Structural Organisation in Animals Theory

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ZOOLOGY
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Structural organisation in
Animals (Animal Tissues)
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ALLEN® Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
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Marie François Xavier Bichat (14 November 1771 - 22 July 1802)was a French
anatomist and physiologist who is best remembered as the father of modern
histology and descriptive anatomy. Despite working without a microscope, he
was the first to introduce the notion of tissues as distinct entities, and
maintained that diseases attacked tissues rather than whole organs or the
entire body, causing a revolution in anatomical pathology.Bichat was born at
Thoirette in Jura, France. His father was Jean-Baptise Bichat, a physician who
had trained at Montpellier and was Bichat's first instructor. His mother was Jeanne-Rose Bichat, his
father's wife and cousin. He entered the college of Nantua, and later studied at Lyon. He made rapid
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progress in mathematics and the physical sciences, but ultimately devoted himself to the study of
anatomy and surgery under the guidance of Marc-Antoine Petit (1766-1811), chief surgeon to the
Hotel-Dieu at Lyon. The revolutionary disturbances compelled him to flee from Lyon and take refuge
in Paris in 1793. There he became a pupil of P. J. Desault, who was so impressed with his genius that
he took him into his house and treated him as his adopted son. For two years he took active part in
Desault's work, at the same time pursuing his own research in anatomy and physiology. Desault
passed in 1795. At age 29 he was appointed as the chief physician to the Hotel-Dieu. In 1796, he and
several other colleagues formally founded the Societe d'Emulation de Paris, which provided an
intellectual platform for debating problems in medicine. He died at age 30, fourteen days after falling
down a set of stairs at Hotel-Dieu and acquiring a fever. He is buried at Pere Lachaise Cemetery.
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Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue) ALLEN®
Telegram: @NEETxNOAH Pre-Medical
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

(ANIMAL TISSUES)
01. INTRODUCTION
In unicellular organisms, all functions like digestion,
 Introduction respiration and reproduction are performed by a single
 Organ and organ system cell. In the complex body of multicellular animals the
same basic functions are carried out by different
 Epithelial tissues groups of cells in a well organised manner. The body of
 Cell Junctions a simple organism like Hydra is made of different types
 Glands of cells and the number of cells in each type can be in
thousands. The human body is composed of billions of
 Connective tissues cells to perform various functions. How do these cells
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 Cartilage in the body work together? In multicellular animals, a
group of similar cells along with intercellular
 Bone substances perform a specific function. Such an
organisation is called tissue.
You may be surprised to know that all complex animals consist of only four basic types of
tissues. These tissues are organised in specific proportion and pattern to form an organ like
stomach, lung, heart and kidney. When two or more organs perform a common function by
their physical and/or chemical interaction, they together form organ system, e.g., digestive
system, respiratory system, etc. Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split up the work in a
way that exhibits division of labour and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole.
Complex body
Organ system
Organs
Tissues
Cells
02. ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM

The basic tissues mentioned above organise to form organs which in turn associate to form
organ systems in the multicellular organisms. Such an organisation is essential for more efficient
and better coordinated activities of millions of cells constituting an organism. Each organ in our
body is made of one or more type of tissues. For example, our heart consists of all the four
types of tissues, i.e., epithelial, connective, muscular and neural. We also notice, after some
careful study that the complexity in organ and organ systems displays certain discernible trend.
This discernible trend is called evolutionary trend (You will study the details in class XII). You are
being introduced to morphology and anatomy of three organisms at different evolutionary
levels to show their organisation and functioning. Morphology refers to study of form or
externally visible features. In the case of plants or microbes, the term morphology precisely
means only this. In case of animals this refers to the external appearance of the organs or parts
of the body. The word anatomy conventionally is used for the study of morphology of internal
organs in the animals. You will learn the morphology and anatomy of earthworm, cockroach
and frog representing invertebrates and vertebrates.
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 In a tissue cells may be dissimilar in structure and function but they are similar in origin.
 Word animal tissue was coined by – Bichat (Plant tissue by - Grew).
 Study of tissue – Histology. [Father - Bichat]
 Detail study of tissue is called Microscopic anatomy. (Founder - Marcello Malpighi)
ANIMAL TISSUES
The structure of the cells vary according to their function. Therefore, the tissues are
different and are broadly classified into four types : (i) Epithelial, (ii) Connective,
(iii) Muscular and (iv) Neural.
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E.T. C.T M.T. N.T.
Covering and To connect structures Perform contraction To generate
protective To provide support the body. and relaxation which and conduct
tissue To transport substances in the helps in movement impulses in
body. and locomotion. body.
03. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

(1) PROPERTIES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
  Word epithelium is composed of two words.
Epi – Upon
Thelia – Growth
A tissue which grows upon another tissue is called Epithelium.
Basement
Connective tissue
membrane
 It always rest upon underlaying connective tissue. Epithelial cells are compactly packed
with little inter cellular matrix.
 Due to less intercellular spaces blood vessels, lymph vessels and capillaries are unable to
pierce this tissue so blood circulation is absent in epithelium. Hence cells depend for their
nutrients on underlying connective tissue.
  During embryonic development epithelium orginates first.
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  Power of regeneration is high in this tissue.
 Between epithelium and connective tissue, a thin non living non-cellular basement
membrane is present which is highly permeable.
 Basement membrane is secreted by both epithelium and connective tissue and made up
of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and protein fibres.
 This tissue has a free surface, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment
and thus provides a covering or a lining for some part of the body.
All cells in epithelium are held together with little intercellular material. In nearly all
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animal tissues, specialised junctions provide both structural and functional links between
its individual cells.
(2) CELL JUNCTIONS

Cell junctions are found in epithelium and other tissues.
(A) Tight Junctions help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
(B) Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.
(C) Gap junctions facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the
cytoplasm of adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small molecules and sometimes big
molecules.
(D) Interdigitation finger like processes of plasma membrane which enter into cytoplasm of
adjacent cell.
Desmosomes Inter Digitations

