذم‬١ٍ‫طج ػ‬١‫ تػ وث‬non function ٞ‫ ز‬chromophobes ‫اي‬
.‫ تػ االوثط ػسزا‬small cells ‫ّ٘ا‬cells
5

ْ‫ٌه ا‬ٛ‫م‬١‫ فث‬secretoty groundes ‫ز اي‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ‫ال ال ؟‬ٚ ِْٛ‫ح ترطٍغ ٘ط‬١ٍ‫ً وً ذ‬١ٌ‫ اٌس‬ٞ‫*ا‬
‫اؾ‬ٙ‫اٌّؼظُ ِف‬ٚ secretory grounds ُٙ١‫ُ ف‬ٙ‫ تؼض‬chromophoes

‫ذٍصد‬ٚ ‫ فطظخ‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ exhausted chromophilis ‫ ترؼرثط٘ا‬nongranules ‫اي‬

:- acidophilic basophilic ٓ١‫ّ٘ا حاجر‬chromophilis ‫اي‬

acidophilic. 》》》》》》》》》 medium sized between chrom phobes and

basophilic

ٓ١ٕ‫ُ اث‬ّٙ‫ ٘مؽ‬acido philic groules ٟ‫ ف‬cytoplasm ‫ ػٍفاْ اي‬acidophilic ّٝ‫*ذؽ‬

trophs ّٟٕ‫ذ‬ٚ ٞ‫غص‬٠ٚ ‫ىثط‬٠ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ mammotrophs * somatrophoa

ٌٍٟ‫ْ ا‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ ا‬ّٟ‫ؼ‬٠ some ُ‫جؽ‬ٚ trophs ‫ىثطاي‬٠ ‫ ؟ ِٓ اؼّٗ وسا‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ تم‬somotrophs ‫اي‬
growth hormone ُ‫ىثط اٌجؽ‬٠

1-gigantism 9before closer of epiphyses 2-acromegaly ‫ٗ ؟‬٠‫ؼًّ ا‬٠ ‫ح ظازخ‬١ّ‫ اٌى‬ٌٛ

(after closure of epiphyses
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ٌ‪ ٛ‬لً اي ‪١٘section‬ؼًّ ‪ِٓ didarfism *mammotrophs》》》》secret prolactin‬‬
‫ؼّٗ ت‪٠ٚ ّٕٝ١‬ىثط ‪٠ٚ‬فؼً اي ‪ ٓ١ِ ٛ٘ mammary gland‬ت‪١‬صٕغ ٌّ‪ ٓ١‬؟ ‪mammary gland‬‬
‫‪ٚ‬ا‪ِٕٙ exocrine gland ٗ٠‬ا ‪ٚ ٌٛ duct ٚ acini‬احسج تٕد ٌ‪ ٛ‬حر‪ ٝ‬اذج‪ٛ‬ظخ ٘‪ِ ٟ‬ؼٕس٘اؾ ‪acini‬‬
‫ػٕس٘ا ‪. only duct‬‬

‫اِر‪ ٝ‬ذثسا اي ‪ acini‬ذرى‪ ْٛ‬؟‬

‫ٌّا ‪٠‬حصً حًّ ٘طِ‪ ْٛ‬اي ‪٠ prolactin‬ع‪٠‬س ػٍفاْ ذصٕغ ‪ acini‬ثُ تؼس اٌ‪ٛ‬الز٘رثسا ذؼًّ ٌثٓ ف‪ٝ‬‬
‫تٕاخ تم‪ ٝ‬تدالل‪ ٟ‬ػٕس٘ا اي ‪prolactin‬ػاٌ‪٠ٚ ٟ‬حصً ػٕس٘ا ‪ٌ secretion‬حاجٗ وسا ش‪ ٜ‬اي ‪milk‬‬

‫ؼ‪ٛ‬اء اي ‪GH‬ا‪ ٚ‬اي ‪ّ٘ prolactin.‬ا االثٕ‪ ٓ١‬اٍ٘‪ ُٙ‬تط‪ٚ‬ذ‪ٕ١‬اخ ‪٠‬ثم‪ ٝ‬اي ‪ cells‬ز‪ rich ٞ‬ب ا‪rER ٞ‬‬
‫‪ٚ mitochondria ٚ,well developed Golgi‬اٌ‪ٙ‬طِ‪ ْٛ‬ت‪١‬رى‪ ْٛ‬ف‪ ٟ‬ص‪ٛ‬ضج او‪١‬اغ ‪secretory‬‬
‫‪granules‬‬

