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Structural Organization in Animals

Biology Structural Organization in Animals

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What is the Structural Organisation in Animals?

All organisms in the animal kingdom are multicellular,

however, they do not show the same pattern of
organization in cells. Based on the patterns cellular
organization, levels of organization in animals are
classi ed in to:

The cellular level of organization: Animals with this Students Also Read
type of cell organization have cells arranged in the Cell Organization
form of loose cell aggregates. This type of
organization can be observed in sponges.  Reproductive System in Animals

Tissue level of organization: The cells of the Formal Organization and Project
Management Organization
animals show divisions in cell activities. The cells
which perform the same functions are arranged as Formal Organization - Line and
tissues. Example: Coelenterates. Sta Organization

Organ level of organization: Tissues in a certain Formal Organization Line

Organization
group of animals that have the same function are
grouped to form an organ. Each organ has a Reproduction in Animals
speci c function. Example: Platyhelminthes 
Nutrition in Animals
Organ system level of organization: In animals
Transportation in Animals and
where organs have associated to form functional
Plants
systems where each system is concerned with a
certain physiological function are observed to Biodiversity in Plants and
exhibit organ system level of organization. Animals
Example: Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Embryo in Humans and Animals
Mollusks, and Chordates.

What is the Structural Organization of a Cell?

The cell is the structural and functional unit of any

animal or plant. It consists of various cellular
components that carry out the functions of the cell.
These structures are called cell organelles and they
make up the structural organization of a cell.

Cell Organelle Function

Nucleus It contains the hereditary

material, the DNA and is
surrounded by a nuclear

envelope that separates the DNA

from the rest of the cell.
 from the rest of the cell.

It plays a major role in the

Endoplasmic metabolism of carbohydrates,
Reticulum synthesis of lipids, proteins, and
steroids. 

It’s a thick jelly-like substance

which houses various cell
Cytoplasm organelles. Many chemical
reactions take place within the
cytoplasm. 

Its major function is the

Golgi Apparatus transportation of materials within
the cell. 

ATP- the energy currency of the

Mitochondrion
cell is produced here. 

Known as the protein factory of a

Ribosome cell, all proteins are synthesised
here. 

It engulfs foreign bodies that

Lysosome enter the cell and helps in cell
renewal.

Deoxyribonucleic acid- the DNA is

DNA
the genetic material of the cell.

Supports and protects the cell

and regulates the movement of
substances in and out of the cell. 
Cell Membrane
It is a porous membrane and is a
wall-like structure between two
cells. 

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Tissues are organic material that makes up organs and

other bodily structures. Tissues are formed from cells
and have similar structures and functions. There are
four types of tissues in animal bodies:

Tissues
This type of tissue consists of tightly
packed sheets of cells that cover
surfaces which includes the outside
of the body. For example, the
outside layer of the human skin. The
cells are polarised which means they
have a top and a bottom side. The
top side faces the inside cavity or the
Epithelial
outside which is open to the air and
Tissue
the outside environment whilst the
bottom side faces the underlying
cells. Because the cells are tightly
packed, it lets them act as barriers to
the movement of uids and harmful
microbes. Often the cells are joined
by specialized junctions that hold
them tightly together. 

Connective This type of tissue consists of cells

Tissue suspended in an extracellular
Tissue suspended in an extracellular
matrix. The matrix is made of
protein bres like brin, collagen,
and solid, liquid, or jelly-like
substance. 

The most common type of

connective tissue is the loose
connective tissue which is found
throughout the body and it supports
blood vessels and other organs. This
type of tissue also links epithelial
tissue to muscles that lie
underneath. 

Connective tissue is found in

ligaments and tendons which
connect muscles to bones and one
bone to another. Special forms of
connective tissue include adipose
tissue- body fat, blood and cartilage.
In these tissues, the extracellular
matrix is liquid and is called plasma. 

Muscle tissue allows the body to

move, pump blood and move food
through the digestive system.