(Macula
Adherens) Tonofibril
Tight-Junction
Gap Junction
BASEMENT MEMBRANE
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(3) Plasma Membrane of Free end Get Modified in Three Types of Functional
Structure
(1) Microvilli (2) Cilia/Kinocilia (3) Stereocilia
(i) Minute process (i) Long cylindrical process (i) Conical shape
(same diameter from
base to apex)
(ii) Non motile (ii) Motile (ii) Non motile
(iii) Non contractile (iii) Contractile (iii) Non Contractile
(iv) Function – (iv) Function :- (iv) Function :-
Increase surface area for Helps in movement & Increase surface area
Absorption & secretion Locomotion Eg. Epididymis & Vas
Eg. Wall of intestine It moves particles or mucous Deferens, Crista &
Gall bladder in specific direction over the
macula of Internal
PCT of Nephron epithelium. (Movement is in
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uniform direction) EAR
Eg. Inner surface of hollow
Organs like bronchioles &
fallopian tube.
Uterus, Trachea
Ependymal epithelium
(Inner lining of brain cavities
(ventricles) & central canal
of spinal cord) where it helps
in conduction of
cerebrospinal fluid.
ORIGIN OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

It is the only tissue which originated from all the three primordial germinal layers.
eg. (i) Ectodermal – Epidermis (stratified squamous epithelium)
(ii) Mesodermal – Mesothelium, endothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
(iii) Endodermal – Gastro-intestinal tract (simple columnar epithelium).
BEGINNER’S BOX INTRODUCTION & EPITHELIAL TISSUE
1. Who gave the term tissue for animals ?

(1) Bichat (2) Mayer (3) Malphighi (4) Kerting
2. Epithelial tissue is originated from
(1) Outer geminal layer (2) Innermost germinal layer
(3) Middle germinal layer (4) All three germinal layer
3. Gap junctions :-
(1) help to stop substances from leaking across a tissue.
(2) perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together
(3) provide stretchability to the epithelium
(4) facilitate the cells to communicate with each other by connecting the cytoplasm of
adjoining cells.
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4. Desmosomes :-
(1) Connect the Epithelial cells (2) Types of lysosomes
(3) Granules of muscle fibres (4) Process found in bone
5. Who is father of microscopic anatomy ?
(1) Bichat (2) Ruysch (3) Malpighi (4) Hartwig
6. Basement membrane of epithelium tissue is composed of:-
(1) Lipoprotein
(2) Polypeptide
(3) Mucopolysaccharide and chromoprotein
(4) Mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein
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7. Epithelial tissue form :-
(1) Protective covering (2) Muscles
(3) Nerve cells (4) Corpuscles.
8. Basement membrane is formed of :-
(1) Epidermal cells
(2) Endodermal cells
(3) Both 1 and 2
(4) None of the above but present below epithelial cells.
9. In which example cell membrane modification is not related to absorption ?
(1) Epididymis (2) Duodenum
(3) Ventricle of brain (4) Gall bladder
(4) TYPES OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE
(A) Simple epithelium (B) Compound epithelium (Stratified)

– Composed of single layer of cells – Consists of 2 or more cell layers
– Functions as lining for body cavities, – It has protective function as it does in our skin
Ducts and tubes
On the basis of shape /
structural modifications
of cells (i) Stretchable (ii) Nonstretchable
(Transitional)
(i) Simple Squamous (a) Stratified squamous
(ii) Simple Cuboidal (b) Stratified
(iii) Simple Columnar (c) Stratified cuboidal
(iv) Pseudostratified
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(A) Simple Epithelium :
(i) Simple Squamous Epithelium :
 The squamous epithelium is made up of a single thin layer of flattened cells with irregular
boundaries. They are found in the walls of blood vessels and air sacs of lungs and are
involved in a functions like forming a diffusion boundary.
 It is also called pavement epithelium due to its tile like appearance.
Cell
Cytoplasm boundary
Nucleus
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Flattened cell
Simple epithelium: Squamous

(Simple squamous epithelium)
NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No. 7.1 (a)
 Also called Tesselated epithelium due to its wavy appearance in blood vessel and coelom.
Nucleus
Cement
substance
  This epithelium is associated with filtration & diffusion.

eg.
– Outer surface of intestine.
– Bowman's capsule (Podocyte)
– Alveoli of lungs (Pneumocytes type-I) (air sacs of lungs)
– Mesothelium – Lining of coelom is called as mesothelium.
– Endothelium – Inner lining of blood vessels and lymph vessels.
– Endocardium – Inner most lining of heart is also made up of simple squamous
epithelium.
– Thin part of loop of Henle of nephron.
– Peritoneum
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(ii) Simple Cuboidal Epithelium :
The cuboidal epithelium is composed of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is commonly
found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons in kidneys and its main functions
are secretion and absorption. The epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) of
nephron in the kidney has microvilli.
 Cells are cube like with rounded nucleus present in the centre.
 Cells are same in length & width so they appear square shaped in vertical section.
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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Basement membrane
(Simple cuboidal epithelium)
Cube-like cell
Simple epithelium Cuboidal
NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No.7.1 (b)
  This epithelium helps in absorption, secretion.

 It is commonly found in ducts of glands and tubular parts of nephrons of kidneys.
e.g.:- Follicle of Thyroid gland
 Type II Pneumocytes of alveoli
 Acini of Pancreas
 Secretory unit of sweat glands
 Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body of eye, Epithelium of retina
 DCT of nephron
 Thick part of loop of Henle
 This epithelium is also called Germinal epithelium because in gonads (testis & ovaries)
cubodial cells divide to form sperm & egg.
Modifications of simple cuboidal epithelium
(a) When microvilli are present on free end of cuboidal cells then it is called as
Brush bordered cuboidal epithelium.
 Found in PCT of nephron.
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Microvilli
Cuboidal cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane
(b) When cilia present on free end of cuboidal cells then it is called as ciliated cuboidal
epithelium.
 Found in collecting duct.
Cilia
Cuboidal cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane
(iii) Simple Columnar Epithelium :
The columnar epithelium is composed of a single layer of tall and slender cells. Their
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nuclei are located at the base. Free surface may have microvilli. They are found in the
lining of stomach and intestine and help in secretion and absorption. If the columnar or
cuboidal cells bear cilia on their free surface they are called ciliated epithelium. Their
function is to move particles or mucus in a specific direction over the epithelium. They are
mainly present in the inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles and fallopian tubes.
 It is also found in liver, bile duct and uterus.
Tall cell
Long columnar cell

Nucleus (Basal and Simple epithelium Columnar
elongated)
NCERT XI Page No.101, Figure No. 7.1 (c)
Basement membrane
Modifications of Simple Columnar epithelium

(a) Brush Bordered Columnar epithelium :
When microvilli are present on free end of columnar epithelium.
e.g. Gall bladder
(helps in concentrating bile juice)
microvilli
Basement
membrane
Connective Nucleus
tissue
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(b) Glandular columnar epithelium :
Unicellular mucous
secreting goblet cells are Glandular surface
also present in between Columnar cell
columnar cells. Nucleus
eg. Stomach Basement membrane
caecum
Colon
Rectum
(c) Glandular Brush-bordered columnar epithelium :
When microvilli present on free end of columnar cells and in between these cells
goblet cells are also present.
eg. Small intestine (Duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
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Glandular surface
Microvilli
Columnar cells
Nucleus
Basement membrane
(d) Ciliated Columnar epithelium :

When cilia are present on free end of columnar cells.
Eg.  Fallopian Tube     (Conduction of gametes)
 Ependymal epithelium  (Conduction of cerebrospinal fluid)
(Inner linings of brain ventricle)
 Bronchioles
Cilia
Columnar cell
Nucleus
Basement membrane
Tall cell
Simple epithelium Columnar cells bearing cilia

NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No. 7.1 (d)
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(e) Sterio ciliated columnar epithelium : When steriocilia are present on free end of
columnar cells.
Eg. Epididymis 
Stereocili
Columnar cell
Vasdeferens Nucleus
Macula & crista of ear Basement membrane
(iv) Pseudostratified Epithelium :
  It is also a modification of columnar epithelium that contains long & short cells.
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 Nucleus in both cells are present on different level so it appears bilayered because few
cells are too short to reach the top surface but all cells are present on single basement
membrane, so it is unilayered.
MODIFICATION :
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated glandular epithelium (PSCCGE) :
In this epithelium cilia are present on free surface of long cells and goblet cells are also
present in this epithelium.
eg.  Respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers
 Trachea
 Bronchi
Goblet cell
Cilia
Tall cell
Short cell
Basement
membrane
Connective
tissue
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Glandular Epithelium { PSCCGE }
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BEGINNER’S BOX TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
1. Pseudostratified epithelium is present in :-

(1) Nephron & Neuron (2) Larynx & Pharynx
(3) Trachea & Bronchi (4) Urinary Bladder & Intestine
2. Columnar epithelium with microvilli or brush border is present in :-
(1) Gall Bladder (2) Stomach
(3) Appendix (4) Pharynx
3. The internal lining of blood vessels is called as :-
(1) Mesothelium (2) Endothelium
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(3) Pavement epithelium (4) Stratified epithelium
4. Epithelial tissue originated from :-
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm
(3) Mesoderm (4) All of above
5. Inner lining of intestine, stomach & liver is made up of :-
(1) Simple squamous (2) Simple cuboidal
(3) Simple columnar (4) Pseudo stratified epithelium.
6. Epithelial tissue with thin flat cells appearing like packed tiles occurs on :-
(1) Inner lining of intestine (2) Inner lining of stomach
(3) Inner lining of fallopian tubes (4) Outer surface of Intestine
7. Cells of Peritoneum comprise :-
(1) Ciliated epithelium (2) Glandular epithelium
(3) Columnar epithelium (4) Squamous epithelium
8. Germinal epithelium of ovary is formed of :-
(1) Columnar epithelium (2) Squamous epithelium
(3) Cuboidal epithelium (4) Stratified epithelium
9. Inner lining of Blood vessels and heart contains tessellated epithelium because it is :-
(1) Simple squamous with wavy appearance
(2) Simple columnar with cylinder like appearance
(3) Simple cuboidal with wavy appearance
(4) Simple columnar epithelium
10. Nucleus of a epithelium found in stomach is located at ___________ of cell ?
(1) Apex (2) Middle (3) Base (4) Nucleus is absent
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(B) Compound epithelium :
Compound epithelium is made up of more than one layer (multi-layered) of cells and thus
has a limited role in secretion and absorption (Figure). Their main function is to provide
protection against chemical and mechanical stresses. They cover the dry surface of the
skin, the moist surface of buccal cavity,
pharynx, inner lining of ducts of salivary
glands and of pancreatic ducts.
On the basis of stretching ability it is of Multi-

layered
cells
2 types –
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(i) Transitional Epithelium:– (Stretchable) NCERT XI Page No. 102, Figure No. 7.3
(ii) Non-Stretchable
(i) Transitional epithelium (urothelium) :

  In this epithelium basement membrane becomes invisible during stretching.
  In this epithelium 4-6 layers of cells are present.
 Inner most layer of cell is composed of cube like cells.
 Middle 2-4 layers are composed of pear shaped /Polyheadral cells.
 Outermost 1 or 2 layers are of oval shaped cells.
 These different shape of cells appears only in resting stage. When this tissue is stretched,
all the cells become flattened.
 Cells are interconnected by interdigitation.
 Strectchable & water proof.
Eg.  Renal pelvis
 Ureter
 Urinary ladder
 Proximal part of male urethra.
Epithelium Epithelial cells
Underlying
connective Underlying
tissue connective
tissue
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(ii) Non stretchable epithelium
  On the basis of shape of the cells of outermost layer it is of three types.
(a) Stratified squamous epithelium
(b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
(c) Stratified columnar epithelium
(a) Stratified squamous epithelium

  Innermost layer of cells are of cuboidal.
 They divide to form cells of outer layer in the epithelium, so this layer is called as
Germinativum layer.
  Middle layers are made up of polygonal cells.
 These cells are interconnected with desmosomes which provide rigidity or
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mechanical support.
  Cells of outermost layer are scale like flat cells.
 On the basis of presence of keratin protein in the outer most cells this epitheluim is
of two types :-
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
If keratin protein is present, cells become non nucleated and dead.
eg. Epidermis of skin & skin derivatives. Hair, Horn, Hooves, Scales, feathers.
 Non Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. If Keratin protein is absent. Cells