‫طة ٌ‪ ٟ‬ؼّ‪ٕ١‬ا٘ا ‪ acidophilic‬؟‬

‫حٕا ِرؼ‪ٛ‬ز‪ ٓ١٠‬اْ اٌرٍ‪١‬ح اٌٍ‪ ٟ‬ترصٕغ تط‪ٚ‬ذ‪ ٓ١‬ت‪١‬ثم‪ ٝ‬اي ‪ ٛ٘cytoplasm. basophilic ,‬ا‪ ٞ‬االحّط‬
‫‪ٚ‬االظضق ٕ٘ا ؟ ػٍ‪ ٝ‬اؼاغ ٌ‪ ْٛ‬اي ‪ِsecretory granules‬طج ‪ٚ‬احس ؼإٌ‪ِ ٟ‬ؿ ا‪ ٞ‬ذٍ‪١‬ح ترصٕغ‬
‫تط‪ٚ‬ذ‪ ٓ١‬ذثم‪ ٝ‬ظضلاء ؟ل‪ٌٛ‬رٍ‪ ٟ‬اْ اٌٍ‪ ٌٗٔٛ ٟ‬اظضق ز‪ ٞ‬اي ‪ ribosome‬اٌثط‪ٚ‬ذ‪٠ ٓ١‬طٍغ ٌ‪ ٗٔٛ‬ش‪ِ ٞ‬ا‪٠‬طٍغ‬
‫أرُ تما ذسذُ ف‪ ٟ‬اي ‪ bio‬اْ ف‪٘ basic ٛ٘ ٌٛ acidic ptn. ٚ basic ptnٟ‬ج‪١‬ة ‪ٛ٘ ٌٛٚ acid‬‬
‫‪٘acidic‬ج‪١‬ة ‪ base .‬ذس ِثاي ػٕس‪ِ ٜ‬اوٕٗ ترصٕغ ‪ٚ‬ضق اٌّاوٕح ٌ‪ٙٔٛ‬ا اؼ‪ٛ‬ز اٌ‪ٛ‬ضق ٘‪١‬طٍغ اؼ‪ٛ‬ز ؟‬
‫الْ اٌّاوٕح ٕ٘ا ‪ٚ ribosme‬اٌ‪ٛ‬ضق ٘‪ ٛ‬اٌثط‪ٚ‬ذ‪٠ ٓ١‬طٍغ ش‪ِ ٞ‬ا‪٠‬طٍغ ‪ .‬اي ‪ ٌٟGH‬صثغح ذاصح ػٍفاْ‬
‫اـ‪ٛ‬ف‪ٙ‬ا اؼّ‪ٙ‬ا ‪G orange‬‬
7
orangeophils

carmine ‫ا‬ّٙ‫ ترحة صثغح اؼ‬granulesb ٟ‫ ف‬protactin ‫ ترفطظ اي‬mammotrophs ‫اي‬

‫ لاي تٕطٍك‬MCQ ‫ ِطٖ ؼؤاي‬MCQ ‫ُ جساااا‬ِٙ ٖ‫والَ ز‬ carminophils ‫ا‬ٙ١ٍ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫ذف‬ٚ ‫ا‬ٙ‫ٕ٘سٌؼ‬
.ٗ٠‫ ا‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬pregnoncycells

‫ اٌحًّ ؟‬ٟ‫س ف‬٠‫ تع‬ٌٍٟ‫ْ ا‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ٓ ا‬١ِ

‫س اثٕاء‬٠‫ع‬١‫ت‬granules ‫ػسز اي‬ٚ ‫ا اورط‬ّٙ‫حج‬ٚ ‫ ػسز٘ا‬mammotrophs ‫اي‬prolactin ‫اي‬

pregnancy cells ‫ ب‬mammotrophis ‫ اي‬ّٟ‫ تٕؽ‬ٝ‫ثم‬٠pregnancy ‫اي‬

basophilic granules ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫حر‬٠large cells 15% 》》》 basophils ٚcytoplasm

thyroid ‫ذىثط اي‬ٚ ّٕٝ‫ ذ‬ٌٍٟ‫رطؼة جؽّه*ا‬٠ ُٙ‫اع ػٍفاْ ِرٍغثطؿ ذس ذطذث‬ٛٔ‫ ا‬3 ‫ا‬ّٙ‫تمؽ‬
corticotrophis ‫ا‬ّٙ‫ اؼ‬adernalcortex. ‫ذىثط اي‬ٚ ّٟٕ‫ ذ‬ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬thyrotrophs ‫ا‬ّٙ‫اؼ‬gland
‫ا وسا‬ّٙ‫ ِٓ اؼ‬thyrotrophs ‫ اي‬genadotrophs ‫ا‬ّٙ‫ اؼ‬condus ‫ذىثط اي‬ٚ ّٟٕ‫ تر‬ٌٍٟ‫ا‬3-
(TSH( thyroid stimulation hormone stimulate the level ment ّٗ‫ْ اؼ‬ِٛ‫ترفطظ ٘ط‬
and fucation of thyroid gland 《《《《《 secret the thyroid hormone
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‫ 《《《《《ترطٍغ ع حاجاخ‬corticotrophs‫اي‬