Muscle cells contain actin and

myosin proteins which allow them to
contract. The three types of muscles
seen are:

Skeletal muscle: Also called striated,

striped muscles and are attached to
tendons. It allows us to consciously
control our movement.
Muscle Tissue
Cardiac muscle: Found in the walls of
the heart and are striated and
striped like skeletal muscles. They
cannot be controlled. The individual
bres are connected to intercalated
disks which allows them to contract
in sync.

Smooth muscle: Found in the walls

of blood vessels and the uterus, the
digestive tract, the urinary bladder
and many internal structures. They
cannot be controlled and are not
striped or striated.

This type of tissue consists of

neurons and neuroglial cells and
functions as processing and
Nervous transmitting the information.
Tissue: Neurons generate electrical signals
called nerve impulses that allow
them to convey information rapidly
across long distances. Neuroglia’s
act to support neuronal function.

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Organ Level of Organisation

Human body organs like the lungs, heart, the stomach,

etc are made of two or more types of tissues that serve
a particular function. The lungs bring in oxygen and
eliminate CO2, the heart pumps blood through the
body- just to name a few examples. Most of the organs
have all four types of tissues and they make up the
whole organ system.

Organs are grouped into organ systems and they work

together to carry out a particular function. The major
organ systems of the human body are listed below:

Organ System Level of Organisation

Organ Tissues
and
Organ System Function
Structures
Involved

Transports
blood, oxygen,
nutrients to all
parts of the
Heart, blood, body and
Cardiovascular
blood vessels. transports
wastes away
from cells. 
Stabilises body
temperature

Defends our
body against
diseases and
infections.
Lymph, lymph
Lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes Transfers
lymph
between the
blood and
other tissues.

Mouth, salivary
glands
oesophagus. Processes food and
Stomach, liver, absorbs minerals,
Digestive
gallbladder, vitamins, nutrients
pancreas, small and water.
and large
intestine.

Endocrine Pituitary, Secretes various

pineal, thyroid hormones which
and have speci c
parathyroid, functions and assist
adrenals, in many bodily
ovaries, testes, activities. 
endocrine
pancreas (all ADH secreted from
glands) the adrenal glands
controls the
passing of urine.
 passing of urine. 

Provides
Skeletal,
movement and
smooth and
Muscular support to the body
cardiac
as well as heat
muscles.
production.

Brain, spinal
cord, sensory
Collects, transfers
organs- eyes,
Nervous and processes
ears, skin,
information 
tongue and
nose, nerves 

Protects the
body from
injury and
uid loss

Integumentary Nails, skin, hair

Defends the
body from
infectious
microbes.

Uterus, vagina,
ovaries,
mammary
Produces gametes
glands, testes,
and sex hormones
Reproductive vas deferens,
and assists in
seminal
reproduction.
vesicles,
prostate, penis,
fallopian tubes.

Nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea,
Respiratory bronchi, lungs, Respiration
diaphragm and
mouth.

Provides
movement at
joints
Bones, Supports and
cartilage, protects the
tendons, joints, soft tissues of
Skeletal
ligaments, the body
tendons and Produces
joints. blood vessels
Acts as
mineral
storage

Leukocytes, Defends against

thymus, pathogens and
Immune
adenoids, disease-causing
spleen, tonsils agents.

Urinary Kidneys, Removes excess

ureters, urinary water from the
bladder, body, as well as
urethra salts and waste
 urethra salts and waste
products from the
blood.

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FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

Q: What are the Levels of Structural Organization and Body

Systems?

A: The levels of structural organization and body systems in animals

are:

1. The cellular level of organisation

2. Tissue level of organisation
3. Organ level of organisation
4. Organ system level of organisation

However, there are arguments in the scienti c community that

there are three additional levels or structural organisation.

These are:

1. Atomic or chemical level of organisation

2. Cell organelle level of organisation
3. Organism level of organisation

Q:  What is the Chemical Level of Organisation?

A: It is the simplest level in the structural organisation hierarchy.

This level includes the smallest building blocks of matter such as
atoms that combine to form molecules of water and various organic
products. Afterward, all molecules combine to form cell organelles
and eventually the organs of a body.

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