are nucleated and Living.
eg.  It lines the moist surface of buccal cavity, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Anal canal,
vagina etc.
 Cornea of eye, Conjunctiva of eye.
 Inner lining of cheeks, lips, hard palate.
(b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  Cell of outermost layer are cube like, nucleated and living.
Eg.  Secretory duct of sweat glands, mammary gland, salivary glands and
sebaceous glands.
 Pancreatic duct.
(c) Stratified columnar epithelium
Outermost layer is composed of pillar shaped cells, cells are nucleated. On the basis
of presence of cilia this epithelium is of 2 types
 Ciliated
Eg. Larynx, Buccopharyngeal cavity of Frog.
 Non ciliated
Eg. Distal part of male urethra, Epiglottis.
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NONSTRETCHABLE EPITHELIUM
Squamous Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Columnar
Nonkeratinised Keratinised Ciliated Non-Ciliated
Dead non nucleated
Living nucleated flat cells Cilia
flat cells Cuboidal
Top most-layer Keratin
cells
Middle 2 to 4
Layers of pear
shaped cells
Inner most layer
of cells are cube like
BEGINNER’S BOX COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
1. Transitional epithelium is found in :-
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(1) Renal pelvis & Ureter (2) Urinary bladder
(3) Upper part of male urethra (4) All of above
2. Stratified squamous epithelium is found in :-
(1) Buccal cavity (2) Stomach (3) Intestine (4) Spleen
3. Which of the following tissue covers moist surface of buccal cavity and pharynx?
(1) Cuboidal epithelium (2) Columnar epithelium
(3) Transitional epithelium (4) Compound epithelium
4. Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is found in :-
(1) Skin (2) Stomach (3) Oesophagus (4) Intestine
5. Epithelial lining of cornea is composed of :-
(1) Startified squamous nonkeratinised (2) Transitional
(3) Simple cuboidal (4) Simple squamous
6. Compound squamous epithelium occurs in :-
(1) Stomach (2) Phaynx (3) Intestine (4) Trachea
7. Epidermis of skin of vertebrates comprises :-
(1) Simple Epithelium (2) Stratified Epithelium
(3) Transitional Epithelium (4) Columnar Epithelium
8. In which of the following epithelium is keratinised ?
(1) Female urethra (2) Larynx (3) Scales of fishes (4) Cornea
9. Living cells without keratin is found in :-
(1) Hairs (2) Feathers
(3) Epidermis (4) Buccal cavity
10. Exoskeleton eg. feathers, nail, horn, hoofs are originated from :-
(1) Connective tissue proper (2) Epithelium tissue
(3) Skeletal tissue (4) Vascular tissue
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04. GLANDS
A cell or a group of cells which secretes chemical substances are called glands.
All glands are composed of epithelial tissue.
Glands can be originate from all the three germinal layers.
Ectoderm – Sweat gland
Mesoderm – Gonads
Endoderm – Thyroid gland
On the basis of number of cells
(1) Unicellular glands (2) Multicellular glands

Eg. Goblet cells, Paneth cells E.g. All glands except
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Goblet cells and Paneth cells
Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells get specialised for secretion and are called
glandular epithelium (Figure). They are mainly of two types: unicellular, consisting of
isolated glandular cells (goblet cells of the alimentary canal), and multicellular, consisting
of cluster of cells (salivary gland).
Unicellular
gland
Multicellular
gland
(a) (b)
NCERT XI Page No. 102, Figure 7.2 (a) & (b)
On the basis of nature of secretion glands are of 3 types

(a) Endocrine glands :- Secretory duct absent.
e.g. : Thyroid, pituitary, thymus, pineal, parathyroid, adrenal
(b) Exocrine gland :- Secretory duct present. Exocrine glands secrete mucus (Goblet
cells), saliva (Salivary glands), earwax (Ceruminous glands), oil (Sebaceous glands),
milk (Mammary glands), digestive enzymes (Gastric glands, Intestinal glands) and
other cell products.
(c) Heterocrine/mixed gland :- Both endocrine & exocrine parts are present.
eg. : Pancreas, Gonads, Liver (largest gland), Gastric glands, intestinal glands etc.
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BEGINNER’S BOX GLANDS
1. Mucus cells (Goblet cells) :-

(1) Unicellular gland (2) Multicellular glands
(3) Endocrine glands (4) Parietal cells of gastric glands
2. Glands of vertebrates are originated from :-
(1) Ectoderm (2) Endoderm (3) Mesoderm (4) All the above
3. Sweat gland of human being are originated from:-
(1) Ectoderm (2) Mesoderm (3) Endoderm (4) All of the above
4. In which gland secretions are directly released into blood ?
(1) Sweat gland (2) Pineal gland (3) Sebaceous gland (4) Liver
5. Which of the following is an example of multicellular endocrine gland ?
(1) Salivary glands (2) Pituitary gland (3) Goblet cells (4) Gastric glands
6. Pick out the odd one :
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(1) Thymus (2) Thyroid (3) Mammary glands (4) Adrenal gland
05. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

 Connective tissues are the most abundant and widely distributed in the body of complex
animals. They are named connective tissue because of their special function of linking and
supporting other tissues/organs of the body. They range from soft connective tissues to
specialised types, which include cartilage, bone, adipose, and blood.

  In all connective tissues except blood, the cells secrete fibres of structural proteins called
collagen or elastin or reticulin.
  The fibres provide strength (collagen fibres), elasticity (elastin fibres) and flexibility to the
tissue.
  Connective tissue is mesodermal in origin
  These cells also secrete modified polysaccharide or mucopolysaccharides like hyaluronic
acid, which accumulate between cells and fibres and acts as matrix (ground substance).
Connective tissue
(1) Loose connective (2) Dense connective (3) Specialised C.T.

tissue tissue
(More matrix, less fibres) (More fibres, less matrix)
Skeletal C.T. Fluid C.T.
Areolar Adipose Dense regular Dense
tissue tissue tissue irregular Matrix solid and Liquid and fibre
eg. Tendons tissue mineralised free matrix
Ligaments eg. Found in eg. Cartilage eg. Blood & lymph
skin and bone
The functions of connective tissues are
1. To connect structures. 2. To form packing around organs.
3. To form a supporting framework. 4. To combat foreign toxins.
5. To replace tissues which have been destroyed by injury.
100
CELLS AND FIBRES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
MESENCHYME-CELL FIBROBLAST
• Small sized pluripotent cells of (YELLOW-FIBRES) • Largest cells of connective tissue proper
connective tissue proper • Maximum in number
ELASTIC FIBRES • Irregular in shape due to long cytoplasmic
MONOLOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE • Composed of elastin proteins processes
• Branched but arranged singly • Cytoplasm is rich in rough ER
• Single large, central fat globule is
• Maximum elasticity is present • Primary function is to produce protein fibres
present
• Highly resistant to chemicals • Secrete matrix of connective tissue
• Cytoplasm and nucleus becomes
(Chief matrix producing cells)
peripheral
• Form white fat
COLLAGEN FIBRES (WHITE-FIBRES)
MULTILOCULAR-ADIPOCYTE
• Made up of collagen protein (most abundant
• Many, small, fat granules distributed in protein in animal kingdom)
cytoplasm around nucleus • Wavy, inelastic, tough fibres arranged in
• Cytoplasm is more the form of bundles (fascia)
BLOOD CAPILLARY
• Form Brown fat

Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
• On boiling they yield gelatin

• It is a protein present in largest amount in human body
LYMPHOCYTES
• Centrally located large nucleus
and cytoplasm is peripheral • 2nd largest in size MACROPHAGES RETICULAR FIBRES
• Key cells of immune system divide nd • Also called arzyrophil fibres as they can be stained
to form • 2 maximum in number
and involved • Amoeboid cells, kidney shaped nuclues with silver salts
in production of antibodies • Cytoplasm is agranular but appears to be • Composed of reticulin protein
PLASMA CELLS granular due to more number of • Highly branched fibres which always form dense network
lysosomes • Delicate fibres
• Small amoeboid cells • Phagocytic in nature • Elasticity is completely absent
• In these cells rounded nucleus is • Destroy bacteria and viruses by • Mainly found in lymphoid organs such as spleen, lymph
present in which chromatin material phagocytosis nodes etc.
is arranged like spokes (radialrows)
in wheel so they are also called as cart
• Also called scavengers of connective
tissue
®
MAST CELLS
wheel cells because they destroy dead or damaged • Small and amoeboid cells with S-shaped nucleus
• Also called clones of lymphocytes as cells to clean connective tissues • Secrete-histamine, serotonin (5-HT), heparin and matrix
these are formed by division of lymphocytes • Also called histeocytes of connective tissue proper
• Produce and transport antibodies
Pre-Medical
101
ALLEN®
BEGINNER’S BOX CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CELLS & FIBRES)
1. Fibroblast secretes :-
(1) Matrix (2) Fibres (3) Both (4) Cells
2. Histeocytes destroy bacteria by :-
(1) Phagocytosis (2) Produces Antitoxins
(3) Produces antibodies (4) Produces antigen
3. Plasma cell is :-
(1) Modified B - lymphocytes of blood
(2) Produces antigen
(3) Produce Heparin, Histamine, serotonin
(4) Produces matrix & Fibres
®
4. Mast cell secret :-
(1) Anticoagulant : Heparin (2) Vasodilator : Histamine
(3) Vaso constrictor : Serotonin (4) All of the above
5. Yellow, white & Reticular fibres are made up of protein :-
(1) Elastin, Reticulin, Collagen respectively
(2) Reticulin, Elastin, Collegen respectively
(3) Collagen, Elastin, Reticulin protein respectively
(4) Elastin, Collagen, Reticulin protein respectively
6. Yellow & White fibres occurs as :-
(1) Singly & Bundles respectively (2) Single only
(3) Bundles only (4) Network forms
7. During injury mast cell secrete:-
(1) Elastin (2) Hirudin (3) Heparin (4) Serotonin
(1) LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  It has more matrix and less fibres.
 The cells and fibres are loosely arranged in a semifluid ground substance.
 It is of two types :- Areolar and adipose connective tissue.
(A) Areolar Connective Tissue
 Also known as spongy connective tissue.
 It is most widely distributed tissue in the body.
 In this tissue maximum intercellular space and matrix is present.
 Due to irregular arrangement of bundle of collagen fibres many gaps are present. These
gaps are called Areolae.
 In areolae other components of connective tissue like fibres, cells & matrix are
distributed.
 Mainly collagen fibres while few elastic fibres are present.
102
 It contains fibroblasts (cells that produce and secrete fibres), macrophages and mast cells.
 Mast cells, macrophages & fibroblasts are more in number.
Function :- It serves as a support framework for epithelium.
Eg. Tela Subcutanea:- A thin continuous layer which connect skin with underlying
skelatal muscles (Panniculas carnosus).
 Sub mucosa of Trachea, Bronchi, Intestine, Oesophagus, Stomach.
 Endomysium – Around single muscles fibre.
 Perimysium – Around bundle of muscle fibres.
 Around blood vessels.
Macrophages
Elastic fibres
®
Fibroblast Fat storage area
Monolocular adipocytes Nucleus
Collagen fibres
Plasma
Blood capillary
Membrane
(a) Areolar tissue Mast cell (b) Adipose tissue
NCERT XI Page No. 103, Figure No.7.4 (a), (b)
(B) Adipose Connective Tissue

 Adipose tissue is another type of loose connective tissue located mainly beneath the skin.
 It contains adipocytes / fat cells abundantly.
 The cells are specialised to store fats, the excess of nutrients which are not used
immediately are converted into fats and are stored in this tissue.
 On the basis of adipocytes 2 type of fats are found in animals.
(i) White fat (ii) Brown fat
(i) White fat:- It is composed of monolocular adipocytes in which single large fat
globule and less number of mitochondria are present. So they produce less energy.
Eg. Panniculas adiposus :- A thin continuous layer of white fat under the dermis of skin
which is also called hypodermis of skin.
Yellow bone marrow.
Fat bodies of frog.
Blubber of whale.
Hump of camel
It is also found around delicate organ like eyeball, kidney etc. as a shock absorber.
(ii) Brown fat:- It is composed of multilocular adipocytes in which many fat globules are
present and due to more cytoplasm and more number of mitochondria it produces
20 times more energy than white fat.
Eg. Cold resistance in new born baby is due to presence of brown fat.
  Hibernating Rodents like rat, shrew.
103
(2) DENSE / FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