ACTH《《《《《《 adrenocorticotrophic hormone

cortisol MSH 《《《《《 ‫ا ذطٍغ‬ٙ١ٍ‫ر‬١‫ ت‬adrenal cortex ‫ىثط اي‬٠ٚ ّٟٕ١‫ ت‬ٌٍٟ‫ْ ا‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ا‬
‫ جٍسن‬ٟ‫ ف‬melanin ‫ا اي‬٠‫ ي خال‬stimulation ًّ‫ؼ‬٠ Melanocyte stimulating hormone
melanin ‫ا ذصٕغ‬ٙٔ‫ا‬

3-endorphin 》》》》》》pain killer

‫ا تحػ تؼس اٌرٕالح‬ٙ‫ ؼاػر‬ٟ‫تراع اٌرٕالح ٌُ اضطب ِؿ تحػ ف‬

potropic factore ‫ ي‬stimulation ًّ‫ؼ‬١‫ ت‬factore ٖ‫ز‬4-lipid metabolism

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ٞ‫طثؼح ا‬ٚ folicular stimulating hormone ‫ اذرصاض‬fsh , lh FSH .. ٟ‫ ف‬gonadotrophs

ovarian follicles ‫ تراع‬grouth ‫ ب‬stimulate ِْٛ‫٘ط‬

female ٟ‫ وّاْ ٌؽٗ اورفف االلً ف‬maleٟ‫ز ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ ‫ تػ ؟ ال‬female ٟ‫ز ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠
spermatogenesis LHًٌ stimulation‫ب‬male ‫ اي‬ٟ‫ف‬female ‫ اي‬ٟ‫فرٗ ف‬١‫ظ‬ٚ ُ‫فاذؽّٗ تاؼ‬
corpusluteum ‫ٓ اٌجؽُ االصغط‬٠ٛ‫ذى‬ٚ female ... ovulation ٟ‫》》》》》اذرصاض ف‬

(interstitial cells ْٚ‫ؽرط‬١‫ج‬ٚ‫ماتً اٌثط‬٠‫ْ ِا‬ٚ‫ؽرط‬١‫ج‬ٚ‫فطظ اٌثط‬١‫ ت‬ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ ‫اٌجؽُ اال صغط‬
stimulanting hormone (

ٍٍٛ١‫ذف‬ٚ ‫ح‬١ٍّ‫ ػ‬ٍٍّٛ‫ا ذؼ‬ٛ‫ث‬١‫احس ذج‬ٚ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠MCQ ( Castration ‫ّح‬ِٙ** castration cells. (
Small ‫صف‬ٌٛ‫ ) ا‬parstuberalis cytoplasm 《《《‫أاخ‬ٛ١‫ اٌح‬ٟ‫ٓ (ف‬١‫ر‬١‫ إٌاح‬ٟ‫ف‬testis ‫اي‬
‫ تػ‬arranged in cords or foliicles of unknown function ٟ٘ basophilic ُٙ١ٌcells
gonadotrophins ٟ‫ؼاػاخ بالل‬

small baso philic gland ٚ‫ تطز‬ٟ٘ follicles ٚ‫ب ا‬ٚ‫ضج جط‬ٛ‫ ص‬ٟ‫ا ف‬ٙ١‫بالل‬parsintermedia ‫اي‬
msh melanocyte ‫ُ ترفطظ‬ٙ١‫ ف‬. ‫اخ‬١‫اٌثطِائ‬ٚ ‫احف‬ٚ‫ اٌع‬ٟ‫ا ف‬ٙ‫ف‬ٛ‫ االٔؽاْ تف‬ٟ‫ْ ذاِسٖ ف‬ٛ‫ ترى‬ٟ٘
corticotrophis ِٓ ‫ا ػفاْ ترفطظ‬ٕٙ١‫ اٌثفط ِؿ ِحراج‬ٟ‫احٕا ف‬-stimulating hormone
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Neurohyphysis

ٟ‫زج ف‬ٛ‫ج‬ِٛ ‫ اٌطؼّح‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬ٞ‫ ز‬nerve cell ‫ا اي‬ّٙ‫ تمؽ‬Pars nervosa , infundibulum
‫ٓ اْ اي‬١‫أرُ ػاضف‬ٚ nucleus ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫ ِرجّؼ‬nerve cell ٟ‫ ف‬brain ٟ‫ف‬hypothalamous
paraventricular ٚ supraoptic ًّ‫ ترؼ‬cns ٟ‫ف‬nerve cell ‫ػح ِٓ اي‬ّٛ‫ِج‬nucleu
‫اي‬ٚ mitochondria ٚ Golgi ٚ rER‫ا‬ِٕٙ ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ٓ١‫ذ‬ٚ‫ا تط‬ٍٙ‫ٔاخ اص‬ِٛ‫ ترصٕغ ٘ط‬ٞ‫ز‬nerve cells ‫اي‬
‫ اي‬axonterminal ‫ اي‬ٟ‫ح ذررعْ ذحد ف‬ٚ‫ذط‬ٚ axon ٟ‫ ف‬travel ‫ب‬secretorygranules
collection of nerve fiber ٟ٘ axons ‫ط اي‬١‫ؾ غ‬ٛٙ‫ِف‬infundibulum

