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Meaning of Research
1. Research is defined as the scientific investigation of phenomena which includes
collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts that lines an individual’s
speculation with reality.
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.
2. Logical. Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
3. Cyclical. Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.
4. Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether
historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study.
5. Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment.
6. Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.
7. Replicability. The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Types of Research
1. Basic Research. This is also called as “fundamental research” or “pure research”. It seeks
to discover basic truths or principles.
EXAMPLES:
· Boyle’s Law
· Charles’ Law
· Archimedes’ Principle
· Hooke’s Law
· Newton’s Law
2. Applied Research. This type of research involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem, such as a development of a new system or
procedure, new device, or new method in order to solve the problem.
Classifications of Research
1. Library Research. This is done in the library where answers to specific questions or problems
of the study are available.
2. Field Research. Here, research is conducted in a natural setting.
3. Laboratory Research. The research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by
isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area. The purposes are: (1) to test
hypotheses derived from theory, (2) to control variance under research conditions, and (3) to
discover the relations between the dependent and the independent.
Meaning of Variable
1. A variable is defined as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in value or
magnitude under different conditions.
Types of Variable
1. Independent Variable. This is the stimulus variable which is chosen by the researcher to
determine the relationship to an observed phenomenon.
2. Dependent Variable. This is the response variable which is observed and measured to
determine the effect of the independent variable.
3. Moderator Variable. This is a secondary or special type of independent variable chosen by
the researcher to determine if it changes or modifies the relationship between the independent
and dependent variables.
4. Control Variable. This is the variable that is controlled by the investigator in which the
effects can be neutralized by eliminating or removing the variable.
5. Intervening Variable. This is a variable which interferes with the independent and
dependent variables, but its effects can either strengthen or weaken the independent and
dependent variables.