  It contains more fibres and less matrix.
  Fibres and fibroblast cells are compactly packed in dense connective tissue.
  Orientation of fibres show a regular or irregular pattern and are called dense regular and
dense irregular tissue.
(A) White Fibrous Connective Tissue
 In this tissue bundle of collagen fibres are more in quantity whereas Yellow fibres &
reticular fibres are completely absent.
  Fibroblast and mast cells are more in number.
Collagen fibres
Collagen fibres
(a) Dense regular connective tissue
®
(b) Dense irregular connective tissue
NCERT XI Page No. 103, Figure No. 7.5 (a), (b)
On the basis of arrangement of fibres & fibroblast in matrix this tissue occurs in two
forms.
(i) Cord : Many parallel bundles of collagen fibres fibroblast and rows of fibroblasts are
present alternately (Regular pattern)
eg. Tendon :- A structure which connects muscle to bones.
(ii) Sheath:- In this form there is no regular pattern of fibres & fibroblast in matrix. Cells
and fibres are arranged in a criss-cross manner.
eg. – Pericardium — Covering of heart.
– Periosteum — Outer covering of bone.
– Perichondrium — Outer covering of cartilage.
– Epimysium — Covering of muscle.
– Renal capsule — Around kidney.
– Tunica albugenia — Covering of testis.
– Duramater — Outermost covering of brain.
104
– Cornea of eye
– Tunica adventia of Trachea, Bronchi, Oesophagus.
– Glisson's capsule — Around liver lobules.
Muscle
Tendon
Bone
Ligment
Tendon and Ligament
®
Arranged fibroblasts
White collagen fibres Yellow elastic fibres and Scattered fibroblasts
White fibres tissues (Tendon) Yellow elastic fibres (Ligament)
(B) Yellow Fibrous Connective Tissue
 In this tissue yellow fibres are more in quantity but collagen fibres are less in quantity.
 Reticular fibres are absent.
 On the basis of distribution of fibres & fibroblast in matrix they are of two types.
(i) Cord :- In this form bundle of collagen fibres & fibroblast in matrix distributed in a
regular pattern & in matrix yellow fibres form network.
eg. Ligaments A structure which connects bones. Sprain is due to excessive pulling of
ligament.
(ii) Sheath :-  Irregular distribution of fibres and matrix with elastic fibre.
eg.  Wall of alveoli of lungs
 Wall of small bronchioles
 Wall of lymph vessels & blood vessels
 True vocal cords
105
(C) Reticular Fibrous Connective Tissue
  It is also called lymphoid tissue.
 It is mostly found in lymphoid organs.
 Matrix of this tissue is like lymph.
 Reticular fibres are more in numbers & form dense network around reticular cells &
macrophages.
 Lymphocytes are also more in number.
 Provide support and strength and form the stroma (Frame work) of soft organs.
eg.  Spleen
 Lymph nodes (Tonsils, Peyer's Patches).
 Endosteum (Lining of bone marrow cavity).
®
BEGINNER’S BOX TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Muscles are connected to Bone by means of :-

(1) Cartilage (2) Ligaments (3) Tendon (4) Adipose tissue
2. Alveoli has :-
(1) Yellow fibrous connective tissue (2) White fibrous connective tissue
(3) Reticular fibrous (4) Adipose connective tissue
3. Sprain of body is due to pulling of :-
(1) Muscles (2) Ligaments (3) Tendon (4) Nerves
4. Collagen fiber and fibroblast arrangement is irregular is :-
(1) Tendon (2) Ligament (3) Dura mater (4) 1 & 2 both
5. Ligaments are made up of :-
(1) Only white fiber (2) Yellow fiber and white fiber
(3) Yellow fiber and muscle fiber (4) White fiber & muscle fiber
6. Which of the following is known as spongy connective tissue ?
(1) Dense fibrous connective tissue (2) Adipose connective tissue
(3) Areolar connective tissue (4) Reticular fibrous connective tissue
7. Which type of connective tissue used to form perimysium ?
(1) Dense fibrous C.T. (2) Adipose C.T.
(3) Reticular fibrous C.T. (4) Areolar C.T.
8. Lymphocytes are more in :-
(1) White fibrous connective tissue
(2) Reticular fibrous connective tissue
(3) Yellow fibrous connective tissue
(4) Adipose connective tissue
106
(3) SPECIALISED CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(A) SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE (B) VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
(i) Cartilage (ii) Bone (i) Blood (ii) Lymph

(Included in circulatory system)
(A) SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE :

 Matrix is dense & mineralised. Due to deposition of minerals it becomes hard.
 Also known as Supporting Tissue i.e. Provide support to the body.
 It is of 2 types :- Cartilage and Bone
(i) Cartilage :
®
Outer most covering of cartilage is called Perichondrium which is composed of white
fibrous connective tissue.
 Matrix (inter-cellular materials) is solid, pliable and can resists compression.
 Cartilage producing cells are arranged on periphery of cartilage known as
Chondroblast.
 These are active cells & divide to form chondrocytes, and synthesize the matrix of
cartilage.
 Cells of this tissue (Chondrocytes) are enclosed in small cavities (Lacuna), with in the
matrix secreted by them.
 1-4 chondrocytes (mature cells of cartilage) are found in one Lacuna.
 Chondroclast are cartilage destroying cells.
 Matrix of cartilage is called chondrin composed of Chondrotin-6-sulphate and
mucopolysacchride (Hyaluronic acid)
Collagen fibers
Cartilarge cells (chondrocyte)
NCERT XI Page No. 104, Figure No. 7.6 (a)
 Matrix of cartilage is solid and pliable and resists compression. It provides rigidity &
elasticity to cartilage.
 Blood sypply is absent in the matrix of cartilage but present in perichondrium.
107
Types of Cartilage – There are following 4 types of cartilages
(1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Elastic cartilage (3) White fibrous cartilage (4)Calcified cartilage
• It is the most common • In the matrix of this • Perichondrium is absent • It is modified hyaline
cartilage of human cartilage yellow fibres because complete WFCT cartilage but due to
body. form network so it is is converted into deposition of
• Most of the part of highly flexible cartilage cartilage. calcium salts its
embryonic skeleton is of our body. • In matrix bundle of matrix becomes
composed of this Eg. Tip of Nose collagen fibres are more hard like bones
cartilage. So maximum Ear Pinna in quantity so it is (hardest cartilage)
bones of our body are Epiglottis and Cartilage strongest cartilage. • Ca+2 salt deposits in
cartilagenous bones of Santorini of larynx Eg. Pubic symphysis - the form of Hydroxy
because they are Wall of eustachian tube Connects both the pelvic apatite.
developed from halves with each-other. Eg.
cartilage. Elastic Fibre Intervertebral disc - A pad Pubis of frog's pelvic
®
Lacunae
• Matrix of this cartilage of cushion like structure girdle.
is glass like clear or which absorb mechanical Head of femur and
hyaline matrix because shock & jerks and protect humerus.
fibres are completely vertebral column
absent. • Central part of
• Colour of matrix is intervertebral disc is
bluish & it is Chondrocytes Matrix
soft called Nucleus
translucent Yellow elastic cartilage
pulposus.
(less transparent).
eg.Nasal septum. Lacunae Collagen fibre
'C' shaped rings of
trachea and bronchi.
Sternal part of
ribs.(Costal cartilage)
Laryngeal cartilage :
Maximum part of
larynx is composed of Matrix Chondrocytes
hyaline cartilage. White Fibrous Cartilage
Articular cartilage :-
At the end of long
bone periosteum is
absent and Hyaline
cartilage is present
known as Articular
cartilage.
Perichondrium Blood vessel
Chondrocytes
Matrix
Lacunae
Hyaline Cartilage
108
BEGINNER’S BOX CARTILAGE
1. Glass like cartilage is :-

