Nature, Type and Characteristics of Research

METHODS OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH
• Research is define as the scientific investigation of phenomena which
includes collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of facts
that links an individual’s speculation with reality.
• Research is the systematic search for pertinent information on specific
topic or problem. (Aquino)
• Research is a process of gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in a scientific manner. (Manuel and
Medel)
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
2. LOGICAL RESEARCH
3. CYCLICAL RESEARCH
4. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
5. CRITICAL RESEARCH
6. METHODICAL RESEARCH
7. REPLICABLE RESEARCH
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher
2. LOGICAL RESEARCH
Research based on valid procedures and principles.
Systematic examination of the procedure used in the research enables the investigator to
draw valid conclusion

3. CYCLICAL RESEARCH
research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
4. ANALYTICAL RESEARCH
utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering data whether historical, descriptive,
experimental and case study.
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- is a process of selecting the area or topic to write the history about, collecting data
about events that occurred in the area or about the topic, collating the data, sifting from
authentic from non-authentic, and then making an interpretative narrative about or
critical inquiry into the whole truth of the events.

- describes what occurred in the past and then make a critical inquiry into the truth
of what occurred.

- it must be interpretative, that is, it describes the present situations in terms of the
past events.
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
COLLECTION OF HISTORICAL DATA
1. Official and Public documents
2. Books, Master’s theses and Doctoral Dissertations.
3. Newspapers and periodicals with news items, articles ,
advertisements, and chronicles
4. Personal materials
5. Hand-written materials, including brick bearing cuneiform
writing, vellum or parchment manuscript, and modern
documents.
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
2. DESCRIPTED RESEARCH
- defined as a purposive process of gathering, analyzing, classifying,
and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs,
processes, trends, and cause and effect relationships and then making
adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or
without the aid of statistical methods.
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
TECHNIQUES UNDER THE DESCRIPTIVE METHOD OF RESEARCH

1. the survey
2. the case study
3. content analysis
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
- a method or procedure involving the control or manipulation of
conditions for the purpose of studying the relative effects of various
treatments applied to members of a sample, or the same treatment
applied to members of different samples.
CHARACERISTICS OF RESEARCH
5. CRITICAL RESEARCH
research exhibits careful and precise judgement. A higher level of
confidence must be establish.
6. METHODICAL RESEARCH
research is conducted in methodical manner without bias using
systematic method and procedure.
7. REPLICABLE RESEARCH
the research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to
enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive result.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
 To discover new facts about phenomena.
 To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by
existing method and information.
 Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or
products.
 To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
 To discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
 To provide basis for decision-making in business, industry,
education, government, and in other undertakings.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
 To satisfy the researcher curiosity
 To find answers to queries by means of scientific methods.
 To acquire better and deeper understanding about one
phenomenon that can be known and understood better by
research.
 To expand or verify existing knowledge.
 To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school
product.
 To promote and prolong life.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
 To provide man with more of his basic needs
 to make work, travel communication faster, easier, and more
comfortable.
CHARACERISTICS OF THE
RESEARCHER
1. INTELLECTUAL CURIOSITY
2. PRUDENCE
3. HEALTHY CRITICISM
4. INTELLECTUAL HONESTY
5. INTELLECTUAL CREATIVITY
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• BASIC RESEARCH
• APPLIED RESEARCH
• DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• BASIC RESEARCH
- this is also called as “fundamental research’ or “pure research”.
- it seeks to discover basic truths or principles.
- it is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by
exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well
as to discover new facts, and learn accurately the characteristics of
known without any particular thought as immediate practical utility.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• APPLIED RESEARCH
- this type of research involve seeking new applications of
scientific knowledge to the solution of the problem, such as the
development of the new system or procedure, new device, new
method in order to solve problem.
TYPES OF RESEARCH
• DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
- this decision-oriented research involving the application of the
steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need
to improve existing practices.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
• LIBRARY RESEARCH
• FIELD RESEARCH
• LABORATORY RESEARCH
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
• LIBRARY RESEARCH
- this is done in the library where answers to the specific
questions or problems of the study are available.

• FIELD RESEARCH
- research is conducted in the natural setting.
- It is both applicable to the descriptive and experimental
research
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
• LABORATORY RESEARCH
- the research is conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by
isolating the study in a thoroughly specified and equipped area.

Purposes:
1. to test hypotheses derive from the theory.
2. to control variance under the research conditions.
3. to discover the relation between the dependent and
independent variables.
VARIABLE:
• Variable is defines as a quantity susceptible of fluctuation or change in
value or magnitude under different conditions.

TYPES OF VARIABLE:
1. Independent variable
2. Dependent variable
3. Moderator variable
4. Control variable
5. Intervening variable
TYPES OF VARIABLE:
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE – this is the stimulus variable which is
chosen by the researcher to determine its relationship to an
observed phenomenon.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE – this is the response variable which is
observed and measured to determine the effect of the independent
variable.
3. MODERATOR VARIABLE – this is a secondary or special type of
independent variable chosen by the researcher to determine if it
changes or modifies the relationships between the independent
and dependent variables.
TYPES OF VARIABLE:
4. CONTROL VARIABLE – this is a variable that controlled by the
investigator in which the effects can be neutralized by eliminating
and removing the variable.

5. INTERVENING VARIABLE – tis is a variable which interferes with the

independent and dependent variables, but its effect can either
strengthen or weaken the independent and dependent variable.
Independent Intervening Dependent
Variables Variables Variables

Pellets (Feed)

5 Oxygen Survival

10 Temperature Rate

15 pH
COMPONENTS OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
• PROBLEM / OBJECTIVES
• HYPHOTHESES
• THEORETICAL / CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• ASSUMPTION
• REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA PROCESSING and STATISTICS TREATMENT
• ANALYSIS and INTERPRETATION
• SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION