Anatomy & Physiology
Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ,
Anatomy - is the study of the physical
structure and parts of organisms.
Physiology - It is the study of function
of the body parts.
Cardiovascular Physiology
examines the functioning of the
heart, blood vessels, and blood.
Neurophysiology (which
examines how nerve impulses are
propagated throughout the nervous
system),
Respiratory Physiology (which
studies how respiratory gases are
transferred by gas exchange
between the lungs and the blood
vessels)
Reproductive Physiology -
(which explores how the
regulation of reproductive
hormones can drive the
reproductive cycle and influence
sex cell production and
maturation).
Pathophysiology - investigates
the relationship between the
functioning of an organ system
and disease or injury to that organ
system.
biological organization from
smallest to largest.
Atom, Molecule, Macromolecule,
Organ system, Organism,
Population, Species, Community,
Ecosystem.
Living Systems Show Hierarchical
Organization
Life’s organisms interact with each
other at many levels, in ways simple
and complex. A key factor organizing
these interactions is their degree of
complexity.
The organization of the biological
world is hierarchical—that is, each
level builds on the level below it, from
the very simplest level of individual
atoms to the vastly complex level of
interacting ecosystems.
The Cellular Level
At the cellular level, atoms, the
fundamental elements of matter, are
joined together by chemical bonds
into stable assemblies called
molecules.
Large, complex molecules are called
macromolecules. DNA, which
stores the hereditary information, is
a macromolecule.
Large, complex molecules are called
macromolecules. DNA, which
stores the hereditary information, is
a macromolecule.
biological molecules are
assembled into tiny structures
called organelles, within which
cellular activities are organized.
Membrane-bounded units called
The most basic of these is the
population—a group of organisms of
the same species living in the same
place.
The Populational Level

cells are the basic units of life.

The Organismal Level
Cells of multicellular organisms exhibit
four levels of organization.
The most basic level is that of tissues,
which are groups of similar cells that
act as a functional unit.
The Organismal Level
Tissues, in turn, are grouped into
organs—body structures composed of
several different tissues that act as a
structural and functional unit.
All populations of a particular kind of
organism together form a species, its
members similar in appearance and
able to interbreed.
At a higher level of biological
organization, a biological community
consists of all the populations of
different species living together in one
place.
The Ecosystem Level
At the highest tier of biological
organization, a biological community
and the physical habitat within which it
lives together constitute an ecological
system, or ecosystem.
The entire planet can be thought of as a
global ecosystem we call the biosphere.

At the third level of organization,

organs are grouped into organ systems

Organ systems are then organized to

become an individual and living
organism.

The Populational Level

Individual organisms occupy several
hierarchical levels within the living
world.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
All living things also share six
fundamental properties, passed down
over millions of years from the first
organisms to evolve on Earth:
Cellular organization
Growth, development,
reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Heredity
Responsiveness
1.Cellular organization
All living things are composed of one
or more cells.
Often too tiny to see, cells carry out
the basic activities of living things.
Some cells have simple interiors,
whereas others have complex
organization, but all are able to grow
and reproduce.
2. Growth, development, and
reproduction
All living things grow and reproduce.
Bacteria increase in size and simply
split in two, as often as every 15
minutes.
More complex organisms grow by
increasing the number of cells, and they
develop by producing different kinds of
cells.
3. Energy utilization
All living things use energy.
Moving, growing, thinking everything
you do requires energy.
It is captured from sunlight by plants
and algae through photosynthesis.
To get the energy that powers our
lives, we extract it from plants or
from plant-eating animals.
and 4.Homeostasis/Regulation
All living things maintain relatively
constant internal conditions so
that their complex processes
can be better coordinated.
5.Heredity
All organisms possess a genetic system
that is based on the replication and
duplication of a long molecule called
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
6. Responsiveness
All organisms exhibit responsiveness,
which is the ability to detect and react
to stimuli (changes in the external or
internal environment).
Major body systems that human has.
1. Integumentary/Exocrine
System
 2. Skeletal System
3. Muscular System
4. Nervous System (Sensory
Nervous System)
5. Endocrine System Main Organs
6. Digestive System 1. Lymphatic vessel
7. Circulatory 2. Lymph node
/Cardiovascular System
8. Immune System
(LymphaticSystem)
9. Urinary/Renal/Excretoy
System
10. Reproductive System
11. Respiratory/Pulmonary
System 3. Bone marrow
I.Transport 4. Thymus
5. Spleen

Gut-associated lymphtoid tissue

(Tonsil)

II. Maintenance of the Body

Major Organs:

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Major organs Larynx
Trachea
Brochi
1. Heart Lungs
2. Arteries
3. Veins
4. Capillaries
 III. Controls Of Body

Major Organs
Brain
Spinal Cord

Diaphragm

Major Organs:
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal Glands
Major Organs Pancreas
Kidneys Ovaries
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

Testes

IV.Sensory Input & Motor Input

Integumentary System

Major Organs:
Mouth
Salivary Glands
Esophagus
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Major Organs:
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Mammary Glands

Major Organs:
Bones & Joints

Major Organs:
Skeletal Muscle