(1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Fibrous cartilage (3) Calcified cartilage (4) Elastic cartilage
2. Hyaline cartilage found in :-
(1) Santorini of larynx (2) Tracheal Rings (3) Epiglottis (4) Eustachian tubes
3. Strongest cartilage is :-
(1) White fibrous cartilage (2) Elastic cartilage
(3) Hyaline cartilage (4) Calcified cartilage
4. Epiglottis is composed of :-
®
(1) Hyaline cartilage (2) Calcified cartilage (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Elastic cartilage
5. Eustachian tube is supported by :-
(1) Elastic cartilage (2) White fibrous cartilage
(3) Calcified cartilage (4) Hyaline cartilage
6. Which cartilage is present in external ear pinna :-
(1) Hyaline (2) Elastic (3) White fibrous (4) Calcified
7. Solid, pliable & compression resistance like characterstics of intercelluar matrix is found in :-
(1) Bones of arm
(2) Cartilage like radius
(3) Cartilage between adjacent bones of vertebral column
(4) Humerus & femur
(ii) Bone :
 Outermost covering of bone is Periosteum composed of white fibrous connective
tissue.
 Bone producing cell is called Osteoblast. They divide to
form Osteocyte & synthesize organic part of matrix.
 Mature cell of bone is called Osteocyte which is found in
lacuna. Only one osteocyte is found in one lacuna.
  Bone destroying cells are called Osteoclast cells.
  Process of bone formation is called OSSIFICATION.
 Bones have a hard and non-pliable ground substance
rich in Ca+2 salts and collagen fibres which gives bone (b) Bone
NCERT XI Page No. 104,
its strength.
Figure No. 7.6 (b)
 Study of bones is called osteology.
109
Features of bones :
 It is highly vascular.
 It is mineralised.
 It is hard and rigid.
 It has a canalicular systems.
 It has a regenerating capacity.
Functions of bone :
 It is the main tissue that provide structural framework to the body.
 Bones support and protect softer tissues and organs.
 Limb bones, such as the long bones of the legs, serve weight bearing functions.
 They also interact with skeletal muscles attached to them, to bring about
movements.
®
 The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood cells.
Matrix of bone :
 Matrix (ground substance) is hard and non-pliable which is reach in calcium salts and
collagen fibres which give bones its strength.
 It has two parts :-
Inorganic Part :- 65 - 68%
Ca3(PO4)2 – 80% max, CaCO3 (10%), Mg3(PO4)2 (10%), Flourides (very less).
 Decalicified Bones :- If a bone is kept in dilute HCl for 3 days then complete mineral part
of the matrix get dissolved in acid & organic part remain in the bone so bone becomes
soft & flexible.
Organic part :- 32-35% Ossein (protein component of Bone.) in which bundle of collagen
fibres suspended in sulphated mucopolysaccharide.
If a bone is burnt or kept into very high temperature then complete organic part of bone
is burnt and mineral part of matrix remain as such in the form of ash called dried bone.
Structure of long bone
 Limb bones, such as long bones of the legs serve weight bearing functions.
  Long bone has three regions :-
(i) Epiphysis :
 Ends of long bone is called Epiphysis. This part is composed of spongy tissue.
 It consist of lamellae that are arranged in an irregular pattern of thin columns called
Trabeculae. Between the trabeculae spaces are present, filled up with red bone marrow.
(ii) Diaphysis :
  Middle part or shaft of long bone is diaphysis which is composed of compact bone.
 In this region hollow cavity is present called bone marrow cavity filled with yellow bone
marrow composed of white fat and matrix contain Haversian systems.
(iii) Metaphysis :
 It is a small part between epiphysis & Diaphysis.
 In this region epiphyseal plate is present. It is responsible for elongation of bone.
 After complete development of long bone this plate is destroyed.
110

Internal Structure of Mammalian Bone White fibrous Haversian

connective tissue canal
PERIOSTEUM Blood
TRABECULAE Outer osteoblasts capillary
Nerve fiber
Epiphyseal plate Volkmann

Canal
Haversian
Periosteum canal Haversian
canal system
Haversian
SPONGY BONE
lamellae
T.S. of Bone
Interstitial lamellae
Volkmann Canal Osteocytes
Outer circumferential lamellae

Endosteum
Biology : Structural Organisation in Animals (Animal Tissue)
Inner osteoblast
Haversian Canal
Inner circumferential
SHAFT /DIPHYSIS/COMPACT BONE

lamellae
BONE MARROW
CAVITY
Bone marrow cavity Canallculi Lacuna

L.S. of Bone ®
Endosteum
Cytoplasmic process
Osteocytes
Pre-Medical
111
®
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN BONE

It has following major structures.
A. Periosteum
B. Matrix
C. Endosteum
D. Bone marrow cavity
(A) Periosteum :
  It consists of two layers.
 Outer layer consist of WFCT in which blood circulation is present.
 Inner layer - consists of single layer of osteoblast cells, which divide to form osteocyte and
secrete layers of matrix.
®
(B) Matrix :
It is composed of inorganic & organic compounds.
  In the matrix of bone two types of canals are present : -
Haversian canal :
Longitudinal canals which are arranged parallel to long axis of bone. In these canals one or
two blood capillaries and nerve fibres are present.
Volkmann's canal :
 These are transverse/horizontal or oblique canals. Haversian canals are interconnected by
volkmann's canal.
 Matrix of bone is deposited in the form of layer. These layers of matrix are called
Lamellae.
  On the basis of arrangement three types of lamellae are present in the matrix.
(i) Haversian lamellae
(ii) Interstitial lamellae
(iii) Circumferential lamellae.
(i) Haversian Lamellae
 Concentric layers of matrix which are present around Haversian canal.
  Between these lamellae layer of osteocyte cells are also present.
 Haversian canal, Haversian lamellae & Osteocyte form Haversian system or Osteon.
  Presence of Haversian system is a typical feature of mammalian compact bones.
 Osteocyte are present in the lacuna. Each osteocyte is inter connected with adjacent
osteocyte by their cytoplasmic process.
Cytoplasmic process of osteocyte are present in the minute canals of lacuna called as
canaliculi.
112
(ii) Interstitial lamellae
  These layers of matrix are present in the space between two Haversian systems.
(iii) Circumferential lamellae.
Outer circumferential lamellae (Peripheral layer of matrix present just below the
periosteum) and Inner circumferential lamellae (around the bone marrow cavity).
(C) Endosteum :
Endosteum consist of two layers.
(i) Towards bone marrow cavity layer lined with reticular fibrous connective tissue.
(ii) Towards matrix of bone endosteum lined with layer of osteoblast cells. They divide
to form osteocyte & synthesize matrix. So growth of bone is bidirectional (Periphery
®
& central region). While Growth of cartilage is unidirectional.
(D) Bone marrow cavity