‫ اي‬nerve fiber ,‫ط‬١‫ؾ غ‬ٛٙ‫ ِف‬nerve cells ‫ؾ‬ٛٙ‫ وٍٗ ِف‬neuro hypophysis ‫ذس تاٌه اي‬
1- ‫ حاجاخ‬4 ‫ا‬ٙ١‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫رى‬٠para nervasa ‫ اي‬ٟ٘ nerve fiber , ‫ا وّاٌح اي‬ٙ١‫ف‬pars nervosa
pitucites 2-nerve fiber 3-herring ,bodies /1fenestrated blood capillarie
ّٗ‫ْ ز اؼ‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ْ ِررعْ ا‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ا ا‬ٙ١‫ ف‬ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬axonterminalies ‫ اي‬ٟ٘ ٞ‫ز‬herring bodies ‫اي‬
ِٓ ‫ طاٌغ‬steroid hormon ٛ٘neurosecretion ? ٝٙ٠‫ ا‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ٌٟٕ‫ ؼا‬ٌٛneuro secretion
axon ٟ‫ ف‬parsnervosa ٟ‫ ف‬stored ٕٗ‫ٌى‬hypothalamus ‫تراػد اي‬nerve end ‫اي‬
‫ح‬١ٍ‫ٕا اٌر‬١ّ‫ ؼ‬neuroglial cells ‫حً ِىأٗ اي‬١‫ ت‬ct ‫ؾ‬ٛٙ‫ ِف‬nervous tissue ‫اي‬terminalies
nerve cells ‫ا‬ٙٔ‫ٓ ا‬٠‫ فاوط‬ٛٔ‫وا‬piturcytes ,
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ْٛ‫ى‬٠‫ػّط٘ا ِا‬nerve cells ‫اي‬ٚ centrioles ‫ا‬ٙ١‫ ف‬nerve cell ? ‫ا ِؿ‬ٙٔ‫ؼطفه ا‬٠ ٌٍٟ‫ ا‬ٞ‫طة ا‬
‫ ٌّا احراج‬release ُ‫ث‬nerophysis ? storage ‫تراػد اي‬fucation ‫ اي‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٛ٘ centrioles ‫ا‬ٙ١‫ف‬
oxytocin ‫ا ؟‬ٙٔ‫ تررع‬neurophyophysis ٌٍٟ‫ٔاخ ا‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ ا‬ٟ٘ ‫طة‬
vasoconstriction and H2O ًّ‫ؼ‬١‫ زٖ ت‬ADH ٟٔ‫اؼّٗ اٌرا‬vasopressin‫اي‬,vasopressin
absorption

urine contraction1ocytocin stimulation contraction of myoepithelium ًّ‫ؼ‬١٘ ٖ‫ز‬

ْ‫ وا‬ٌٍٟ‫ا‬ٚcells of mammary gland 》》》》milk ejection during lactation
prolactin ‫ اي‬ٛ٘milk ًٌformation ًّ‫ؼ‬١‫ت‬

ٟ‫ٖ واْ ف‬ٛ٠‫ا‬hypothalamus ‫ ترطٍغ ِٓ اي‬other hormones ٟ‫ ف‬ٛ٘ ‫ؽاٌه‬١‫ ت‬ٞٛ‫ اٌفف‬ٟ‫ف‬
releasing and inhibitor factore a ) somatrophin releasing hormone b )
somatrophin inhabiting hormone c ) prolactin inhabiting hormone d )
thyrotropin releasin hormone c ) corticotropin releasing hormone f ) G
onadotropin releasing hormo between 2 organs not involving the heart or.
between 2 sets of capillaries

blood ‫ُ ؟ جعء اي‬ٙ١ٌٍ ً‫ص‬ٛ٠ ٞ‫اظا‬ٚ hypothalamus ِٓ ‫ٔاخ ترفطظ‬ِٛ‫ط‬ٌٙ‫ع ِٓ ا‬ٛٔ َ‫ وا‬ٞ‫أا ػٕس‬
portal circulation‫ اي‬ٟ‫ٗ تٕؽاي تػ ف‬١‫ ِؿ تٕؽاي ف‬supply