 In the central region hollow cavity is present which is filled with yellow bone marrow.
TYPES OF BONES
On the basis of development or location of ossification bones are of following types.
Cartilagenous Membranous
bones/Replacing/ bones/Dermal Sesamoid Bones Visceral Bones
Endochondral bone bones/Investing bones
• These bones are formed by • These bones are • These bones •If ossification takes
the ossification of cartilage. formed by ossification are developed place in the visceral
in the connective by the organs then visceral
• In the formation of these
tissue of dermis. ossification of bones are formed.
bones two types of cells are
tendons at the In humans these
required. Eg. Pubis, Sternum, Nasal
joints. bones are absent.
Chondroclast :- Bone, Clavicle, Scapula,
Eg
Which reabsorb Jaw bone & flat bones of
• Patella (knee
cartilagenous matter. skull.
cap) - Largest
Osteoblast :- sesamoid
Which deposit bony bone.
matter into cartilage so • Pisiform
cartilage is replaced by (wrist bone) of
bone. Hence these human
bones are also called
replacing bones.
Eg.Maximum bones of our
body like limb bones
(Fore limbs & Hind
limbs), Ribs.
113
BEGINNER’S BOX BONE
1. Longitudinal channels of bone called :-

(1) Haversian canal (2) Volkmann's canals
(3) Narrow cavity (4) Lacunae
2. Volkmann's canal Inter connect :-
(1) Bone marrow (2) 3rd & 4th ventricle of Brain
(3) Central canals & 4th ventricle (4) Haversian canals
3. Major Inorganic components of bone :-
(1) Calcium phosphate (2) Calcium carbonate
(3) Sodium hydroxide (4) Potassium hydroxide
®
4. Decalcified Bone is :-
(1) Bone with organic matter (2) Bone with Inorganic matter
(3) Bone without living cells (4) Bone without peristomium
5. Dried bone possesses (After burn) :-
(1) Matrix lacunae, canaliculi, canals & marrow cavity
(2) Living Cells osteocytes
(3) Only minerals
(4) Only osteocyte & matrix
6. Femur & Humerus are :-
(1) Membranous Bone (2) Investing Bone
(3) Cartilagenous Bone (4) Sesamoid Bone
7. Patella is largest :-
(1) Membranous Bone (2) Cartilagenous Bone
(3) Visceral Bone (4) Sesamoid Bone
8. Epiphysis & Diaphysis of bone is :-
(1) End and shaft of long bone respectively (2) Shaft & end of long bone respectively
(3) Head & neck of long bone (4) Terminals of spongy bone
9. Haversian system is feature of :-
(1) Amphibian Bone (2) Reptiles Bone (3) Pneumatic Bone (4) Mammalian Bone
10. Bone destroying cells :-
(1) Osteoblast (2) Osteocyte (3) Osteoclast (4) Fibroblast
114
INTRODUCTION & EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Ans. 1 4 4 1 3 4 1 4 3
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 1 2 4 3 4 4 3 1 3
COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 4 1 4 3 1 2 2 3 4 2
GLANDS
®
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Ans. 1 4 1 2 2 3
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CELLS & FIBRES)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. 3 1 1 4 4 1 4
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 3 1 2 3 2 3 4 2
CARTILAGE
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ans. 1 2 1 4 1 2 3
BONE
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 1 4 1 1 3 3 4 1 4 3
115

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STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

02. ORGAN AND ORGAN SYSTEM

03. EPITHELIAL TISSUE

(2) CELL JUNCTIONS

(B) Adhering junctions perform cementing to keep neighbouring cells together.

Desmosomes Inter Digitations

ORIGIN OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

BEGINNER’S BOX INTRODUCTION & EPITHELIAL TISSUE

1. Who gave the term tissue for animals ?

(4) TYPES OF EPITHELIUM TISSUE

(A) Simple epithelium (B) Compound epithelium (Stratified)

Simple epithelium: Squamous

  This epithelium is associated with filtration & diffusion.

NCERT XI Page No. 101, Figure No.7.1 (b)

  This epithelium helps in absorption, secretion.

Long columnar cell

Modifications of Simple Columnar epithelium

(d) Ciliated Columnar epithelium :

Simple epithelium Columnar cells bearing cilia

Macula & crista of ear Basement membrane

(iv) Pseudostratified Epithelium :

eg.  Respiratory epithelium of nasal chambers

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Glandular Epithelium { PSCCGE }

BEGINNER’S BOX TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

1. Pseudostratified epithelium is present in :-

On the basis of stretching ability it is of Multi-

(i) Transitional epithelium (urothelium) :

Epithelium Epithelial cells

(a) Stratified squamous epithelium

 Non Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. If Keratin protein is absent. Cells

BEGINNER’S BOX COMPOUND EPITHELIUM

1. Transitional epithelium is found in :-

(1) Unicellular glands (2) Multicellular glands

On the basis of nature of secretion glands are of 3 types

BEGINNER’S BOX GLANDS

1. Mucus cells (Goblet cells) :-

05. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(1) Loose connective (2) Dense connective (3) Specialised C.T.

• Form Brown fat

• On boiling they yield gelatin

BEGINNER’S BOX CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CELLS & FIBRES)

(1) LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(B) Adipose Connective Tissue

(2) DENSE / FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Tendon and Ligament

White fibres tissues (Tendon) Yellow elastic fibres (Ligament)

(B) Yellow Fibrous Connective Tissue

 Reticular fibres are absent.

1. Muscles are connected to Bone by means of :-

(A) SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE (B) VASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(i) Cartilage (ii) Bone (i) Blood (ii) Lymph

(A) SKELETAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE :

Cartilarge cells (chondrocyte)

NCERT XI Page No. 104, Figure No. 7.6 (a)

Perichondrium Blood vessel

BEGINNER’S BOX CARTILAGE

1. Glass like cartilage is :-

Internal Structure of Mammalian Bone White fibrous Haversian

Epiphyseal plate Volkmann

Volkmann Canal Osteocytes

Outer circumferential lamellae

SHAFT /DIPHYSIS/COMPACT BONE

Bone marrow cavity Canallculi Lacuna